| 1. |
- Franc, Niklas, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Factors and scales potentially important for saproxylic beetles in temperate mixed oak forest
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 135:1, s. 86-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of environmental factors on species richness and species composition may be manifested at different spatial levels. Exploring these relationships is important to understand at which spatial scales certain species and organism groups become sensitive to fragmentation and changes in habitat quality. At different spatial scales we evaluated the potential influence of 45 factors (multiple regression, PCA) on saproxylic oak beetles in 21 smaller broadleaved Swedish forests of conservation importance (woodland key habitats, WKH). Local amount of dead wood in forests is often assumed to be important, but two landscape variables, area of oak dominated woodland key habitats within 1 km of sites and regional amount of dead oak wood, were the main (and strong) predictors of variation in local species richness of oak beetles. The result was similar for red-listed beetles associated with oak. Species composition of the beetles was also best predicted by area of oak woodland key habitat within 1 km, with canopy closure as the second predictor. Despite suitable local quality of the woodland key habitats, the density of such habitat patches may in many areas be too low for long-term protection of saproxylic beetles associated with broadleaved temperate forests. Landscapes with many clustered woodland key habitats rich in oak should have high priority for conservation of saproxylic oak beetles.
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| 2. |
- Kurina, Olavi, et al.
(författare)
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Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excl. Sciaridae) in the Swedish boreonemoral forests
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Studia dipterologica. ; 11:2, s. 471-488
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungus gnats in boreonemoral forests of south Sweden are studied using material collected with Malaise and window traps from 17 localities in the years 2001 and 2002. 250 species are recorded including 76 species new to Sweden. 14 of these are found in Fennoscandia for the first time: Docosia setosa Landrock, D. spec. (indet. sensu Hutson et al. 1980), Brevicornu cognatum Ostroverkhova, Mycetophila eppingensis Chandler, M. lobulata A. Zaitzev, M. pyrenaica Matile, M. subsigillata A. Zaitzev, Sceptonia cryptocauda Chandler, S. flavipuncta Edwards, S. longisetosa Ševcik, S. pilosa Bukowski, S. pughi Chandler, Sciophila interrupta (Winnertz) and S. plurisetosa Edwards. One new synonym is proposed: Dynatosoma dihaeta Polevoi, 1995 = Dynatosoma schachti Plassmann, 1999 syn. nov.
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| 3. |
- Ovaskainen, O., et al.
(författare)
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Combining high-throughput sequencing with fruit body surveys reveals contrasting life-history strategies in fungi
- 2013
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Ingår i: Isme Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-7362 .- 1751-7370. ; 7:9, s. 1696-1709
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Before the recent revolution in molecular biology, field studies on fungal communities were mostly confined to fruit bodies, whereas mycelial interactions were studied in the laboratory. Here we combine high-throughput sequencing with a fruit body inventory to study simultaneously mycelial and fruit body occurrences in a community of fungi inhabiting dead wood of Norway spruce. We studied mycelial occurrence by extracting DNA from wood samples followed by 454-sequencing of the ITS1 and ITS2 regions and an automated procedure for species identification. In total, we detected 198 species as mycelia and 137 species as fruit bodies. The correlation between mycelial and fruit body occurrences was high for the majority of the species, suggesting that high-throughput sequencing can successfully characterize the dominating fungal communities, despite possible biases related to sampling, PCR, sequencing and molecular identification. We used the fruit body and molecular data to test hypothesized links between life history and population dynamic parameters. We show that the species that have on average a high mycelial abundance also have a high fruiting rate and produce large fruit bodies, leading to a positive feedback loop in their population dynamics. Earlier studies have shown that species with specialized resource requirements are rarely seen fruiting, for which reason they are often classified as red-listed. We show with the help of high-throughput sequencing that some of these species are more abundant as mycelium in wood than what could be expected from their occurrence as fruit bodies.
