| 1. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Psychosocial wellbeing and reasons for retirement in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Ageing & Society. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0144-686X .- 1469-1779. ; 29:3, s. 413-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the increased heterogeneity of the transition from work to retirement, this study aimed to analyse the associations between different reasons for retirement and psychosocial wellbeing as a pensioner. The study used data from the Swedish Panel Survey of Ageing and the Elderly (PSAE), a nationally representative survey of the living conditions of older people in Sweden. The results show that almost one-half of all pensioners cited health problems as a contributory reason for ceasing work. Furthermore, those who retired for ‘push’ reasons, such as health problems or labour market factors, experienced lower psychosocial wellbeing than those who retired for other reasons. Moreover, the results show that those who were able to influence the time of their retirement enjoyed better psychosocial wellbeing than those who had little or no opportunity to do so. This was true when controlling for other factors relevant to the wellbeing of pensioners. The results lend support to the argument that, if a man's retirement is instigated because his skills are no longer required, there will be a decidedly negative effect on his wellbeing – and that this effect is stronger than the equivalent impact on a woman's wellbeing. In relation to previous findings in this field, the results make it clear that retirement is far from a uniform process or state.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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Arbete, hälsa och kön
- 2008
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under åren 2007 och 2008 har ett antal forskare vid Mittuniversitetet arbetat inom ramen för projektet ”Hälsofrämjande i arbetslivet” vars mål var att öka kunskapen om faktorer som bidrar till ett friskare arbetsliv och ökat kvinnligt företagande, samt hur de strukturella förutsättningarna kan anpassas för att gynna en önskvärd utveckling i Jämtlands län. Rapporten ”Arbete, hälsa och kön” redovisar i olika kapitel stora delar av den forskning som bedrivits kring dessa områden. Anledningen till att resultaten redovisas i rapportserien Genusstudier vid Mittuniversitetet, som är en del av den verksamhet som bedrivs inom ramen för Forum för genusvetenskap, är att texterna till stora delar diskuterar och analyserar könsdimensionen och att de därmed är goda exempel på den omfattande forskning som bedrivs vid Mittuniversitetet om mäns och kvinnors (skilda) livsvillkor. Rapporten består av sju kapitel som ur olika perspektiv och med hjälp av olika metodologiska angreppssätt analyserar och diskuterar frågor kring arbete, hälsa och kön. De olika metoder som används är textanalys, intervjuer samt kvantitativa analyser och de empiriska underlagen spänner från regionala data från Jämtland till nationella och internationella undersökningar. Oavsett om data anknyter till jämtlandsregionen eller ej så bidrar de med en ökad kunskap om olika relationer mellan arbetsliv, hälsa, kön och genus i denna region. Innehåll: Mikael Nordenmark: Inledning Lena Karlqvist: Arbetsmiljö, jämställdhet och hälsa vid Företag/Organisationer i Jämtland och Västernorrland Erna Danielsson och Johanna Overud: Frivillighet, skyldighet eller frivillig skyldighet? Om genus och handlingsutrymme i civilsamhället Stig Vinberg: Mikroföretagande - kön, arbetsvillkor och hälsa Mikael Nordenmark: Är upplevelse av stress mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv ett hinder för kvinnors arbetsmarknadsdeltagande Kristina Zampoukos: "Det lilla extra" - om ekonomiserigen av vård och omsorg och det meningsfulla arbetet Patrik Millet: Ledarstilar, kontroll, nätverk och finansiell prestation i små och medelstora företag i Jämtland Stig Vinberg: Ledarskap för ett hälsosamt arbetsliv - reflektioner utifrån tre jämtländska projekt
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| 4. |
- Fjell, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived physical strain in paid and unpaid work and the work-home interface: the associations with musculoskeletal pain and fatigue among public employees.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Women & health. - 0363-0242 .- 1541-0331. ; 47:1, s. 21-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between number of working hours, the level of perceived physical strain, work-home interface and musculoskeletal pain and fatigue among women and men employed in the public sector. Cross-sectional data from 1,180 employees (86% women) in 49 public workplaces in 2002-2003 were analyzed. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as measures of the associations. The analyses showed differences as well as similarities between women and men. Overall the women reported higher levels of perceived physical strain relative to total workload. A high level of physical strain was strongly associated with musculoskeletal pain and fatigue. Nevertheless, no detrimental effects were observed on health of high total working hours which indicates that a large number of total working hours might be balanced by accompanying multiple roles or many responsibilities and therefore not be generally regarded as risk factors for ill health.
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| 5. |
- Hagqvist, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Division of labor, perceived labor-related stress and well-being among European couples
- 2012
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Ingår i: Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2162-2485 .- 2162-2477. ; 2:4, s. 452-460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The objective of this study was to analyze how involvement in paid and unpaid work and perceived labor-related stress are re- lated to the well-being of married or cohabiting men and women in Europe. Methods: Data from the European Social Survey round two has been used. The sample consists of 5800 women and 6952 men, aged between 18 - 65 years. Exposure variables were divided into labor involvement, time spent on paid and unpaid work, and la- bor-related stress. Multiple logistic regressions with 95 % confidence interval were used. Re- sults: Women spent more hours on housework than men did, but fewer hours on paid work. Women tended to perceive higher degrees of housework-related stress than men did. Fur- thermore, women who experienced housework- related stress tended to have higher odds of reporting a low level of perceived well-being than men, while men had higher odds of report- ing a low level of perceived well-being when they experienced work/family conflicts. Conclu- sion: For both men and women, the perceptions of labor involvement are of more importance for the well-being than the actual time spent on paid and unpaid work. This implies that, when study- ing the relationship between labor involvement and well-being, perceived stress should be con- sidered.
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| 6. |
- Hagqvist, Emma, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Is the gap between experienced working conditions and the perceived importance of these conditions related to subjective health?
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Workplace Health Management. - 1753-8351 .- 1753-836X. ; 11:1, s. 2-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the gaps between experienced working conditions (WCs) and the perceived importance of these conditions in relation to subjective health in Swedish public sector workplaces.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 379 employees answered questions concerning WCs and health. Nine WC areas were created to measure the gap between the experienced WCs and the perceived importance of each condition. These WC areas were: physical work environment, social relationships, communication, leadership, job control, recognition, self-development, workplace culture and work/life satisfaction. Subjective health was measured using mental ill health, well-being and general health.FindingsThe results indicated relatively large gaps in all nine WC areas. Leadership, physical work environment and work/life satisfaction in particular seemed to be problematic areas with relatively large gaps, meaning that employees have negative experiences of these areas while perceiving these areas as very important. Additionally, all WC areas were significantly related to subjective health, especially regarding mental ill health and well-being; the larger the gaps, the worse the subjective health. The WC areas of work/life satisfaction, self-development, social relationships, communication and recognition had the highest relationships and model fits. This indicates that it is most problematic from an employee’s point of view if there are large gaps within these WC areas.Originality/valueThis study improves the understanding of workplace health by exploring the gap between experienced WCs and the perceived importance of these conditions.
