| 1. |
- Basu, Samar, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of melagatran, a novel direct thrombin inhibitor, during experimental septic shock
- 2000
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Ingår i: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1354-3784 .- 1744-7658. ; 9:5, s. 1129-1137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sepsis and endotoxaemia initiate the generation of thrombin, which is responsible for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, platelet aggregation and acts as an inflammatory mediator affecting numerous types of cells, including myocardial, smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Human Gram-negative septic shock, frequently seen in intensive care units, is a condition with high mortality. This condition can be replicated in the endotoxaemic pig. As many of the toxic effects of sepsis are due to thrombin generation, it was of interest to study, using this porcine experimental septic shock model, whether inhibition of thrombin could alleviate the effects of endotoxaemia. For this purpose melagatran, a direct synthetic thrombin inhibitor with a molecular weight of 429 Da, was employed. Melagatran does not significantly interact with any other enzymes in the coagulation cascade or fibrinolytic enzymes aside from thrombin. Furthermore, melagatran does not require endogenous co-factors such as antithrombin or heparin co-Factor II for its antithrombin effect, which is important, as these inhibitors are often consumed in septic patients. We have shown that melagatran exerts a beneficial effect on renal function, as evaluated by plasma creatinine and urinary output, during experimental septic shock. These effects were most pronounced during the later phase of the experimental period, after the infusion of melagatran had been discontinued. Prevention of intrarenal coagulation may be attributable to this finding. In addition, melagatran had beneficial effects on systemic haemodynamics (left ventricular stroke work index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance index) in endotoxaemic pigs. This result may be explained by the ability of melagatran to inhibit thrombin, thereby counteracting thrombin's cellular effects. Thus, it can be seen, using this experimental model of septic shock, that melagatran may help to alleviate some of the damaging effects of endotoxaemia, although more research is required to test this further.
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| 2. |
- Basu, Samar, et al.
(författare)
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Propofol (Diprivan-EDTA) counteracts oxidative injury and deterioration of the arterial oxygen tension during experimental septic shock
- 2001
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Ingår i: Resuscitation. - 0300-9572 .- 1873-1570. ; 50:3, s. 341-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: Human septic shock can be replicated in the endotoxaemic pig. Endotoxaemia causes a multitude of events, including reduced PaO(2) and increased lipid peroxidation. This study was designed to evaluate the possible effects of a commonly used anaesthetic drug with known antioxidant properties (propofol) during porcine endotoxaemia.METHODS: Ten pigs were anaesthetised and given a 6 h E. coli endotoxin infusion. The animals received, randomly, a supplementary continuous infusion of propofol emulsion (containing 0.005% EDTA) or the corresponding volume of vehicle (controls). Pathophysiologic responses were determined. Non-enzymatic (by measuring plasma 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) and enzymatic (by measuring plasma 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2 alpha)) lipid peroxidations were evaluated. Plasma levels of the endogenous antioxidants alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, were also analysed.RESULTS: Endotoxaemia increased plasma levels of 8-iso-PGF(2 alpha) (1st-4th h) and 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2 alpha) (1st-4th h) significantly more in controls than in the propofol+endotoxin group. PaO(2) was significantly less affected by endotoxin in the propofol treated animals (2nd-4th h). Mean arterial pressure (4th-6th h) and systemic vascular resistance (6th h) were reduced significantly more by endotoxin among the propofol-treated animals. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) increased in all animals, significantly more in the propofol+endotoxin group (1/2-6th h) than in the control group.CONCLUSIONS: Propofol reduced endotoxin-induced free radical mediated and cyclooxygenase catalysed lipid peroxidation significantly. The implication is that propofol counteracts endotoxin-induced deterioration of PaO(2).
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Increased platelet microvesicle formation is associated with mortality ina porcine model of endotoxemia
- 1998
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 42:5, s. 551-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background:Gram-negative sepsis in humans and endotoxemia in pigs induce the formation of platelet microvesicles. These microvesicles are active in homeostasis and may thus contribute to the outcome in patients with activated coagulation and fibrinolysis. We decided to prospectively evaluate the effects of endotoxemia on microvesicle formation and some common physiologic variables against survival in a porcine model.Methods:Nineteen included pigs were anesthetized, monitored and subjected to an infusion of E. coli endotoxin. Microvesicle formation was determined by flow cytometry.Results:The formation of microvesicles was significantly increased in the 6 pigs that died during endotoxin exposure. This increased formation became significant from the 3rd hour of endotoxemia. Microvesicle formation did not increase in surviving endotoxemic pigs. Cardiac index, mean arterial blood pressure, base excess and systemic vascular resistance index were distinctly reduced in the animals that died as compared to those surviving the endotoxemic period.Conclusion:The increased formation of platelet microvesicles seems to be associated with poor prognosis in porcine endotoxemia. Since microvesicles are active in coagulation, they may contribute to the derangement of the coagulation system caused by endotoxemia. Different degrees of microvesicle formation may reflect inter-individual responses to a given challenge.
