| 1. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions on the central link
- 2002
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Ingår i: New asylum countries?: migration control and refugee protection in an enlarged European Union. - 9041117539
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusions on the Southern Link
- 2002
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Ingår i: New asylum countries?: migration control and refugee protection in an enlarged European Union. - 9041117539
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
-
Germany
- 2002
-
Ingår i: New asylum countries?: migration control and refugee protection in an enlarged European Union. - 9041117539
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
|
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| 6. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
-
Protection in a spirit of solidarity
- 2002
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Ingår i: New asylum countries?: migration control and refugee protection in an enlarged European Union. - 9041117539
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
-
AI, digitalisering och rätten: en lärobok
- 2021
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- AI och digitalisering har en stor faktisk regleringsmakt. I förening med teknikens kommersiella potential har den blivit en allvarlig konkurrent till rättens formella regleringsmakt. I den här boken kopplas diskussionen om enstaka teknologiska lösningar till rättens centrala begrepp och institutioner. Hur kommer rätten som sådan att samverka med AI och digitalisering - eller kommer den rentav att motverka dem? Juridiken förändras just nu utifrån - poängen med denna bok är att vara ett steg på vägen att förändra den inifrån och att därmed äga själva processen. AI, digitalisering och rätten ger dig verktyg att tänka klarare om AI- teknikens potentiella återverkningar på rättens olika delar. Boken vänder sig i första hand till studenter på landets juristutbildningar, men är också skriven så att läsare med olika bakgrund och kunskapsnivåer kan tillgodogöra sig innehållet.
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| 9. |
- Arvidsson, Matilda, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence, Decision Making and International Law
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of International Law. - 0902-7351. ; 92:84, s. 1-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The question how artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML), impacts on law in general, and on international law in particular, has gained more and more traction in recent years. Ensuing debates have mainly homed in on threats and opportunities posed to law by this technology, and remained on a rather abstract level. Our text gives an introduction to the field of AI, decision making and international law, narrowing our focus to what we see as a critical area of empirically grounded and granular research in AI, decision making and international law. The overarching question for the special issue of which this text is an introduction to, is how AI, including AI-supported and automated decision making, might impact on decisions we take in international law. This allows us to track how technologically induced practice makes its way into domestic law, and, potentially, from there onwards into international law. Our text sets out some core tenants of this field, and argues that more nuanced and empirically grounded inter- and intra-disciplinary is needed in order to respond to contemporary questions and concerns of AI, decision making and international law
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| 10. |
- Arvidsson, Matilda, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Decision Making in Asylum Law and Machine Learning: Autoethnographic Lessons Learned on Data Wrangling and Human Discretion
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of International Law. - 0902-7351 .- 1571-8107. ; 92:1, s. 56-92
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article avails an autoethnography of the authors’ attempt to construct a post hoc intervention machine learning (ML) system responsive to the problem of discrimination in asylum law decisions. In the article we revisit the conjunction of law as a slow hermeneutic, against the fast-paced pull of AI and commercial imperatives to ask whether a ML-driven post hoc intervention system such as the one set up in the research project, reduces the overall risk of discrimination emerging from human discretion in legal decision making on asylum. We conclude that a ML-driven ‘antidiscrimination machine’ will displace rather than reduce that overall risk. We warn that similar attempts at using ML as part of legal decision making, decision support, and post hoc interventions, in international law and beyond, may need to take seriously the risks of human discretion embedded in ML design and data selection.
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| 11. |
- Beard, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Parrhesia and credibility: the covereign of refugee status determination
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Social & Legal Studies. - : SAGE Publications. - 0964-6639 .- 1461-7390. ; 18:4, s. 455-477
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article is concerned with the correlation between credibility and the concept of sovereignty in international law and their relationship to truth. Empirically, the authors focus on the credibility assessment informing the refugee determination procedure operated by the Office of the UN High Commissioner of Refugees. The authors do not provide a rationalised explanation of credibility assessment in terms of a legal procedure turning on probative models of evidence. Instead, the authors attempt to draw out a concurrent phenomenon of credibility assessment, which tests the truth of what it means to be human. This is a political question that requires a consideration of the tension between personal sovereignty and territorial sovereignty and the process of political subjectivisation that conditions that tension.