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| 7. |
- Hagqvist, Emma, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental leave policies and time use for mothers and fathers : A case study of Spain and Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Society, health and vulnerability. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2002-1518. ; 8:1, s. 2-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- States play an important role in gender equality through policy structuring. In this case study, the aim is to explore whether changes in parental leave policies over two decades trickle down to changes in gendered time use in two polarised countries: Sweden and Spain, represented by the Basque Country. Sweden represents dual-earner countries with high relative gender equality, whereas Spain represents a south European policy model supporting a breadwinning/homemaker ideal. The results show that changes in the gendered time use among mothers and fathers in both countries are associated with changes in parental leave policies. Changes in policies directed towards increasing gender equality reduce the gender gap in time use among mothers and fathers and seem to increase gender equality within a country. From these results, the conclusion is that parental leave policies that are structured to promote or enable gender equality could reduce the gender time gap in work among mothers and fathers.
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| 8. |
- Hansson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-Ecological Factors and Well-Being among Self-Employed in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The self-employed are at increased risk of negative well-being outcomes when facing adversity such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies that examine socio-ecological factors that may protect their well-being are warranted.Methods: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of European self-employed people (n = 1665). The WHO-5 Well-being Index was used to examine the impact on well-being of factors at four socio-ecological levels. Independent sample t-tests, Pearson correlations and linear regression were applied to analyse differences between groups of self-employed and interactions between variables using SPSS.Results: Well-being and the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, useful work and finding the rules clear were positively correlated with well-being. For self-employed who reported that it was challenging to run their business during the pandemic, social support and finding rules clear were of significantly greater importance to their well-being.Conclusions: The findings highlight that the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, doing useful work and finding the rules clear affect well-being. The results also indicate that it is vital to consider factors at multiple socio-ecological levels to improve the well-being of the self-employed during adversity.
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| 9. |
- Hansson, Josefine, et al.
(författare)
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Socio-Ecological Factors and Well-Being among Self-Employed in Europe during the COVID-19 Pandemic
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 10th Nordic Health Promotion Research Conference June 14-16 2023, Halmstad June 14–16, 2023. - Halmstad.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The self-employed are at increased risk of negative well-being outcomes when facing adversity such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies that examine socio-ecological factors that may protect their well-being are warranted. Methods: Data were drawn from a cross-sectional survey of European self-employed people (n = 1665). The WHO-5 Well-being Index was used to examine the impact on well-being of factors at four socio-ecological levels. Independent sample t-tests, Pearson correlations and linear regression were applied to analyse differences between groups of self-employed and interactions between variables using SPSS. Results: Well-being and the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, useful work and finding the rules clear were positively correlated with well-being. For self-employed who reported that it was challenging to run their business during the pandemic, social support and finding rules clear were of significantly greater importance to their well-being. Conclusions: The findings highlight that the socio-ecological factors of resilience, social support, doing useful work and finding the rules clear affect well-being. The results also indicate that it is vital to consider factors at multiple socio-ecological levels to improve the well-being of the self-employed during adversity.
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| 10. |
- Johansson Sevä, Ingemar, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective well-being among the self-employed in Europe : macroeconomy, gender and immigrant status
- 2016
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 46:2, s. 239-253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research shows that the self-employed generally experience a higher degree of job satisfaction compared to regular employees. However, our knowledge of subjective well-being among the self-employed, the differences between various groups of self-employed and the potential influence of contextual factors is somewhat limited. The purpose of the present paper is to address this gap by taking macroeconomic conditions, gender and immigrant status into consideration. The results show that self-employment is positively related to subjective well-being, but there are also differences between groups of the self-employed; self-employed with employees report a higher level of life satisfaction than the self-employed without employees. Economic growth is more important for the level of life satisfaction among the self-employed than among employees. The analyses also point to different patterns for female and male self-employed without employees: only women experience a higher level of life satisfaction compared to employees. The results also show that the relationship is stronger among immigrants than natives. The results of this study confirm the importance of considering potential heterogeneity when examining subjective well-being among the self-employed.
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| 11. |
- Landstad, Bodil J., 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Making things work–In spite of a pandemic small scale enterprise managers’ approach to business changes and health issues
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundCovid-19 is one of the worst crises in modern working life with a direct negative impact on many enterprises and organizations. The aim of this study is to explore what managers in Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) changed in their business during the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly addressing health issues.MethodsA longitudinal qualitative research methodology was used, interviewing 16 managers of SSEs in the Norwegian and Swedish manufacturing and service sector both before (round 1) and during the pandemic (round 2). In this approach, time is designed into the research process, making change a key focus for analysis.ResultsThe analysis resulted in two main themes, resilience and demanding occupational health and safety conditions, and five sub-themes. Results show how managers in SSEs changed their business during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact of these changes. Although, the enterprises were heavily affected in the beginning of the pandemic, several managers found new solutions for their businesses to maintain and reach new customers. They applied a socially responsible management which addressed different health issues.ConclusionCrises like the Covid-19 pandemic will have future impact on SSEs making it important to understand how managers in such enterprises address business and health issues. This knowledge may have practical implications for supporting managers in SSEs in how to perform a socially responsible management and maintain occupational health and safety measures. The managerial implications from this research are that they need to be flexible, reorientable and, at the same time, be loyal to the core business. This study shows the importance of doing longitudinal studies about business and health issues among mangers in SSEs.