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| 4. |
- Økland, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Oak woodland restoration: testing the effects on biodiversity of mycetophilids in Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Biodiversity and Conservation 17. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0960-3115 .- 1572-9710. ; 17:11, s. 2599-2616
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of harvesting biofuel and woodland restoration on biodiversity is debated. To evaluate the effects of partial cutting on more organism groups, we used pairwise experimental and undisturbed control stands in a large landscape. On average 26% of the basal area including 50-95% of the understorey was harvested at each of 15 oak-rich forest sites. Our earlier results of partial cutting suggested a positive short-term effect for vascular plants and beetles and no or minor negative effects for fungi. Here we analyse the response of mycetophilids (Diptera: Sciaroidea excl. Sciaridae), a neglected but species-rich insect group that was strongly disfavoured by clear-cutting in previous studies. Increased deadwood (slash) caused increase in the number of individuals of mycetophilids associated with wood or wood fungi. The rarefaction species numbers of mycetophilids declined after the treatment, but the absolute number of species was not affected. Our results indicate that a 25% harvest can be compatible with conservation of vascular plants, fungi, saproxylic and herbivorous beetles and mycetophilids in temperate hardwood stands of the type studied. However, more studies are needed to determine what level(s) of stand thinning can be tolerated by different taxa in landscapes with small fragmented conservation stands.
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| 5. |
- Økland, Bjørn, et al.
(författare)
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Regional diversity of mycetophilids (Diptera : Sciaroidea) in Scandinavian oak-dominated forests
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 121:1, s. 9-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycetophilids is a species-rich insect group for which the ecological requirements in temperate forests are poorly understood. This study of mycetophilids was based on trap samples from 15 oak-dominated sites in the boreonemoral zone of southern Sweden. Species richness and composition were analysed in relation to environmental variables at a local and at larger scales (multiple regression), and compared to results from similar studies in spruce-dominated sites in the boreal zone of Norway (PCA and two-sample t tests). Regressions showing a dominance of regional factors over local in-site variables agree with species-richness models assuming that local communities most often are unsaturated. Precipitation (inter-correlated with elevation) was the strongest factor for explaining the variation in species-richness, which is consistent with previous results indicating that mycetophilids are disfavoured by drought. In addition to precipitation, the area of mixed forest with high biodiversity values (woodland key habitats and protected areas) was a positive factor for species-richness, probably because such habitats combine elements of both coniferous and deciduous forests. PCA ordination revealed a clear separation of the species composition between boreal and boreonemoral forests. Species-richness in boreal forest was significantly higher than in boreonemoral forest, indicating a preference for boreal habitats in many of the species. For mycetophilids and other drought-sensitive insects, it is suggested that (partial) cutting in some dense successional oak stands should be avoided, and that some invading spruces should be tolerated. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- A, Komonen, et al.
(författare)
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Insects associated with fruit bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Oak mazegill (Daedalea quercina) in mixed oak forests in southern Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: Entomologisk Tidskrift. - 0013-886X. ; 133:4, s. 173-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polypores host species rich insect assemblages, but relatively few polypore species have been studied in detail. We investigated insect assemblages associated with the fruit bodies of Daedalea quercina, a specialist species on oak in southern Sweden. Fruit bodies (n = 228) were collected from 25 nature reserves and woodland key habitats, and were taken into the laboratory to collect emerging insects. A total of 245 insect individuals were recorded, belonging to at least 45 species. The numerically dominant fungivores were the tineid moths Montescardia tessulatella (n = 38 individuals) and Nemapogon fungivorellus (n = 10) and the coleopteran Ennearthron cornutum (Ciidae) (n = 44). Altogether 40 individuals of hymenopteran parasitoids were recorded, belonging to Braconidae (Exothecinae, Microgastrinae and Rogadinae, altogether 6 spp.), Ichneumonidae (Banchinae, Cryptinae and Orthocentrinae, altogether 4 spp.), Torymidae (1 sp.), Perilampidae (1 sp.) and Scelionidae (1 sp.). Most of the remaining insect species are not specifically associated with fruit bodies, but occupy many types of decaying material. In conclusion, D. quercina hosted a low number of insect individuals in general and only a few coleopteran species. The fungus apparently has only one specialist species, N. fungivorellus, which is a near-threatened (NT) species on the Swedish red list; the record from Norra Vi is the first from the Jönköping. The overall low number of insect individuals and the dominance of Lepidoptera among the fungivores is possibly explained by the tough fruit bodies of D. quercina, which only moths are able to utilize; fruit bodies which had already started to rot were devoid of moths.