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| 12. |
- Bexelius, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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27 forskare : Så kan EU:s murar rivas
- 2015
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Ingår i: Dagens samhälle. - : Sveriges kommuner och landsting. - 1652-6511. ; :20150923
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 13. |
- Breznau, Nate, et al.
(författare)
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Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how researchers analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each teams workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Guest Editorial: Tech and the transformation of legal imagination
- 2023
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Ingår i: AI & Society: The Journal of Human-Centred Systems and Machine Intelligence. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 34, s. 309-314
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This special section on ‘Tech and the Transformation of Legal Imagination’ is an attempt at creatively exploring the law of the tech era. We believe that emerging lines of continuity and discontinuity in the current moment of tech-induced legal transformation are insufficiently investigated. Together with the authors of this special section, we therefore set out in an effort to recover and reimagine the histories of the law/tech nexus, to critically examine the imaginaries operative in the ongoing transformation but also to imagine the future of law. In so doing, we cover two different constellations: one in which the law is imagined, and another in which the law imagines. As this structure is one that operates in other disciplines, too—computer science is imagined as much as it imagines—we believe it will be a useful entry point for readers beyond the discipline of law to explore the relation between tech, law and imagination. In all, we make a move from the general theme of tech, legal transformation and imagination to the more specific one of tech and the transformation of legal imagination.
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| 16. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
-
Hur ska förvärv av persondata regleras?
- 2021
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Ingår i: AI, digitalisering och rätten : En lärobok - En lärobok. - 9789144137858 ; , s. 205-221
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Förvärv av persondata framställs i regel som en individuell angelägenhet för de personer vars data det handlar om. Denna inramning riktar vår uppmärksamhet mot individcentrerade rättsliga ramverk: i första hand de som skyddar den personliga integriteten, men även de som skyddar privat egendom. Detta kapitel betonar istället att storskaligt persondataförvärv ställer oss inför kollektiva problem, vilka kräver rättsliga regleringsstrategier som tar gemensamma intressen i beaktande.
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| 17. |
- Brännström, Leila, et al.
(författare)
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Legal imagination and the US project of globalising the free flow of data
- 2023
-
Ingår i: AI & Society. - London : Springer. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, the US pursues the global capture of data (understood as a significant engine of growth) by way of bi- and plurilateral trade agreements. However, the project of securing the global free flow of data has been pursued ever since the dawn of digital telecommunication in the 1960s and the US has made significant legal efforts to institutionalise it. These efforts have two phases: In the first 1970s and 80s “freedom of information” phase, the legal justification (and contestation) of the global free flow of data hinged on imagining data as information, and its exchange as a practice of liberty. The second phase began in the late 1990s and continues today. In this phase, the free flow of data is aligned with a free-trade agenda in the context of first e-commerce and, starting in the 2000s, through attempts at creating a global public domain of personal data for the platform economy. The global free flow of data is an intrinsic aspect of informational capitalism. Assuming a constitutive, but not commanding role for law in informational capitalism, we conclude that the US attempt at ensuring free flow for its informational corporations is neither an entirely contingent nor a necessary outcome. It is a product of legal imagination. © 2023, The Author(s).
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| 18. |
- Brännström, Leila, 1974, et al.
(författare)
-
Tech and the Transformation of Legal Imagination
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Law and Critique. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 0957-8536 .- 1572-8617. ; 34:3, s. 309-314
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Editorial for Special issue
|
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| 19. |
- Byrne, Rosemary, et al.
(författare)
-
International criminal justice, the Gotovina judgment and the making of refugees
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Protecting the Rights of Others. Festskrift til Jens Vedsted-Hansen. - 9788757427363 ; , s. 467-486
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this contribution, we reflect on the particular function of international criminal law to prevent refugee crises of the type that provided a major trigger for the debate on military and legal interventionism in the 1990s. Based on the dichotomy of formal and substantive justice, we analyze the achievements of International Criminal Tribunals and look into the Gotovina judgment in particular. We conclude that an insistence on formal models of justice cannot compensate for the shortfalls in legitimacy of international criminal tribunals.