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| 12. |
- Månsdotter, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The importance of childhood and adulthood aspects of gendered life for adult mental ill-health symptoms – a 27-year follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort
- 2012
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 12, s. Art. no. 493-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The increasing gender equality during the 20th century, mainly in the Nordic countries, represents a major social change. A well-established theory is that this may affect the mental health patterns of women and men. This study aimed at examining associations between childhood and adulthood gendered life on mental ill-health symptoms.Methods: A follow-up study of a cohort of all school leavers in a medium-sized industrial town in northern Sweden was performed from age 16 to age 42. Of those still alive of the original cohort, 94% (n = 1007) participated during the whole period. Gendered life was divided into three stages according to whether they were traditional or non-traditional (the latter includes equal): childhood (mother’s paid work position), adulthood at age 30 (ideology and childcare), and adulthood at age 42 (partnership and childcare). Mental ill-health was measured by self-reported anxious symptoms (“frequent nervousness”) and depressive symptoms (“frequent sadness”) at age 42. The statistical method was logistic regression analysis, finally adjusted for earlier mental ill-health symptoms and social confounding factors.Results: Generally, parents’gendered life was not decisive for a person’s own gendered life, and adulthood gender position ruled out the impact of childhood gender experience on self-reported mental ill-health. For women, non-traditional gender ideology at age 30 was associated with decreased risk of anxious symptoms (76% for traditional childhood, 78% for non-traditional childhood). For men, non-traditional childcare at age 42 was associated with decreased risk of depressive symptoms (84% for traditional childhood, 78% for non-traditional childhood). A contradictory indication was that non-traditional women in childcare at age 30 had a threefold increased risk of anxious symptoms at age 42, but only when having experienced a traditional childhood.Conclusion: Adulthood gender equality is generally good for self-reported mental health regardless of whether one opposes or continues one’s gendered history. However, the childcare findings indicate a differentiated picture; men seem to benefit in depressive symptoms from embracing this traditionally female duty, while women suffer anxious symptoms from departing from it, if their mother did not.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-
(författare)
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Employment Commitment and Psychological Well-being among Unemployed Men and Women
- 1999
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Ingår i: Acta Sociologica. - : Nordic Sociological Association. - 0001-6993 .- 1502-3869. ; 42:2, s. 135-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies employment commitment and psychological well-being among a random sample of 3,500 unemployed men and women in Sweden. The study observes which factors govern levels of employment commitment and if there are any significant differences between unemployed men and women in this respect. The article also discusses the importance of commitment to employment when analysing psychological well-being among the unemployed. As regards employment commitment among both men and women, the results emphasize the psychosocial value of the former job, the activity level while unemployed and age. However, the results also indicate that age and family situation affect unemployed women's and men's levels of commitment to paid employment in different ways. Further, both unemployed men and women who are strongly motivated to find employment for non-financial reasons have significantly higher risks of poor mental well-being than those with lower commitments to employment. Finally, The results speak against the hypothesis that the high unemployment rates among certain categories of people are mainly a result of low motivation to be employed.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-
(författare)
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How family policy context shapes mental wellbeing of mothers and fathers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Indicators Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0303-8300 .- 1573-0921. ; 158:1, s. 45-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies show that parents have a lower level of wellbeing than non-parents. An interesting question is if this is true in different contexts, such for instance different family policy contexts. Although there are common family policy goals for all member states of the European Union there are still major differences between states regarding the implementation and contents of various family policy measures. The aim of the article is to study the importance of family policy context and gender for the negative influence of having children on mental wellbeing. Data is derived from an extensive cross-country data set named European Social Survey Program (ESS). Family policy context is measured through the different family policies contexts that each state represents, resulting in a Nordic cluster (representing an extensive family policy context) and two clusters, the conservative and liberal, representing less extensive family policy contexts. Results in general show that the level of mental wellbeing is lower among people with children living at home than among people with no children at home. However, separate analyses of the family policy contexts indicate that this difference between those with and without children only exists in the conservative and liberal family policy contexts. Further, separate analyses of women and men in different family policy contexts show that the negative association between the occurrence of children and mental wellbeing exist only among women in conservative and liberal contexts. This indicates that the family policy context is of importance for mother’s mental wellbeing but not for father’s.
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| 20. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Job control and demands, work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women in Europe.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8023. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-employed persons and their enterprises are regarded as important to the economy for their contribution to economic development. However, an understanding of the relationship between the psychosocial working conditions, the work-life balance, and outcomes such as health and wellbeing among the self-employed and micro-enterprise is limited. The main aim of this article is to study the relationships between control and demands at work, the work-life balance and wellbeing among self-employed men and women. Data were obtained from the European Social Survey Program (ESS) 2004 which is an interview survey conducted in 26 European countries (n = 15 789). Wellbeing is measured by the WHO-Five Wellbeing Index and work-life balance is measured by an index consisting of two questions asking about work-life balance/conflict. The results show that men and women who are self-employed experience a lower level of work-life balance than the employed and this result is found more in men than women. When job control and demands are held constant for the self-employed and the employed, self-employed women experience a significantly higher level of work-life balance than do employed women, yet self-employed men experience a similar level of work-life balance as do employed men. Self-employed women have a slightly higher level of wellbeing than do employed women and the difference between the self-employed and employed men is non-significant. When controlling for the level of job control the relationship between self-employment and wellbeing is non-significant among women and is significantly negative among men. In sum, the results of this study confirm that the psychosocial working conditions are important because demands and control in work influence work-life balance and well-being among self-employed men and women.
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| 21. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Life Satisfaction among Self-Employed People in Different Welfare Regimes during the COVID-19 Pandemic : Significance of Household Finances and Concerns about Work
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 20:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most studies have shown that self-employed people have higher levels of life satisfaction than employed people due to high levels of job satisfaction, work flexibility, and job control. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many self-employed people experienced economic strain and worried about the situation of their employees and survival of the company. The aim of this study was to examine the level of life satisfaction among self-employed people during the COVID-19 pandemic in different welfare regimes. Analyses were mainly based on Eurofound’s “Living, Working and COVID-19” online survey. Fieldwork took place between April and June 2020 in 27 EU countries. The results showed that there was a significantly lower level of life satisfaction among self-employed people than employed people during the pandemic. This was in contrast to analyses from approximately one year before the pandemic, which showed that life satisfaction was higher among self-employed people. The main reasons for this lower level of life satisfaction among the self-employed during the pandemic were worse household financial situation and more worries about their job. Analyses of life satisfaction among the self-employed in different welfare regimes indicated that self-employed people in the Nordic welfare state regime largely kept their relatively high level of life satisfaction during the pandemic, but this was not the case for self-employed people in other welfare regimes.
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| 22. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-
(författare)
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Minut för minut mot en jämställd tid
- 2014. - 1
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Ingår i: Glimtar av jämställdhet. - Umeå : Boréa Bokförlag. - 9789189140868 ; , s. 33-50
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Self-rated health among young Europeans not in employment, education or training - with a focus on the conventionally unemployed and the disengaged
- 2015
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Ingår i: Society, health & vulnerability. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 2002-1518. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- NEET is an acronym for Not in Employment, Education or Training. For the year 2010, it is estimated that 12.5% of all young people aged 15-24 in the OECD countries could be categorised as NEETs. Within this group, various subgroups of NEET are identified. Our study, which was conducted using cross-sectional data collected through the European Social Survey, focuses on the category of people who are assumed to be most marginalised and inactive: "the disengaged.'' Participants in the study were men and women aged 18-30, originating from 33 European countries. The results show that disengaged NEETs reported poorer health than both young people who were conventionally unemployed and those in employment or studying. It is also shown that "the disengaged'' scored worse on other social and welfare variables, for example, trust and social activity. Being disengaged is discussed in relation to the gross domestic products of the different countries.