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| 7. |
- Bergqvist, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of microwave radiation on permeability of liposomes. Evidence against non-thermal leakage
- 1994
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8006 .- 0304-4165. ; 1201:1, s. 51-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the permeability of unilamellar phosphatidylcholine liposomes has been studied. Leakage of 5(6)-calboxyfluorescein from the liposomes was measured using spectrofluorimetry after exposure to either microwaves or thermal heating for 5-20 min intervals. The exposure temperature, 37.6 +/- 0.5 degrees C, was well above the phase transition temperature of the lipid membrane. The microwave exposure did not result in any non-thermal increase in permeability above that produced by thermal heating. This study refutes the results reported by Saalman et al. [1] in which an increased liposome permeability due to microwave exposure was reported. The refined analysis in the present study shows that this increased liposome permeability was not a non-thermal microwave effect.
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| 8. |
- Götmark, Frank, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Broadleaved tree species in conifer-dominated forestry: Regeneration and limitation of saplings in southern Sweden
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127. ; 214:1-3, s. 142-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests and forestry in Sweden are dominated by conifers. Silviculture using mixed or broadleaved stands is often recommended, but the degree to which broadleaves regenerate naturally needs to be clarified. The Swedish National Forest Inventory is here used for a region-wide study of broadleaved saplings (1.3 m tall to 4.9 cm dbh) regenerated naturally. For 12 species (taxa) in young forests (< 7 m tall) and high forests (> 7 m), sapling densities were related to seven forest types and three productivity classes. Birch had highest densities in all but two broadleaved forest types. Birch, oak, rowan and sallow had 70-85% of their total sapling populations in conifer-dominated forest types, indicating good potential for mixed stands. Beech, lime, hornbeam, ash and elm were mostly restricted to 'noble' (hardwood) forests. The regeneration success (saplings per mature tree) for birch, rowan and oak was highest in conifer-dominated forest; beech was about equally successful in conifer-dominated and broadleaved forests, and ash was very successful in broadleaved forest. Oak regeneration may be problematical in broadleaved forests, but we suggest this is not the case in conifer-dominated forests (where oaks have rarely been studied). Sapling densities of the species in the forest types were not consistently correlated with productivity, but birch and aspen generally regenerated strongest at intermediate and at high productivity, respectively. In noble forests, oak, ash and elm regenerated strongest at low productivity. The role of asexual regeneration (sprouting) remains to clarify. Our results suggest that lime, elm, ash and some other trees currently are limited mainly by poor dispersal, rather than habitat availability. The results are promising for various forms of mixed-species forestry that does not require planting (or little planting) and that would be beneficial for nature conservation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Götmark, Frank, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating partial cutting in broadleaved temperate forest under strong experimental control: Short-term effects on herbaceous plants
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127. ; 214:1-3, s. 124-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partial harvesting of forest for biofuel and other products may be less harmful to biodiversity than clear-cutting, and may even be beneficial for some species or groups of organisms such as herbs. There are, however, few well-controlled experiments evaluating positive and negative effects, such as species losses directly after harvest. In closed canopy mixed oak forest in Sweden, about 25% of the tree basal area and 50-90% of the understory was removed (mainly spruce, birch, aspen, lime, rowan and hazel). In each of six forests, we studied herbs in an experimental (cutting) plot and a control plot (undisturbed) before, and in the first summer, after the harvest (conducted in winter). Losses of species were similar in experimental and control plots (15-16%). The harvest increased species richness by 4-31% (mean 18%); also species diversity (H) increased. Several ruderals increased in experimental plots, but most changes occurred in grassland and forest species; partial cutting led to complex, partly unpredictable early changes in the herb community. A review of early effects of partial cutting (eight experiments) indicated that it increases herb species richness in stands of broadleaves, but apparently not in conifer stands; there was no evidence that partial cutting increases species losses. Thus, with respect to early changes after harvest, we found no negative effects of partial cutting on herbs. We suggest, however, that some proportion of closed-canopy mixed oak forest should not be harvested, to protect rare, potentially sensitive herbs, and to create stand diversity. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Götmark, Frank, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Naturvårdsgallring, vad är det?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Biodiverse. - 1401-5064. ; 2009:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fri utveckling, bete och gallring är huvudalternativen för naturvård i värdefulla lövbestånd. Principen är att grundinventera, sätta upp mål, spara gamla träd och lämna död ved.