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| 20. |
- Byrne, Rosemary, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding the Crisis of Refugee Law: Legal Scholarship and the EU Asylum System
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Leiden Journal of International Law. - 0922-1565. ; 33:4, s. 871-892
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2015 Europe’s refugee protection crisis triggered the effective collapse of the world’s most complex regional framework for asylum. A development both unexpected and unexplained by the hierarchical model of European asylum law that tends to dominate the scholarly field. The abandonment among Member States of core obligations under international and EU law and the principles of solidarity and good faith is central to this crisis. This dynamic has been in the making since the accession process when EU membership was offered in exchange for transposing international obligations through the EU asylum acquis, collectivizing external border control and shifting refugee ‘responsibility’ to new Member States with minimal standards for refugee protection and weak enforcement mechanisms. Yet, the critical feature of this asylum crisis is its development into a European constitutional crisis, impacting freedom of movement, sincere co-operation, democracy, and the rule of law. A hierarchical model of law offers only a partial explanation of this interplay between refugee protection and European governance. A turn to the methodological debates in international law urges the repositioning of the lens of refugee legal scholarship, offering insights into the evolution towards crisis by looking at law from below against the backdrop of law in history, subregional law-making, and shifting power constellations. This process suggests that refugee law scholarship could benefit from widening its methodological canon by visiting its parent field of public international law.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Folkelius, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Affirmative Exclusion? Sex, Gender, Persecution and the Reformed Swedish Aliens Act
- 1998
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Refugee Law. - 0953-8186. ; 10:4, s. 607-636
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The revised version of the Swedish Aliens Act contains a specific category providing protection for persons who fear persecution on account of their sex. Benefits afforded under this category, however, fall short of those under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In order to evaluate this novelty, the following article explores the conceptual differences between sex and gender as well as the ensuing consequences for a discussion of legal protection. Closer analysis reveals that the newly introduced category suffers from a linguistic ambiguity as well as a systematic fallacy. Cases involving sex-related methods of persecution could be regularly brought in under the 1951 Convention or prominent human rights instruments. As the 1951 Convention, on the one hand, and ECHR50 and CAT84, on the other, are mirrored in two Swedish protection categories, an additional provision simply serves no constructive purpose and must be regarded as superfluous. Finally, the authors explore whether the Swedish solution takes due account of legal norms proscribing discrimination. They conclude that equal enjoyment of asylum and protection is impaired by the inferior protection offered under the newly introduced category, when compared to other, more favourable categories. As the effects of the new category fall under the definition in article 1 CEDW79, its introduction in 1997 is to be interpreted as a breach of Sweden's obligations under article 2(a) CEDW79, namely, with respect to its duty to ensure through law the practical realisation of the principle of equality of men and women. It follows that Sweden is required to change the Aliens Act in an appropriate manner under article 2(f) CEDW79, providing for the modification or abolition of discriminatory legislation.
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| 23. |
- Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Humanitarian Visas Key to Improving Europe’s Migration Crisis
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Humanitarian visas can be highly effective and useful tools to ensure access to asylum for select groups of asylum-seekers with a need for international protection. In the context of the current refugee protection crisis, humanitarian visas could complement and alleviate the pressure on ordinary asylum procedures on the territory of Member States in the EU.A system of humanitarian visas may be implemented on the basis of existing EU law and could be managed without the establishment of any new institutions. The assessment of such visas may further be directly integrated into the existing domestic asylum systems. As such, it would be possible for a smaller group of Member States to proceed through en-hanced cooperation in order to test the benefits from such collaboration in a smaller group.That is what Gregor Noll, Professor of International Law at the Faculty of Law at Lund University and Board Member of the Board of Trustees of the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, and Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Research Director at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, argue in a newly released policy brief.“In the context of the current refugee protection crisis,” the text states, “humanitarian visas could complement and alleviate the pressure on ordinary asylum procedures on the territory of Member States in the EU.”The authors argue that a system of humanitarian visas may be implemented on the basis of existing EU law and could be managed without the establishment of any new institutions. They write that the assessment of such visas may further be directly integrated into the existing domestic asylum systems.As such, they say, it would be possible for a smaller group of Member States to proceed through enhanced cooperation in order to test the benefits from such collaboration in a smaller group.