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| 24. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness Presenteeism among the Self-employed and Employed in Northwestern Europe—The Importance of Time Demands
- 2019
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Ingår i: SH@W Safety and Health at Work. - : Elsevier BV. - 2093-7911 .- 2093-7997. ; 10:2, s. 224-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job creation. It can be assumed that health and well-being among the self-employed and managers in small-scale enterprises are particularly crucial in this enterprise group because the smallness of the enterprise makes its members vulnerable. Earlier studies have indicated that the self-employed have a high working pace and work for long and irregular hours, indicating that it can be difficult to stay at home because of sickness. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of sickness presenteeism among the self-employed in relation to the organizationally employed and to analyze whether any differences can be explained by higher work demands among the self-employed. Methods: The study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (2010) and includes the northwestern European countries in the survey. The questions cover a wide range of topics designed to meet the European Union's political needs. The main variables in this study are sickness presenteeism and several indicators of time demands. Results: The results show that the self-employed report a higher level of sickness presenteeism than the employed: 52.4 versus 43.6%. All indicators of time demands are significantly related to the risk for sickness presenteeism, also when controlling for background characteristics. Conclusion: The results confirm that the level of sickness presenteeism is higher among the self-employed and that high time demands are a major explanation to this.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-
(författare)
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The Concentration of Unemployment Families and Social Networks : A Question of Attitudes or Structural Factors?
- 1999
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 15:1, s. 49-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies the concentration of unemployment within families and social networks in Sweden. The study, which is based on two random samples, one consisting of some 47,000 young people and their parents and one consisting of 3,500 unemployed people, raises the question of whether unemployment concentration is mainly caused by negative values towards employment or by structural factors. The results show that it is common for people who are unemployed and have experienced longer periods of unemployment to have unemployed family members and friends. The causes of the unemployment concentration can be traced to structural factors such as class, ethnicity, age, unemployment rate and population in the district, rather than to the attitudes of the members of the unemployed group.
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| 27. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-
(författare)
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The importance of job and family satisfaction for happiness among women and men in different gender regimes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Societies. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4698. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The family and the work place are two arenas of central importance for most adult people. Consequently, one can assume that the level of satisfaction with one’s family life and job may be critical to one’s level of happiness in general. However, there are reasons to believe that there are variations according to gender and gender regime. The general aim of this study is to analyse the relative importance of job satisfaction and satisfaction with family life for happiness among women and men in different gender regimes. Analyses are based on comparative data from the International Social Survey Program 2012. Results show that the level of satisfaction with family life appears more important to the general level of happiness than the level of job satisfaction. This is true for both women and men and in different gender regimes. However, the level of satisfaction with family life appears less important to men’s level of happiness in countries representing a conservative gender regime. Another interesting related result is that the level of happiness appears generally lower among women living in a conservative gender regime.
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| 28. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of self-help groups in promoting self-confidence and hope for the future among people on sick leave in Norway : The importance of educational level
- 2020
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Ingår i: Work. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 65:3, s. 617-623
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Vocational rehabilitation is important for supporting long-term sick-listed employees in returning to work or continuing in working life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyse self-confidence and hope for the future among people on sick leave in Norway who joined a self-help group, with a special focus on the importance of educational level. METHODS: 109 persons who completed a 20-week program at a rehabilitation centre in the middle of Norway during the years 2007-2012 answered questions related to the importance of emotions as either motivating or discouraging forces influencing the individual's return to work. The response rate was 52 percent. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of participants who joined a self-help group stated that the group helped them to tackle everyday life better than before. Low-educated participants in the self-help group, to a greater extent than high-educated, stated that the self-help group had increased their self-confidence and hope for the future. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Most of those who participated in the self-help group stated that joining a group increased their self-confidence and hope for the future. Motivational factors, such as hope for the future and self-confidence, can be important factors in the rehabilitation process, as they can enhance sick people's motivation to participate in rehabilitation and re-think their future prospects of returning to work.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Work/Family Conflict of More Importance than Psychosocial Working Conditions and Family Conditions for Mental Wellbeing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Societies. - : MDPI. - 2075-4698. ; 10:67, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have indicated the importance of family life and psychosocial working conditions for mental wellbeing. More recently, studies have highlighted that a good balance between work and family is crucial for good mental wellbeing. However, few studies compare the relative importance of these factors for mental wellbeing. The main aim of this study was to analyse the relative importance of psychosocial working conditions, family conditions and work/family conflict for mental wellbeing. The analyses are based on a Swedish data set, including questions regarding working life, family life and mental wellbeing. A total of 12,461 married/cohabiting individuals employed in Swedish organisations were included in the study. Results show that psychosocial working conditions, family conditions and work/family conflict all were related to mental wellbeing. In the final regression model, the strongest correlation was found between mental wellbeing and the variables work/family conflict, satisfaction with private life and partner relationship, with work/family conflict appearing to be of greatest importance. These findings highlight the necessity of including measurements of work/family conflict when studying the importance of work and family conditions for individual mental wellbeing. For workplace health promotion and improvement, it may be beneficial to consider not only psychosocial working conditions, but also family conditions, and particularly work/life conflict
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| 31. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Working from home, work/life conflict and mental wellbeing in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic
- 2024
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 78:2, s. 295-304
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has pushed many employees away from their offices into their homes. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, in early spring 2020, most countries recommended or required that employees work remotely from home to reduce the spread of infection at workplaces and during travel to and from these workplaces.OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between working from home, work/life conflict and mental wellbeing in Europe during the pandemic.METHODS: The study was based on a large-scale, online survey that was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic three times, in 2020, 2021 and 2022, in 27 EU countries, and included 53 214 respondents that were employed at the time of the study.RESULTS: The results showed that working from home, work-to-life conflict and life-to-work conflict has increased and that mental wellbeing has decreased during the pandemic. Our regression analyses showed that the number of hours worked from home was negatively associated with work-to-life conflict and positively associated with life-to-work conflict. These results indicate that working from home can have both positive and negative consequences for employees’ work/life conflict. The regression results showed that hours worked from home, work-to-life conflict and life-to-work conflict were negatively associated with mental wellbeing.CONCLUSION: It is important to consider different work situations for different working life groupings when implementing work-from-home measures. Organizations must consider how work is supervised and help managers understand how to support employees to achieve work-life balance when working remotely.