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| 11. |
- Hallenberg, Nils, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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The Peniophorella praetermissa species complex (Basidiomycota)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Mycological Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0953-7562. ; 111:12, s. 1366-1376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The corticioid basidiomycete Peniophorella praetermissa has long been regarded as a morphologically variable species complex. An ITS-based phylogenetic study based on a worldwide sampling was carried out using parsimony and Bayesian inference. The resulting trees feature three major clades, further divided into well-supported subclades. These could be considered as distinct species, a contention that is further supported by crossing test data. Only two out of the eight phylogenetic lineages identified can be distinctly morphologically characterized: P. odontiaeformis and P. subpraetermissa. P. odontiaeformis is an odontioid species with a paleotropical distribution whereas the taxa in the remaining subclades have smooth basidiomata and are distributed in temperate areas. P. subpraetermissa is known only from the type collection and is distinguished microscopically by its reddish brown apically encrustated cystidia. Taxa in the remaining subclades are impossible to distinguish from each other morphologically, and therefore, are viewed as a species complex, P. praetermissa s. lat. One of the subclades, which is widely distributed but restricted to the Northern hemisphere, is proposed to represent P. praetermissa s. str. An epitype is selected from the same area as the holotype, among the specimens studied here. However, the geographically most widespread clade with many representatives from both hemispheres is here referred to as P. pertenuis, a taxon that was previously considered a synonym to P. praetermissa.
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| 12. |
- Jonsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures to increase substrate availability for red-listed wood-living organisms in Norway spruce forests
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 127:4, s. 443-467
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is important that measures to maintain biodiversity are taken in a way that is cost-effective for the landowner. We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures that aim at increasing the substrate availability for red-listed (species that are threatened, near threatened or where species probably are threatened but data is deficient) saproxylic (wood-inhabiting) organisms. We modelled stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in three regions of Sweden by using computer simulations and a database with substrate requirements of saproxylic beetles and cryptogams on the Swedish Red-List. Conclusions concerning cost-effectiveness of silvicultural measures depend on the extinction thresholds of the species they are intended to conserve; measures that generate only small amounts of coarse woody debris (CWD) may provide too little substrate to be useful for species with high extinction thresholds. In northern Sweden, forestland is relatively inexpensive, so a cost-effective strategy to increase the amount of spruce CWD was to set aside more forests as reserves. In central and southern Sweden, more emphasis should instead be given to increasing the amount of CWD in the managed forest. The regulations by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) could be made more cost-effective by prescribing creation of more high stumps and retention of larger amounts of naturally dying trees. Large-sized CWD, CWD from slow-growing trees, and CWD in late decay stages are substrate types that were particularly rare in managed forest in relation to unmanaged forests. Manual soil scarification and retention of living trees are measures that can increase the proportion of these underrepresented CWD types.
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| 13. |
- Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeography of Hyphoderma setigerum (Basidiomycota) in the Northern Hemisphere
- 2003
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Ingår i: Mycological Research. ; 107:6, s. 645-652
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies of morphological variation in the homobasidiomycete Hyphoderma setigerum have lead to suspicions of a species complex. This study explores variation in DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region of 45 specimens from America, Asia, and Europe in a phylogeographic context. Based on molecular analysis, morphological studies, and crossing tests, nine preliminary taxa are shown to exist inside the species complex, and the two previously described segregate species H. subsetigerum and H. nudicephalum are confirmed. The molecular analysis shows evidence of allopatric differentiation over intercontinental distances. Only one of the nine well-supported clades has a geographic distribution spanning more than one continent, probably indicating the importance of vicariance in the evolution of this species complex. The basionym of H. setigerum, Thelephora setigera, is neotypified to fix the application of that name.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Dead wood in semi-natural temperate broadleaved woodland: contribution of coarse and fine dead wood, attached dead wood and stumps
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127. ; 194:1-3, s. 235-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dead wood is essential for biodiversity in forests and is therefore often surveyed in conservation inventories. Usually only coarse downed trees (logs) and standing dead trees (snags) are surveyed, but dead wood also occurs on living trees, in stumps, and in fallen branches. Attached, standing (including stumps) and downed dead wood with a diameter of more than I cm was surveyed in 25 semi-natural stands of temperate broadleaved woodland dominated by oak in southern Sweden (most trees younger than 70 years but with an older generation of Quercus, and often Corylus scrub). This study is primarily motivated by the rising interest in biofuel harvesting by thinning which will affect dead wood structure in forests, especially the finer dead wood fractions. The sites in this study contained on average 14.3 m(3)/ha coarse dead wood (defined as wood with a diameter >10 cm), which is more than twice as much as in production woodland. Fine dead wood (diameter 1-10 cm) made up another 12.2 m(3)/ha (45% of the total dead wood volume). Of the fine dead wood, on average 20% was oak wood and 71 % was wood from other broadleaved trees. The coarse dead wood fraction consisted equally of oak wood (46%) and wood from other broadleaved species (47%). Coniferous wood amounted to 7% (coarse dead wood) or 8% (fine dead wood). The total dead wood volume was dominated by downed (66%) and standing dead wood (22%), while attached dead wood and stumps amounted to smaller fractions (6% each). The total volume of fine dead wood did not correlate with the total volume of coarse dead wood. These results therefore suggest that fine dead wood cannot be predicted from conservation surveys of coarse dead wood. The value for biodiversity of fine dead wood is discussed, and should not be overlooked in conservation work due to the fact that for example, many fungi and insects are associated with it. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Indicators of biodiversity, what do they indicate? Lessons for conservation of cryptogams in oak-rich forest
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 135:3, s. 369-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Nordic countries, sets of Indicator (Signal) species, predominantly cryptogams, have been used as one measure to find forest stands which may harbour Red List species. Such data could potentially also be used to prioritise among stands for protection as nature reserves. We studied if the number of Signal species indicates the number of Red List species in oak-rich mixed forest in south Sweden. We also explored if species richness of the investigated groups is correlated with the number of Red List or Signal species. In 25 stands, we surveyed epiphytic and epixylic bryophytes and lichens, ground-floor bryophytes, and wood-living fungi. We studied correlations for two datasets; (1) all forest species and (2) deciduous forest specialists. When relating the number of Signal species to the number of Red List species for each taxon and in total, a significant correlation was found for temperate deciduous forest lichens. The number of Signal species was further significantly correlated to total species richness for lichens (all forest species) and for wood-living fungi (both datasets). The number of Red List lichens was correlated to total lichen richness (deciduous forest species). Signal species seem not to be unequivocal in prioritising potential reserves among valuable oak-rich woodlands and surveys by Red List species experts may be needed. Signal species may be more useful for finding relatively valuable sites in a matrix of production forest. Moreover, Signal species seem to be useful surrogates for total cryptogam species richness.
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| 17. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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New species of Moristroma (Ascomycetes) and phylogenetic position of the genus
- 2005
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Ingår i: Mycological Progress. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1617-416X .- 1861-8952. ; 4:4, s. 325-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The loculoascomycete Moristroma quercinum sp. nov. and Moristroma japonicum sp. nov. are described from Northern Europe (Denmark, Lithuania, Sweden) and Japan, respectively. M. quercinum is reported from wood of Quercus robur and Q. petraea, and M. japonicum is reported from wood of Quercus mongolica var. grossoserrata. Ascostromata of both species were found on hard heartwood of attached or shed branches. The two new species differ from the type species of the genus, M. polysporum, by the presence of pycnidia, and by the size of ascostromata, asci and ascospores. Drawings illustrate ascostromata, pycnidia, asci, hamathecium and ascospores of the two new species. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that Moristroma belongs to the Chaetothyriomycetes, rather than to the Dothideomycetes as previously suggested
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Partial cutting can enhance epiphyte conservation in temperate oak-rich forests
- 2012
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 270, s. 35-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The strongly increasing demand for biofuel from forests poses new challenges for biodiversity conservation. Methods that may combine biofuel production with conservation goals need to be tested for various forest types. One possible conservation-oriented management alternative is partial cutting of closed canopy oak-rich forests (may also be called conservation thinning). Such cutting may counteract succession and restore a semi-open canopy structure, which may favor epiphytes. We evaluated this possibility by surveying the epiphyte community of lichens and bryophytes on large oaks in 24 oak-rich temperate forests in southern Sweden. Treatment plots, and reference plots with no cutting, were surveyed before, and 6 years after cutting. In the treatment plots, about 25% of the basal area was harvested, and mainly small and intermediate sized successional trees were removed. We detected significant positive effects of partial cutting on species density for both lichens and bryophytes. The additional variation in light influx at tree level (after the cutting) could not explain the change in species density. The increase in density of lichen species was highest on oaks with small trunk diameter and on oaks with deep bark crevices. The pooled frequency of species of conservation concern increased after the cutting, but the change in species composition was weak; colonization events occurred over mean minimum distances of 63.5 m to the nearest potential source tree (n = 22 events and 9 species). Overall, we found significantly higher colonization rates, and significantly lower extinction rates per tree for lichens in the treatment plots. We conclude that partial cutting influenced epiphytes of large oaks positively, as was the case for several other organism groups at the same study sites (previous studies). A mild form of biofuel harvesting may represent sustainable resource-use in these forests, compatible with conservation. However, part of the forest should be kept untouched for species vulnerable to changes in microclimatic conditions, and for evaluation of long-term effects.