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| 24. |
- Gunneflo, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Artificiell intelligens och krigets lagar
- 2021
-
Ingår i: AI, digitalisering och rätten : en lärobok - en lärobok. - 9789144137858 ; , s. 143-158
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
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| 25. |
- Gunneflo, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Technologies of Decision Support and Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Nordic Journal of International Law. - 0902-7351. ; 92:1, s. 93-118
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What does proportionality reasoning mean for decision support in international humanitarian law (IHL)? We first consider contemporary ihl commentaries on proportionality as an analogue form of decision support through a paradigmatic example. Over time, proportionality in IHL has changed from being a rule-specific space for discretionary decision making to a much broader compromise-seeking within boundaries marked by law. Today, proportionality is a master norm in IHL, remaking rules by stealth and enabling the accommodation of novel master technologies as lawful. Artificial Intelligence (ai) support for military decision making is one such master technology that resonates particularly well with the inner structure of proportionality thinking: both build on cost-benefit analysis and engender the quantification of the world through data collection. We analyse how cost-benefit analysis and digitalization and algorithmic processing intersect in the U.S. legal context, to then proliferate into U.S. warfare and decision support systems, and onwards into IHL.
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| 26. |
- Gunneflo, Markus, et al.
(författare)
-
Öppet brev till Tobias Billström om 7 oktober och rätten till självförsvar inom folkrätten
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Dagens Juridik.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Sedan Hamas attack den 7 oktober har vi vant oss vid att höra Sveriges regering uttrycka att Israel har “rätt till självförsvar inom folkrätten”. Det är inte en dålig utgångspunkt, men den förpliktigar och dess betydelse förändras också över tid. Vi menar att regeringen nu har kommit till en punkt där Sverige måste säga andra saker om vi fortfarande vill vara ett land som låter sin utrikespolitik styras av folkrätten. Låt oss förklara. Hamas attack den 7 oktober och de urskillningslösa raketangreppen efteråt är krigsförbrytelser. Folkrätten förbjuder attacker mot civila, gisslantagande och en lång rad andra handlingar som utfördes den dagen. Ett annat sätt att beskriva handlingarna är brott mot mänskligheten. När den svenska regeringen säger att Israel har en rätt till självförsvar inom folkrätten har man redan fattat beslutet att oavsett hur avskyvärda handlingarna den 7 oktober var, och hur de beskrivs folkrättsligt, så måste Israels svar förhålla sig till det internationella regelverket. Självförsvar är Israels officiella förklaring för sina handlingar efter den 7 oktober, och särskilt från den 14 oktober då krigshandlingarna i Gaza intensifierades. För en stor del av världens länder har det varit viktigt att hålla med. Ställd inför attacken den 7 oktober går ett sådant ställningstagande att förstå. Samtidigt har världens folkrättsexpertis debatterat vad en rätt till självförsvar i förhållande till Gaza egentligen innebär. Detta har att göra inte så mycket med attacken som sådan utan med Gazas folkrättsliga status. Det går att hävda att Israel inte har en rätt till självförsvar för att Gaza alltjämt är ockuperat. Men låt oss istället följa den svenska regeringens utgångspunkt att Israel har en rätt till självförsvar. En sådan rätt har nämligen både tillåtande och begränsande konsekvenser. De sedvanerättsliga kraven på rätten till självförsvar utgörs av nödvändighet och proportionalitet. De innebär i korthet att självförsvaret ska vara nödvändigt för att avvärja den attack som staten har blivit utsatt för och proportionerlig i förhållande till dess konsekvenser. Dessa krav gäller under hela den tid som självförsvaret utövas. Huruvida de är uppfyllda eller ej är således en bedömning som är föränderlig över tid. Det sätt på vilket israeliska regeringsföreträdare uttalade sig i samband med att den större operationen inleddes i Gaza gav anledning till oro. Hur ska Israel helt kunna göra sig av med Hamas? I takt med att vi har kunnat se denna ambition omformas till krigshandlingar, kan vi konstatera att Israels självförsvar går utöver nödvändighet och proportionalitet och således inte längre företas ”inom folkrätten”. Det finns folkrättsliga regler också kring hur krigshandlingar får företas på mer detaljerad, taktisk nivå. Detta är krigets lagar. En grundbult i