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| 32. |
- Nordenmark, Mikael, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Working from home, work/life conflict and mental wellbeing in Europe during the pandemic
- 2023
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Ingår i: FALF 2023 - Arbetets gränser. ; , s. 27-28
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is an extensive need for continued research about how employees work environment and health are affected in epidemics and pandemics. The Covid-19 pandemic pushed many employees away from their offices into their homes. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between working from home, work/life conflict, and mental wellbeing in Europe during the pandemic by analyzing the following research questions: How have hours worked from home, work-to-life conflict, life-to-work conflict and mental wellbeing changed during different phases of the pandemic? How are hours worked from home related to work-to-life conflict and life-to-work conflict respectively? How are hours worked from home, work-to-life conflict and life-to-work related to mental wellbeing? The study is based on a large-scale online survey that took place at three occasions during the Covid-19 pandemic, between summer 2020 and spring 2022, in 27 EU countries. Entitled, “Living, working and COVID-19”, the aim was to investigate the impact of the pandemic on wellbeing, work and the financial situation of individuals across the EU. Work-to-life conflict and Life-to-work conflict is measured through two separate indexes and Mental wellbeing is measured by the WHO-5 mental wellbeing index.Results indicate that hours worked from home and mental wellbeing decreased, and work-life conflict and life-to-work conflict increased, between 2020 and 2022. Hours worked from home is significantly negatively correlated with work-to-life conflict but significantly positively correlated with life-to-work conflict. This means that the more hours worked from home the less work-to-life conflict and the more life-to-work conflict. There are significant negative relationships between both these two last variables and mental wellbeing; the higher the conflict, the lower mental wellbeing.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Sjöström, Rita, et al.
(författare)
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Back to work - A two year outcome of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme focused on physical function and pain
- 2009
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Ingår i: Disability and Rehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-8288 .- 1464-5165. ; 31:3, s. 237-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose. To analyze why some responded positively to rehabilitation and why some did not. Method. Sixty participants with musculoskeletal disorders, mainly neck and back pain participated in a 7-week rehabilitation programme which was based on a combination of theoretical and practical education and physical activities. Before and after the programme and 6, 12 and 24 months after completion of the programme all participants were evaluated with the Disability Rating Index (DRI) and Pain Intensity Rating on a Visual analogue scale (VAS). Results. In the participants who had full-time sick leave from the start of the programme to the 2-year follow-up (Group I) self-experienced physical disability and pain ratings were high and showed no decrease and were maintained up until the 2-year follow-up. For the participants who had part-time sick leave or no sick leave (Group II) physical disability and pain ratings were initially lower than in Group I and decreased gradually, (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.05), respectively throughout the 2-year follow-up period. Conclusion. Participants in Group I did not benefit from the rehabilitation programme and did not show improvement in their physical disability and pain rating. Group II showed decreased physical disability and pain rating. The decrease was gradual and was maintained up until the 2-year follow-up period. These results may indicate that persons with musculoskeletal pain with severe disability and pain require other rehabilitation programmes than those with moderate symptoms. This research has highlighted the need for development of such programmes.
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| 35. |
- Strandh, Mattias, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment, gender and mental health : the role of the gender regime
- 2013
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Ingår i: Sociology of Health and Illness. - : Wiley. - 0141-9889 .- 1467-9566. ; 35:5, s. 649-665
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing research suggests that gender differences in the effect of unemployment on mental health are related to the different positions and roles that are available for men and women in society and the family; roles that are connected with their different psychosocial and economic need for employment. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of gender in the relationship between unemployment and mental wellbeing in Sweden, representing a gender regime with a similar need for employment among women and men, and Ireland, representing a gender regime in which the need for employment differs between women and men. The results, based on longitudinal data from the two countries, show that unemployment was more negatively related to mental health among men than among women in Ireland, while men and women were equally affected by unemployment in Sweden. Factors related to the family and economic situation, as well as gendered selection into the unemployment population, explains the difference in mental health between unemployed men and women in Ireland. The overall conclusion is that the context has a major influence on the relationship between unemployment, gender and mental health.
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| 36. |
- Svensson, Jessika, et al.
(författare)
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Gendered gambling domains and changes in Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Gambling Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1445-9795 .- 1479-4276. ; 11:2, s. 193-211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study examines two Swedish replication prevalence studies (n = 10,000 and n = 15,000) with the aim of exploring evidence for a feminization of gambling in Sweden between 1997/1998 and 2008/2009. Gambling domains were classified based on the games' basic orientation towards strategy and chance, as well as on each game's setting in either a public place or a home environment. The criterion for a domain was that the respondent had gambled at least twice a month in any mode of gambling within the domain. Logistic regression analysis showed no signs of a feminization. Instead, the gender order in gambling seems to be reinforced. Preferences for the different types of domains were still highlygendered, despite the fact that men in 2008/2009 tended to gamble more on games of chance, especially in public places. The implications of the findings in relation to gender equality and constraints on women's leisure activities are further discussed. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.
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| 37. |
- Tjulin, Åsa, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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The disappointment of financial support measures during the COVID-19 pandemic among small business managers’ in Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: SN Business & Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-9399. ; :2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic is viewed as an emergent social phenomenon with several negative effects, e.g., financial decline of small businesses, as well as worsened sense of well-being. The aim of this article is to explore small business managers’ perceptions of governmental financial support measures and relate them to how they experienced their own health and consequences on their work environment. This mixed-method study was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. A survey was conducted during the period from October 2020 to February 2021 and answered by 729 small business managers, followed by ten interviews in March 2021. The key result shows that the managers were dissatisfied with the governmental financial support measures implemented. The results show that the attitudes of the small business managers towards the financial support measures may have had a negative impact on their subjective health. The study indicates a mismatch between the needs of small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic and how society provides resources through support systems. This in turn may have meant a limitation on the government’s ability to assist small business owners with financial support during the pandemic.