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| 20. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Partial cutting reduces species richness of fungi on woody debris in oak-rich forests
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. ; 38, s. 1807-1816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Partial cutting is increasingly applied in European temperate oak-dominated forests for biofuel harvesting, and to counteract succession in protected stands. Effects on biodiversity of these measures need to be carefully evaluated, and species-rich but neglected taxa such as fungi should be considered. We studied the effects of partial Cutting on fungal fruiting bodies on woody debris. In 21 closed canopy forests rich in large oaks in Sweden, on average 25%-30% of the basal area was cut. Fruiting bodies were counted and some were collected in treated and control plots before and after treatment. We found 334 basidiomycete and 47 ascomycete species. Species richness of basidiomycetes declined significantly more in treated plots (on average 26%) than in control plots (on average 13%) between seasons. Species richness of ascomycetes increased by 17% in control plots and decreased by 2% in treated plots. Total species richness was significantly reduced on fine woody debris (1-10 cm in diameter), but not on coarse woody debris (> 10 cm). Overall species composition did not change significantly as a result of partial cutting, but red-listed species tended to decrease more in treated plots. We suggest that approximately 30% of the stands should not be thinned, and dead sterns and fallen branches should not be removed, to favor saproxylic fungi and their associated fauna.
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| 21. |
- Nordén, Björn, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - 0006-3207. ; 117:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dead wood is considered important in forest conservation, but patterns of fungal diversity on dead wood have rarely been quantified. We investigated the relative importance of coarse (diameter > 10 cm) and fine woody debris (1-10 cm) for fungi in broadleaf forests in southern Sweden. The numbers of species per unit wood volume and per forest area were significantly higher for fine than for coarse woody debris for both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. When the number of species was plotted against the number of records, coarse woody debris was more species rich than fine woody debris for a given number of basidiomycete records. Of the ascomycetes. 75% were found exclusively on fine woody debris (the corresponding proportion for basidiomycetes is 30%), 2% Were found exclusively on coarse woody debris (basidiomycetes 26%, and 23%,) of the species were found on both diameter classes (basidiomycetes 44%). We conclude that fine woody debris is important for diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi, especially ascomycctes. in this forest type. However, coarse woody debris must also be provided to insure the occurrence of many species of basidiomycetes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
- Paltto, Heidi, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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At which spatial and temporal scales does landscape context affect local density of Red Data Book and Indicator species?
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 133:4, s. 442-454
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The landscape context is crucial for forest conservation in regions where the natural forest is fragmented. The focus of practical conservation is currently shifting from local stands to a landscape perspective, but few studies have tested the relative effect of different spatial and temporal scales for occurrence and persistence of species of conservation concern. We studied Red Data Book and Indicator species (the latter proposed to indicate presence of Red Data Book species) of vascular plants, lichens, bryophytes and wood-inhabiting fungi in 22 old temperate broadleaved forests in southern Sweden. We analysed at which scales these species respond to habitat proportion in surrounding landscape. The proportion of suitable habitat was measured at two temporal scales (present-day and historic) and at two spatial scales (about 0-1 km and 1-5 kin of study sites). Local density of Red Data Book species increased with increasing proportion of suitable habitat in the current landscape (within 1-5 km of study sites) while Indicator species were unaffected. The response to landscape differed between organism groups. Vascular plants (near significantly) and wood-inhabiting fungi showed a time delay of 120 years in their response, indicating a possible regional extinction debt. An appropriate minimum landscape scale for conservation of Red Data Book species in temperate broadleaved forests in Sweden seems to be about 5 kin (radius), but smaller landscapes may be important for vascular plants and wood-inhabiting fungi of conservation concern. In addition, restoration is urgent to counteract the effect of time delays in species responses to recent habitat loss. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Paltto, Heidi, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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At which spatiotemporal landscape scales does habitat amount explain the local abundance of species?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Bunce, R. G. H., Jongman, R. H. G., Hojas, L. & Weel, S. (eds) Proceedings of the 7th IALE World Congress – Part 1. (7th IALE World Congress 8-12/7 2007 Wageningen, The Netherlands.. - 9789078514022 ; , s. 396-397
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
- Paltto, Heidi, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Secondary Woodland in Oak Wood Pastures Reduces the Richness of Rare Epiphytic Lichens