denna är att anledningen till kriget är ovidkommande. Till stora delar är det också ovidkommande om motståndaren, som i detta fall, själv har begått krigsförbrytelser. Vi har många gånger hört att Gaza är extremt tätbefolkat. Vi har också hört om en stor mängd Hamas-soldater som är utspridda bland civilbefolkningen samt i ett omfattande tunnelnätverk under mark. Israel har använt en så stor mängd flygattacker efter den 7 oktober att tidigare krig som Israel har bedrivit i Gaza bleknar i jämförelse. Konsekvenserna för civilbefolkningen är ofattbara. Fler mål än tidigare angrips och mindre precisa vapensystem används. Men hur står sig dessa handlingar i förhållande till krigets lagar? Här duger inte några svepande bedömningar. Dessa normer befinner sig på en militärt taktisk nivå. Varje attack ska bedömas utifrån det specifika militära syftet och vad befälhavaren kunde veta vid tillfället för beslutet. Det höga antalet civila som har dödats är enbart indicier på att förbudet mot urskillningslöst våld kan ha överskridits och/eller att befälhavarens proportionalitetsbedömningar är så tillåtande att de är folkrättsstridiga. Men vi vet omständigheterna vid en del attacker, bland annat attacken mot sjukhuset al-Shifa, och även attacker där Israel på ett utförligt sätt har beskrivit vem eller vad man har angripit och där den militära nödvändigheten av attacken kan ställas mot civila offer. I dessa fall kan vi gå från indicier på olaglig krigföring till tydlig bevisning om att så är fallet. Sjukhus får inte angripas. Att undantaget om att medicinska enheter har använts på ett sätt som är skadligt för motparten skulle vara uppfyllt har inte kunnat påvisas. Ett fall där en av de påstådda angriparna för attacken den 7 oktober angreps i ett flyktingläger aktualiserar hur Israels proportionalitetsbedömningar verkar se helt annorlunda ut i detta krig jämfört med tidigare. Den israeliska militärens ”tolerans” mot civila dödsoffer har förvånat, för att inte säga chockat, även hårdföra experter i krigets lagar. De går långt utöver de gränser som jämförbara krigsmakter såsom USA har satt upp i exempelvis kriget mot ISIS. Vi vill här igen understryka att vad Israel blev utsatt för den 7 oktober och alltjämt blir utsatt för i termer av fortsatt raketbeskjutning och ej återbördad gisslan är betydelselöst i dessa rättsliga bedömningar. Så länge vi talar om ett självförsvar ”inom folkrätten” har anledningen till kriget ingen bäring på hur kriget får utföras. Attacker mot sjukhus, mot civila, eller mot militära mål där civila offer inte står i proportion till den militära nytta som eftersträvas, är, i allvarliga fall, som här, krigsförbrytelser. Ett ökande glapp mellan Israels krigföring och krigets lagar har förstärkt uppfattningen att ett eldupphör är nödvändigt. Sveriges stöd till den icke-bindande resolution i FN:s generalförsamling som kräver detsamma, var därför viktigt. En generös tolkning av de förtydliganden som regeringen gjort i samband med omröstningen ger intryck av att man står fast vid att inte bara båda parters, utan också alla handlingar, alltjämt måste ske ”inom folkrätten”. Sveriges position till den långsiktiga lösningen av Israel-Palestinakonflikten har under lång tid varit att en Palestinsk stat etableras vid sidan av den israeliska: En tvåstatslösning. Vi tvingas då påpeka att de specifika olagliga handlingar som skett under de senaste månaderna sker i ett sammanhang av en strukturell olaglighet som står i vägen för en sådan lösning. Vad vi talar om är den ockupation som har varat i mer än femtio år. Vi talar också om en bosättarpolitik som har delat upp ett framtida palestinskt territorium i smådelar och som har letts av ett etablerande av ”fakta på marken” i direkt strid med Israels internationella förpliktelser. En permanent ockupation slutar vara en laglig ockupation och att tillåta den egna befolkningen att tränga ut den ockuperade befolkningen, tillämpa militärlagar för palestinier och inhemsk lagstifning för israeliska bosättare ser alltmer ut som en olaglig diskriminerande enstatslösning. Vi ser hur den svenska linjen – ”inom folkrätten” – undergrävs eller direkt trampas på i såväl det specifika som det strukturella, i det kortare och i det längre tidsperspektivet. Att fortsätta upprepa imperativet “självförsvar inom folkrätten” som om man inte ser vad som sker, är inte längre gångbart. Israels självförsvar bedrivs inte längre inom folkrätten. Det finns tydliga indikationer på att krigsförbrytelser nu begås i Gaza. Till dessa specifika kränkningar av folkrätten ska också läggas strukturella olagligheter som undergräver den svenska långsiktiga tvåstatslösningen. Om folkrätten inte längre är utgångspunkt för svensk utrikespolitik bör regeringen sluta använda uttrycket ”inom folkrätten”. Frågan är vilka principer som den svenska utrikespolitiken ska formas efter då?