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| 38. |
- Toivanen, Susanna, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Hospitalization due to stroke and myocardial infarction in self-employed individuals and small business owners compared with paid employees in Sweden—a 5-year study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 53:2, s. 343-354
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysing Swedish population register data, the aim of the present study is to investigate differences in acute cardiovascular disease (CVD) in terms of stroke and myocardial infarction incidence between self-employed individuals and paid employees and to study whether the associations vary by gender or across industrial sectors. A cohort of nearly 4.8 million employed individuals (6.7% self-employed in 2003) is followed-up for hospitalization due to stroke and myocardial infarction (2004–2008). Self-employed individuals are defined as sole proprietors and limited liability company owners according to legal type of their enterprise. Negative binomial regression models are applied to compare hospitalization rates between the self-employed and paid employees, adjusted for socioeconomic and demographic confounders. Two- and three-way interaction are tested between occupational group, industrial sector, and gender. Limited liability company owners have significantly lower hospitalization for myocardial infarction than paid employees. Regarding two-way interaction, sole proprietors have higher myocardial infarction hospitalization in trade, transport and communication, and lower in agriculture, forestry, and fishing than paid employees. Limited liability company owners have lower hospitalization rate for myocardial infarction than employees in several industries. The results highlight the importance of enterprise legal type and industrial sector for CVD among self-employed individuals.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Ledares arbetsvillkor och arbetsmiljöarbete i småföretag under pandemin : lärdomar för framtiden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Framtidens arbete – arbetets framtid. - Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet. ; , s. 76-77
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Covid-19 pandemin har påverkat många företag världen över med kraftigt lägre orderingång, negativa ekonomiska effekter och behov av ekonomiska bidrag för dessa företag. Det är troligt att de små företagen är särskilt sårbara för kriser då de har färre personella, finansiella och teknologiska resurser jämfört med större företag. Förutom negativ påverkan på företagets verksamhet visar forskning på negativa effekter i form av stress, oro och osäkerhet både bland ledare och medarbetare i småföretag. Det finns också småföretag som klarat pandemin bra och kunnat hantera denna och till och med ökat företagets omsättning. Det är troligt att den pågående pandemin innebär ökad belastning på ledare och medarbetare i små företag med effekter på arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsa. Studier om hur pandemin påverkat dessa faktorer och hur ledare hanterat pandemin är av betydelse för att bidra till lärdomar inför framtida kriser. Syfte: I ett pågående projekt finansierat av AFA Försäkring genomförs kvantitativa studier av europeiska småföretag och kvalitativa studier fokuserade på ledare i svenska och norska småföretag. Projektets syfte är att bidra till kunskap om hur ledare i små företag upplever och hanterar pågående pandemi med särskilt fokus på deras arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsa. Syften är också att bidra med kunskap om hur de uppfattar och använder olika statliga stöd och vilka lärdomar som kan dras inför framtida kriser. Metod: Projektet har så här långt genomfört sju delstudier. En enkät till ledare i svenska små företag besvarades av 814 personer, en enkät till ledare i europeiska småföretag besvarades av 5500 personer. Dessa data har legat till grund för studier av ledares arbetsvillkor, sjuknärvaro, livstillfredsställelse och hälsa. Genomförda intervjuer av 18 svenska och norska ledare har legat till grund för tre studier varav en studie har använt en longitudinell design med intervjuer av samma ledare före och under pandemin.Intervjuerna har analyserats med innehållsanalys, tematisk analys och longitudinell design (LQR). I denna presentation redovisas resultat från några av de genomförda studierna. Resultat: Drygt hälften av de svenska ledarna rapporterar att de förlorat kontrakt under pandemin och runt 40 procent att de infört nya produkter eller tjänster. Runt hälften av de svarande rapporterar att de försökt hitta nya kunder. Ett flertal ledare är kritiska till olika statliga stöd och anser inte att de transparenta och rättvisa och når de som behöver dem bäst. Några kvantitativa resultat är att ledare i små europeiska företag rapporterar högre livstillfredsställelse jämfört med anställda före pandemin, men det motsatta gäller efter pandemin. Regressionsanalyser visar att påverkan på företaget, ökade arbetstimmar, konflikt mellan arbete-fritid och mental hälsa förklarar en stor del av svenska ledares sjuknärvaro. När det gäller europeiska ledare i småföretag finns signifikanta skillnader mellan de som upplevt det svårt att driva företaget och de som klarat pandemin bra vad gäller mental hälsa, socialt stöd, resurser och upplevelser av statliga stöd. En longitudinell analys av intervjuer med svenska och norska ledare resulterade i två teman,motståndskraft i kristider och krävande arbetsmiljöförhållanden, samt fem kategorier. Dessa resultat tyder på att ett flertal ledare hittat strategier för att hantera pandemin, även om denna också medfört ett flertal påfrestningar för ledarna och dess anställda.Genomförda studier pekar på behov av att anpassa statliga stöd till de små företagens villkor och på behov av stöd för insatser på organisations- och individnivå i dessa företag.
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| 42. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Making things work–In spite of a pandemic : Small scale enterprise managers’ approach to business changes and health issues
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Abstract book. ; , s. 404-404
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to explore what managers in Small Scale Enterprises (SSEs) changed in their business during the Covid-19 pandemic, particularly addressing health issues. A longitudinal qualitative research methodology was used, interviewing 16 managers of SSEs in the Norwegian and Swedish manufacturing and service sector both before and during the pandemic. In this approach, time is designed into the research process, making change a key focus for analysis. The analysis resulted in two main themes, resilience and demanding occupational health and safety conditions, and five sub-themes. Results show how managers in SSEs changed their business during the Covid-19 pandemic and the impact of these changes. Although, the enterprises were heavily affected in the beginning of the pandemic, several managers found new solutions for their businesses to maintain and reach new customers. They applied a socially responsible management which addressed different health issues. Crises like the Covid-19 pandemic will have future impact on SSEs making it important to understand how managers in such enterprises address business and health issues. This knowledge may have practical implications for supporting managers in SSEs in how to perform a socially responsible management and maintain occupational health and safety measures. This study shows the importance of doing longitudinal studies about business and health issues among mangers in SSEs. Keywords: Small-scale managers; Covid-19; Longitudinal qualitative research
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| 43. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness Presence Among Self-Employed In Western Europe – The Importance Of Psychosocial Working Conditions
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-employed is an interesting category when it comes to the phenomenon of sickness presence. To our knowledge, there are few studies of sickness presence among self-employed. In addition, earlier studies have indicated that self-employed have a high working pace and work many and irregular ours (Gunnarsson, Vingård, & Josephson, 2007; Nordenmark, Vinberg & Strandh, 2012; Parasuraman & Simmers, 2001), indicating that it can be problematic and frustrating to stay at home because of illness. Also, self-employed can be seen as a group with low replace ability, which can contribute to high sickness presence (Aronsson & Gustafsson, 2005). Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the occurrence of sickness presence among self-employed in relation to employees, and to analyse if possible differences between the groups can be explained by different psychosocial working conditions related to work demands and time pressure.European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job-creation (Eurofound, 2017). The proportion of self-employed individuals in the employed labour force in Europe is around 15 percent. Most of the self-employed choose to become self-employed and have good working conditions and job quality. However, around one of five of the self-employed report that they have no alternative for work and they have lower levels of job quality and worse well-being compared to the former group of self-employed (ibid.). Several studies show that the self-employed have very high decision authority and control how work is organised (Hundley, 2001; Stephan & Roesler, 2010). Conversely, most research on the characteristics of the self-employed finds that they report higher job demands and a higher workload than employees do (Nordenmark et al., 2012; Stephan & Roesler, 2010). In general, research show that self-employment is associated with a higher degree of job satisfaction than regular employment (Benz & Frey, 2004; Blanchflower, 2004: Lange, 2012). Research show that high adjustment latitude can contribute to fewer days of health complaints associated with lower rates of sick leave and sickness presence (Gerich, 2014). However, according to a recent review research concerning other health outcomes among self-employed show contradictory results (Stephan, 2017). Although, research about sickness presence has increased during the last decade relatively few organizational scholars are familiar with the concept (Aronsson & Gustafsson, 2005; Johns, 2010). Sickness presence can cause productivity loss and higher organizational costs than sickness absence (Cooper & Dewe, 2008) and increase the risk for illness among individuals (Bergström et al., 2009). It can be assumed that sickness presence and health among self-employed are particularly crucial in this enterprise group due to that the smallness make them vulnerable.This present study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (EWCS) 2015, which has become an established source of information on working conditions and employment in EU Member States. The independent variable – employment type consists of the categories self-employed (with and without employees) and employees. The main independent variable is sickness presence and is measured by the following question: Over the past 12 months did you work when you were sick (1=Yes, 0=No). Several indicators of work demands, time pressure and background variables are used in the analysis. Preliminary study results show that self-employed report a higher level of sickness presence than employed; 52.4 verses 43.6 percent. The mean number of working hours is 43.5 among self-employed and 35.4 among employed. Self-employed have worked in the evenings on average nearly 7 days a month, which is more than twice as many times as for employees. It is also twice as usual that self-employed have worked on a Sunday compared to employees. Self-employed have on average worked in the free time once or twice a month and employees have on average worked on their free time less often. All the differences between self-employed and employed are clearly significant and indicate a higher level of sickness presence and time pressure among self-employed. In a bivariate analysis, self-employed have a significant higher risk for reporting sickness presence. When controlling for the indicators of time pressure this relationship becomes insignificant. This means when holding the indicators of time pressure on a constant level there is no significant difference between self-employed and employed regarding the risk for reporting sickness presence. The indicator that explains the most of the difference in sickness presence between self-employed and employed is work in free time. All indicators of time pressure are significant related to the risk for sickness presence; the more hours worked and the more often worked in evenings, on Sundays and in the free time, the higher the risk for reporting sickness presence. All these variables are also significant associated to the risk for sickness presence when controlling for background characteristics. Age is significantly associated to sickness presence in the way that a higher age reduces the risk for reporting sickness presence. Women more often report sickness presence than men do. Civil status is not significantly associated to sickness presence. Having children increases the risk for sickness presence and having household economic difficulties increases the risk for reporting sickness presence. The indicators of time pressure contribute most to the level of explained variance in all performed regression models.The results show that self-employed have a significant higher risk for reporting sickness presence than employed have. This difference is explained by the variables measuring time pressure, which indicates that the self-employed have a higher risk of reporting sickness presence because they experience more time pressure. In the extended paper, we will include other psychosocial working conditions as e.g. job control and consider different clusters of self-employed. The contribution to the small group meeting will be knowledge about sickness presence among different groups of self-employed and implications for researchers and practitioners.
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| 44. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness presenteeism among self-employed in Europe
- 2019
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health incidents often result in sickness absenteeism, i.e. the failure to report for work as scheduled. However, there is increasing evidence that workers more and more decide for another option: sickness presenteeism, defined as attending work while ill. This can be problematic for the individual and presenteeism creates costs for organizations and the society as well. European policymakers encourage individuals to become self-employed because it is a way to promote innovation and job-creation. The proportion of self-employed individuals in the employed labour force in Europe is around 15 percent. Most of the self-employed choose to become self-employed and have good working conditions and job quality. However, around 20 percent of the self-employed report that they have no alternative for work and they have lower levels of job quality and worse well-being compared to the former group of self-employed. In addition, earlier studies have indicated that self-employed have a high working pace and work many and irregular hours, indicating that it can be problematic and frustrating to stay at home because of illness. It can be assumed that health and well-being among self-employed and managers in small-scale enterprises is particularly crucial in this enterprise group due to that the smallness make them vulnerable. Self-employed is an interesting category when it comes to the phenomenon of sickness presenteeism. To our knowledge, there are few studies of sickness presenteeism among self-employed.AimThe aim of this paper is to study the occurrence of sickness presence among different groups of self-employed in relation to employees, and to analyze if possible differences between the groups can be explained by different psychosocial working conditions related to work demands and time pressure. Method: This study is based on the fifth European survey on working conditions (EWCS) 2015, which has become an established source of information on working conditions and employment in EU Member States. The independent variable – employment type consists of the categories self-employed (with and without employees) and employees. The main independent variable is sickness presence and is measured by the following question: Over the past 12 months did you work when you were sick (1=Yes, 0=No). Several indicators of work demands, time pressure and background variables are used in the description and regression analysis. Results: Results show that self-employed report a higher level of sickness presenteeism than employed; 52.4 verses 43.6 percent. The mean number of working hours is 43.5 among self-employed and 35.4 among employed. Self-employed have worked in the evenings on average nearly 7 days a month, which is more than twice as many times as for employees. It is also twice as usual that self-employed have worked on a Sunday compared to employees. Self-employed have on average worked in the free time once or twice a month and employees have on average worked on their free time less often. All the differences between self-employed and employed are90clearly significant and indicate a higher level of sickness presenteeism and time pressure among self-employed. The results show that self-employed have a significant higher risk for reporting sickness presence than employed have. This difference is explained by the variables measuring time pressure, which indicates that the self-employed have a higher risk of reporting sickness presenteeism because they experience more time pressure. Other results are that sickness presenteeism differ between groups of self-employed related to gender, company size, motives for self-employment and country groups.
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| 45. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Sickness Presenteeism Among the Swedish Self-Employed During the Covid-19 Pandemic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study analyzed the impact of business operations, work and family circumstances, and well-being on the risk of sickness presenteeism for Swedish self-employed workers during the Covid-19 pandemic. It is of great importance to investigate the impact of the pandemic on the self-employed and their enterprises because they are seen as key drivers of economic growth and constitute an expanding group in many countries. Data were obtained from 845 self-employed workers by a web-based survey including questions about background information, work and family circumstances, well-being, sickness presenteeism, and questions about the pandemic. Results were that around 40% of the self-employed introduced new products, processes, and marketing methods, and just over 50% attempted to get new customers during the pandemic. Nearly half of the self-employed people reported that they lost contracts, and 22% judged the risk of bankruptcy to be quite or highly likely. Regression analyses showed that the more the self-employed reported impact on business indicators, increased work hours, a higher level of work-family conflict, and a lower level of mental well-being, the higher the risk of sickness presenteeism. The most common reasons given by the participants for sickness presenteeism during the pandemic were “nobody else can carry out my responsibilities,” “I can't afford to take sick leave” and “I enjoy my work.” Conclusions are that a critical event such as the pandemic probably adds to an already high workload for the self-employed. Impact on business operations such as developing new products/services and marketing, risk of bankruptcy and increased work hours seems to be important factors for explaining sickness presenteeism among the self-employed. Theoretical contributions from the study suggest that critical events such as the Covid-19 pandemic should be considered as an important environmental factor when studying sickness presenteeism among self-employed.