- 2011
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 6:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wooded pastures with ancient trees were formerly abundant throughout Europe, but during the last century, grazing has largely been abandoned often resulting in dense forests. Ancient trees constitute habitat for many declining and threatened species, but the effects of secondary woodland on the biodiversity associated with these trees are largely unknown. We tested for difference in species richness, occurrence, and abundance of a set of nationally and regionally red-listed epiphytic lichens between ancient oaks located in secondary woodland and ancient oaks located in open conditions. We refined the test of the effect of secondary woodland by also including other explanatory variables. Species occurrence and abundance were modelled jointly using overdispersed zero-inflated Poisson models. The richness of the red-listed lichens on ancient oaks in secondary woodland was half of that compared with oaks growing in open conditions. The species-level analyses revealed that this was mainly the result of lower occupancy of two of the study species. The tree-level abundance of one species was also lower in secondary woodland. Potential explanations for this pattern are that the study lichens are adapted to desiccating conditions enhancing their population persistence by low competition or that open, windy conditions enhance their colonisation rate. This means that the development of secondary woodland is a threat to red-listed epiphytic lichens. We therefore suggest that woody vegetation is cleared and grazing resumed in abandoned oak pastures. Importantly, this will also benefit the vitality of the oaks.
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| 25. |
- Paltto, Heidi, et al.
(författare)
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Multispecies and Multiscale Conservation Planning : Setting Quantitative Targets for Red-Listed Lichens on Ancient Oaks
- 2010
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - : Society for Conservation Biology. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 24:3, s. 758-768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Species occurrence in a habitat patch depends on local habitat and the amount of that habitat in the wider landscape. We used predictions from empirical landscape studies to set quantitative conservation criteria and targets in a multispecies and multiscale conservation planning effort. We used regression analyses to compare species richness and occurrence of five red-listed lichens on 50 ancient oaks (Quercus robur; 120–140 cm in diameter) with the density of ancient oaks in circles of varying radius from each individual oak. Species richness and the occurrence of three of the five species were best explained by increasing density of oaks within 0.5 km; one species was best explained by the density of oaks within 2 km, and another was best predicted by the density of oaks within 5 km. The minimum numbers of ancient oaks required for “successful conservation” was defined as the number of oaks required to obtain a predicted local occurrence of 50% for all species included or a predicted local occurrence of 80% for all species included. These numbers of oaks were calculated for two relevant landscape scales (1 km2 and 13 km2) that corresponded to various species responses, in such a way that calculations also accounted for local number of oaks. Ten and seven of the 50 ancient oaks surveyed were situated in landscapes that already fulfilled criteria for successful conservation when the 50% and 80% criteria, respectively, were used to define the level of successful conservation. For cost-efficient conservation, oak stands in the landscapes most suitable for successful conservation should be prioritized for conservation and management (e.g., grazing and planting of new oaks) at the expense of oak stands situated elsewhere.
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| 26. |
- Paltto, Heidi, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Partial cutting as a conservation alternative for oak Quercus spp. forest – response of bryophytes and lichens on dead wood.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. ; 256, s. 536-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Semi-open oak-rich forests may support many species adapted to large trees and coarse woody debris. Currently many oak-rich forests in northern Europe have more or less closed canopies due to lack of natural and cultural disturbances. In these forests, conservation oriented partial harvesting of biofuel may restore a desired forest structure and light regime that potentially may favour many species that have declined during the last century. We quantified effects of such cutting on lichens and bryophytes living on dead wood in southern Sweden, using a design with paired cutting and control plots (each 1 ha) in 15 forests. In each plot we surveyed the same five logs and three stumps before and after harvest (25% of the tree basal area removed). The epixylic species composition shifted towards a flora typical for dryer dead wood. The mean species number of lichens per stump increased (clear effect) and the mean number of bryophytes per stump decreased (nearly significantly) due to harvesting. The species composition, but not species richness, on logs was affected. No increases or decreases in species of conservation concern could be detected. Since the overall negative effects were weak, we suggest that partial harvesting of dense oak forests is compatible with maintenance of the diversity of lichens and bryophytes on dead wood. However, the amount of such forest harvested needs to be carefully assessed in relation to demands of other taxa.
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