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Johns, Fleur, et al.
(författare)
-
Introduction to the Symposium on Critical International Law and Technology
- 2023
-
Ingår i: AJIL Unbound. - 2398-7723. ; 117, s. 128-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholarship concerned with international law, technology, and computation has been burgeoning since the mid-to-late twentieth century. Over the past decade, it has taken shape as a discernible sub-field of international legal scholarship. An International Law and Technology Interest Group was created within the American Society of International Law in 2013, for instance. By 2021, international law and technology was already considered ripe for “rethinking.” Some of this work has been solutionist, aimed at generating order-restoring answers to the “upset[s]” caused by technological change. Some of it has been constitutionalizing, canvassing prospects for “a transformative constitutionalism for the digital human condition.” Much of the scholarship has sought to give humanist (or post-humanist) pause to the ever-increasing pace of technological change.
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| 29. |
- Karageorgiou, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
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Receiving Ukrainian Refugees in the EU: A Case of Solidarity?
- 2023
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Ingår i: EU responses to the large-scale refugee displacement from Ukraine: an analysis on the temporary protection directive and its implications for the future EU asylum policy. - 9789294664006 - 9789294663948
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
- Karageorgiou, Eleni, et al.
(författare)
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What is Wrong with Solidarity in EU Asylum and Migration Law?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Jus Cogens. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2524-3977 .- 2524-3985. ; , s. 131-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we explore why solidarity has not worked according to expectation in EU migration and asylum law, and why it is unlikely to work in the future. First, we explore discourses of burden-sharing and solidarity in EU law from the 1990s up to the Lisbon treaty in 2009 to identify emergent path dependencies. This period saw the introduction of primary law provisions on solidarity, such as Article 80 TFEU, as French and Dutch electorates had rejected a European constitution. Second, we perform an analysis of Article 80 through the conceptual history of solidarity; in particular, the dominant Roman law tradition of obligatio in solidum and the French tradition of solidarism. We submit that the term ‘solidarity’ is actually a misnomer: already on structural grounds, Article 80 should be read as an alliance clause, countering a threat of irregular immigration. Third, we find that the practice under Article 80 as it develops during the period between 2015 and the 2020 European Commission Pact on Migration and Asylum corroborates this finding. Overall, we find that the concept of solidarity in EU asylum and migration law engenders outcome expectations that it cannot deliver as the defense alliance it is.
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| 31. |
- Käll, Jannice, et al.
(författare)
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Rättens automatisering
- 2021
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Ingår i: AI, Digitalisering och Rätten. - 9789144137858 ; , s. 28-44
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Liljefors, Max, et al.
(författare)
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War and Algorithm
- 2019
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- New military technologies are animated by fantasies of perfect knowledge, lawfulness, and vision that contrast sharply with the very real limits of human understanding, law, and vision. Thus, various kinds of violent acts are proliferating while their precise nature remains unclear. Especially manmachine ensembles, guided by algorithms, are operating in ways that challenge conceptual understanding. War and Algorithm looks at the increasing power of algorithms in these emerging forms of warfare from the perspectives of critical theory, philosophy, legal studies, and visual studies. The contributions in this volume grapple with the challenges posed by algorithmic warfare and trace the roots of new forms of war in the technological practices and forms of representation of the digital age. Together, these contributions provide a first step toward understanding and resisting our emerging world of war.
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| 33. |
- Marques Pedro, Guilherme, 1984-
(författare)
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The Human Right to Leave: But Whereto?