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| 46. |
- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Små företag och COVID-19 – ledares upplevelser av arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Konferensbok FALF 14–16 juni 2021. - Västerås : Mälardalens högskola. ; , s. 133-134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- De flesta EU-länder erbjuder olika former av ekonomiskt stöd till småföretag för att mildra effekterna av coronaviruset. Fyra av tio svenska småföretag bedömer att de påverkas avcoronavirusets spridning enligt en undersökning. I media nämns om kraftigt lägre orderingång, negativa ekonomiska effekter och behov av ekonomiska bidrag för dessa företag. Forskning visar att de små företagen har mer begränsade ekonomiska och personella resurser för arbete med arbetsmiljö- och hälsoförbättrande insatser. Forskning visar också attl edare i små företag är exponerade för höga arbetskrav och varierade och fragmenterade arbetsuppgifter. Det är troligt att den pågående pandemin innebär ökad belastning på ledare och medarbetare i små företag med påverkan på arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsa. Studier om nämnda förhållanden är av betydelse för att bidra till lärdomar inför framtida kriser. Syfte: Projektets syfte är att bidra till kunskap om hur ledare i små företag upplever pågående pandemi med fokus på deras arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsa. Syften är också att bidra med kunskap om hur de uppfattar och använder olika statliga stöd och lärdomar inför framtida kriser.Metod: Projektet är pågående och genomförs via analyser av en enkätundersökning till svenska småföretag med färre än 50 anställda och en enkätundersökning som riktas till personer i länder inom EU. I projektet ingår också intervjuer med norska och svenska ledare. De kvantitativa analyserna av data från drygt 800 svenska småföretagsledare fokuseras på beskrivande data,jämförelser mellan ledare i olika företagsstorlekar och relationer mellan arbetsvillkor, balans arbete-fritid och hälsoutfall. Genomförda intervjuer analyseras med innehållsanalys och tematisk analys. I denna presentation redovisas preliminära resultat utifrån främst studier av svenska ledare. Resultat: Drygt hälften av ledarna rapporterar att de förlorat kontrakt under pandemin och runt 40 procent att de infört nya produkter eller tjänster. Runt hälften av de svarande rapporterar att de försökt hitta nya kunder. Ett flertal ledare är kritiska till olika statliga stöd och anser inte att de transparenta och rättvisa och når de som behöver dem bäst. När det gäller arbetsvillkor, påverkan av arbete på privatlivet och hälsa är resultaten motstridiga – en del ledare rapporterar negativ påverkan av pandemin, andra rapporterar begränsad eller ingen påverkan. Analys av intervjuerna resulterade i tre teman: förändrad ledarroll, påverkan på privatlivet och påverkan på välmående. En majoritet av ledarna pekar på att pandemin medfört utvidgade arbetsuppgifter, ökade arbetskrav och arbete med strategier för företagets överlevnad. Flera ledare anger att balansen mellan arbete och privatliv försämrats med sämre möjligheter till återhämtning. Av resultaten framgår också att en del ledare hittat nya affärsmöjligheter och att de inte påverkats negativt av pandemin.
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- Vinberg, Stig, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
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Småföretag och Covid-19 : – ledares lärdomar inför framtida kriser
- 2024
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Projektets syfte har varit att bidra till kunskap om hur Covid-19 pandemin påverkat arbetsmiljö, hälsa och balans mellan arbete och privatliv bland egenföretagare och ledare i små företag i olika europeiska länder samt bidra till fördjupad kunskap om hur norska och svenska små företag kan implementera genomförda statliga stödåtgärder och hantera arbetsmiljö- och hälsofrågor. En ambition har också varit att bidra till kunskap om hur lärdomar om nämnda faktorer kan användas vid framtida kriser. I det AFA-finansierade projektet har genomförts nio delstudier – fyra kvantitativa studier baserade på europeiska och svenska enkätdata, två kvalitativa intervjustudier av norska och svenska egenföretagare och tre med en blandad design. Projektet har resulterat i nio publicerade vetenskapliga artiklar, en licentiatavhandling, deltagande i sju vetenskapliga konferenser, presentationer i några populärvetenskapliga sammanhang och i tidningar och övrig media.Av resultaten framgår att pandemin påverkat norska, svenska, andra europeiska och kanadensiska egenföretagare när det gäller verksamhet, arbets- och livsvillkor samt hälsa och välbefinnande på flera sätt. Även om en delstudie visar på lägre konflikt mellan arbete och privatliv och högre mentalt välbefinnande bland egenföretagare jämfört med andra grupper, visar en annan delstudie på signifikant lägre nivå av livstillfredsställelse bland egenföretagare än anställda under pandemin. Delstudier baserade på ett omfattande europeiskt enkätmaterial visar att företagare som rapporterar att de hanterat sin verksamhet på ett bra sätt har goda hälsoutfall, men att företagare som anser det vara utmanande att driva sina företag under pandemin rapporterar sämre hälsa. Regressionsanalyser i en delstudie av europeiska egenföretagare visar att faktorerna egen motståndskraft, tillgång till socialt stöd, meningsfullhet och tydliga regler för statligt stöd är signifikant associerade med mentalt välbefinnande. För egenföretagare som upplever svårigheter att driva företaget under pandemin är faktorerna socialt stöd och tydliga regler för statligt stöd av särskild betydelse för deras välbefinnande.Genomförda studier av norska och svenska företag visar att för flera företag adderar en kritisk händelse som en pandemi till en redan hög arbetsbelastning bland egenföretagarna, vilket kan ha negativa effekter på verksamheten och hantering av arbetsmiljö- och hälsofrågor. De intervjuade personerna rapporterarviiiatt de förändrat och breddat sin ledarroll under pandemin med fokus på att finna nya lösningar för sina företag och stödja sina medarbetare när det gäller risker för ohälsa och oro kopplat till pandemins effekter. Flera av de intervjuade cheferna anger att de med ett salutogent förhållningssätt kunnat hantera pandemin på ett bra sätt och att denna inte märkbart påverkat deras verksamhet eller dem själva negativt.När det gäller egenföretagarnas och chefernas attityder till de ekonomiska stödåtgärderna tyder dessa på en bristande överensstämmelse mellan småföretagens behov under Covid-19-pandemin och hur samhället tillhandahåller resurser genom olika stödsystem. Resultaten visar också att många egenföretagare och chefer i små företag inte sökt och erhållit statligt finansiellt stöd. Den genomförda intervjustudien av svenska och kanadensiska chefer bekräftar dessa resultat där många egenföretagare i hårt drabbade branscher angav att de var missnöjda med åtgärderna och fann dessa vara orättvist fördelade. Ett resultat var också att egenföretagare i de båda länderna som inte kunde distansarbeta var mindre motståndskraftiga under pandemin på grund av ekonomiska problem och olika restriktioner.I rapportens avslutande del redovisas praktiska och forskningsmässiga implikationer med koppling till arbetsmiljö- och hälsoaspekter och statliga åtgärder under kriser som en pandemi. Insatser är av särskild betydelse för egenföretagare och små företag, som utgör en dominerande andel i privat sektor i de flesta länder. Fortsatt kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning, särskilt med en longitudinell ansats, är viktig för att få lärdomar inför framtida kriser.
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