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While all persons — with a few exceptions — are allowed to leave any country regardless of nationality, not all persons are allowed to enter any country of their choosing; and only citizens enjoy, in principle, the right to enter their country of nationality, which most often, and by necessity, is a restricted number of countries, since some of them prohibit multiple nationality. One claim that is frequently made in contemporary migration-related literature, and that much migration-related philosophical debate presupposes in one way or another, yet remains unexplored, is the claim that the right to leave a state – enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 – does not entail a right to enter another state. This claim is typically made in relation or conjunction with another (set of) claims: that this alleged state of affairs is wrong somehow, or vice versa, that it is not. This dissertation deals with both claims and offer a first systematic study of these. On the one hand, the aforementioned descriptive claim has caught the attention of many observers who have, for the most part, taken it as a fairly undisputed description of current international law. I defend the view I call descriptive legal symmetrism, according to which there already is a form of symmetry between entry and exit rights, albeit not the one that most scholars set out to look for. On the other hand, in the context of the normative set of claims made by some authors concerning whether this alleged state of affairs is either immoral or unlawful (or both) in that it would expose the migrant to moral injustice and a protection gap in the contemporary human rights regime (namely, that of having, after leaving a country, nowhere to go), I submit that the object of disagreement in the normative legal debate concerns whether or not we ought to use the law to enforce what I call ‘Proposition A’: ‘it is permitted that any person leaves any country (besides justified exceptions), therefore it is obligatory that all states permit entry (besides justified exceptions)’. I conclude that much of the debate focuses on matters that, albeit interesting in their own right, might not be what is at stake. I hope to contribute to the normative discussion by sorting out the different positions, illustrating their truth-making conditions, and stressing where a position depends on problematic assumptions.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Noll, Gregor
(författare)
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Analogy at war: proportionality, equality and the law of targeting
- 2013
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Ingår i: Netherlands Yearbook of International Law. - 0167-6768. ; 43, s. 205-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This text is an inquiry into how the international community is understood in and through international law. My prism for this inquiry shall be the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law, relating expected civilian losses to anticipated military advantage. To properly understand proportionality, I have to revert to the structure of analogical thinking in the thomistic tradition. Proportionality presupposes a third element to which civilian losses and military advantage can be related. In a first reading, I develop how this tradition of thought might explain the difficulties contemporary IHL doctrine has in understanding proportionality. If military commanders misconceive the third element as the sovereignty of their own state, they will invariably apply the proportionality principle in a paternalistic manner. This would obviate the most rudimentary idea of equality among states and do away with the common of an international community. In a second reading, I shall explore whether this third element could instead be thought of as a demos, while retaining the existing framework of analogical thinking. My argument is that this secularizing replacement is possible. Practically, its consequence would be a radical change in the task of the responsible military commander determining proportionality. That commander would now need to rethink civilians endangered by an attack as a demos whose potentiality must be preserved.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Noll, Gregor, 1964
(författare)
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Art. 31 1951 Convention
- 2024
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Ingår i: The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780192855114
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 41. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
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Article 31
- 2011
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Ingår i: The 1951 convention relating to the status of refugees and ite 1967 protocol. - 9780199542512 ; , s. 1243-1276
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Article 31 remains a vital provision of the 1951 Convention as much as an uneasy compromise. It is a rather complex provision affecting a much broader range of issues than the criminalization of immigration infractions and detention. Due to the difference between contemporary migratory realities and those of the drafting period, it is not straightforwardly applied. Resort to the travaux préparatoires in defiance of the interpretation norms of the VCLT amplifies them acutely. There should be no mistake about the fatal consequences of an overly narrow construction; it risks exacerbating contemporary obstacles to refugees’ access to territory, procedure, and protection.Even with the most meticulous interpretation efforts, there are some issues which Art. 31 is unable to address fully. How are lawyers to deal with the cumulative deterrent effect of measures which are not penalties in the technical sense? What should be done with refugees recognized as such, yet denied authorization to remain in the territorial State? How should the suffering of those lawfully detained be alleviated? These and other questions may to some extent find answers in human rights law or domestic law. There is a residual, though, to which the current State of the law outrageously fails to attend.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Noll, Gregor
(författare)
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Asylum claims and the translation of culture into politics
- 2006
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Ingår i: Texas International Law Journal. - 0163-7479. ; 41:3, s. 491-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the early 1990s, we have witnessed how the system of asylum law reacts to the relativization of the nation-state in the global domain. The growing emphasis on cultural aspects in the conceptualization of "being persecuted" has stressed the dimension of positive obligations. This emphasis has widened the discretionary margin of decision makers. The substantive vacuum at the "human rights core" of the concept of "being persecuted" is a precondition for processes of acculturation through the asylum procedure. In asylum decisions, constructions of a particular cultural identity are cloaked in the universal language of human rights. A central role is played by the assessment of credibility of the applicant, which is modeled on the Christian practice of auricular confession. An applicant is credible where her "true identity" and that of the state of asylum correspond. Credibility assessments are but a reconfirmation of the identity of the asylum state and its protagonists.
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| 44. |
- Noll, Gregor, 1964
(författare)
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Credibility, Reliability, and Evidential Assessment
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Oxford Handbook of International Refugee Law. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198848639
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Overall, judgement on asylum evidence is exercised in a difficult context. A long tradition of strong scepticism against a single source speaking about herself in the future tense is a force to be reckoned with. Does refugee law temper these forces successfully? It purports to offer a particular constellation of the burden of proof, the standard of proof and the benefit of the doubt to guide asylum adjudication. However, this chapter demonstrates that this constellation suffers from serious logical deficiencies, and as a result fails to restrain decision-makers’ discretion. Should we look beyond those concepts and rules, then, and search for restraint in proxies for credibility, such as behaviour, coherence or plausibility, that might make its assessment more objective in some sense? Scientific studies drawn from psychology and traumatology suggest that such credibility proxies are deficient as well. In fact, these studies undermine the validity of the proxies laid down in the UNHCR Handbook and the EU Qualification Directive (section 3). Without functioning legal constraints and credibility proxies, is judicial discretion taking too much space? There are strong indications that this is the case. Quantitative studies, including some employing big data, as well as qualitative studies in the social sciences confirm that the allocation of an individual judge is the weightiest factor for the outcome of an asylum case, and allow for the conclusion that evidentiary assessment plays a minor role in it. All this suggests that evidentiary assessment in asylum law is dysfunctional today, leaving the refugee law with the question which strategy to adopt for the future.
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| 45. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
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Denying the difference: The Dublin successor regulation
- 2002
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Ingår i: Asylum in Europe : strategies, problems and solutions : report from the Nordic Refugee Seminar, Lund, 28-29 August 2001. - 0283-085X. ; , s. 11-15
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Noll, Gregor, et al.
(författare)
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Det permanenta undantagstillståndet
- 2003
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Ingår i: Laglöst land - terroristjakt och rättssäkerhet i Sverige. - 9173249475 ; , s. 38-56
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 48. |
- Noll, Gregor
(författare)
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Diplomatic assurances and the silence of human rights law
- 2006
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Ingår i: Melbourne Journal of International Law. - 1444-8602. ; 7, s. 104-126
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Certain states resort to diplomatic assurances to facilitate and legitimise the removal of non-nationals to third states with dubious human rights records. Typically, these removals involve two countries where human rights are conceived of in different ways and institutionalised to different degrees. Given their practical importance in the U.S. programme of "extraordinary renditions" as part of the ongoing "war on terror", diplomatic assurances have definitely moved into the domain of high politics. Earlier, such assurances were mainly seen as a migration control tool. Now, cases are reported where they provided a prelude to the interrogation, or incapacitation of perceived enemies in less protective jurisdictions. In this working paper, I argue that the combination of diplomatic assurances and rendition represent a contemporary form of ban. Their main function is to perform a double move: to assure the rendering community of its own faithfulness to human rights law, while the captive is given to human rights law in its withdrawal.This argument is developed in three main steps. First, I will explore the effects of diplomatic assurances on the international law of human rights. In Section 2, I shall demonstrate that a specific diplomatic assurance constitutes an agreement to disagree on the precise content of the torture prohibition in international human rights law. Section 3 explains why diplomatic assurances must be regarded as treaties under international law. In Section 4, I explore the uneasy relationship between diplomatic assurances and multilateral human rights instruments, with treaty law unable to reduce ambiguity.Second, I will attempt to explain the structures of which diplomatic assurances form part, and show how such assurances deny the articulation of human rights violations on multiple levels: by courts, by the captive, by the monitoring diplomat, and by the norm itself. Section 5 will be devoted to this task. Finally, in the last step, I will argue that the silence thus produced is not accidental, but must be seen as an integral part of the productivity of human rights law in a system of nation-states.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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