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| 4. |
- Högberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Factors determining the 13C abundance of soil-respired CO2 in Boreal forests
- 2005
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Ingår i: Stable isotopes and biosphere-atmosphere interactions. - : Elsevier. - 9780120884476 ; , s. 47-68
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of the isotopic composition of the CO2 respired from soils may reveal information about the important component of the ecosystem C balance. This is crucial, since a large terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO2 has been located in the northern hemisphere, and the vast boreal forests may be largely responsible. At the same time, boreal and arctic ecosystems have large amounts of C stored in the soil, and could potentially become a source of CO2 in a warmer climate promoting more rapid decomposition of soil organic matter. Furthermore, the northern hemisphere has complex dynamics in terms of annual fluctuations in both the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere and its δl3C. It is of utmost importance to understand the causes of this variability, since it interferes with the partitioning between the ocean and the terrestrial contributions in global models. This chapter aims to provide an update on the reviews by Flanagan and Ehleringer and Ehleringer et al. on the causation of the δ13C of the soil CO2 efflux and, in doing this, focuses on the boreal forests.
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| 5. |
- Kiiski, Ritva, et al.
(författare)
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An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (enalapril) augments endotoxin-induced hypotension in the pig
- 1999
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Ingår i: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - 0300-9734. ; 104:2, s. 163-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Septic shock causes an extensive inflammatory reaction including increased capillary leakage and a decrease in systemic blood pressure. Human septic shock can be replicated in the endotoxaemic pig. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is involved in the degradation of bradykinin, an inflammatory mediator, and in the regulation of blood pressure. Inhibition of ACE is a common approach to reduce hypertension as well as left ventricular insufficiency. Fifteen anaesthetised pigs received a continuous 3 h endotoxin infusion. The animals were randomly given an inhibitor of ACE (enalpril) [at a dose (0.5 mg x kg-1) that did not per se reduce mean arterial blood pressure (MAP); (n = 7)], or the corresponding volume of saline (n = 8). Another seven pigs were randomised for treatment with enalapril (0.5 mg x kg-1) + saline (n = 3). Four pigs were randomised to serve as untreated controls (saline + saline). Basic physiologic variables were registered. Endotoxaemia progressively reduced MAP. This decrease was significantly augmented by enalapril. Hypovolemia caused by increased permeability or salt/water excretion did not seem to explain this effect as neither blood haemoglobin nor plasma sodium differed between the two groups of endotoxaemic pigs. Inhibitors of ACE are known to potentiate the cardio-depressant effect of bradykinin. This may explain the reduction in MAP by enalapril during porcine endotoxaemia.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Markström, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of different inspiratory flow patterns on arterial C02-tension
- 2000
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Ingår i: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - : Uppsala Medical Society. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 105:1, s. 17-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ventilation with decelerating inspiratory flow is known to reduce the dead space fraction and to decrease PaCO2. Constant inspiratory flow with an end-inspiratory pause (EIP) is also known to increase the removal of CO2. The aim of the study was to elucidate the effect of the pause/no-flow period while both the pattern and rate of inspiratory flow was unchanged, and when the lung was ventilated with sufficient PEEP to prevent end-expiratory collapse. Surfactant depleted piglets were assigned to decelerating or constant inspiratory flow with 24 breaths per minute (bpm) or 12 bpm, or to constant flow, without and with an end-inspiratory pause of 25%. By adding an EIP the total time without active inspiratory flow of the respiratory cycle was kept unchanged. Gas exchange, airway pressures, functional residual capacity (using sulfurhexafluoride) and haemodynamics (thermo-dye indicator dilution technique) were measured. Irrespective of ventilatory frequency, PaCO2 was lower and serial dead space reduced with decelerating flow, compared with constant inspiratory flow. With an end-inspiratory pause added to constant inspiratory flow, serial dead space was reduced but did not decrease PaCO2. The results of this study corroborate the assumption that total time without active inspiratory flow is important for arterial CO2-tension.
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| 8. |
- Mutschler, Diana K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of mechanical ventilation on platelet microparticles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- 2002
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Ingår i: Thrombosis Research. - 0049-3848 .- 1879-2472. ; 108:4, s. 215-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is considered to contribute to lung injury. Platelet membrane-derived microparticles (PMPs) are procoagulant and participate in the inflammatory process. The bronchoalveolar space could, besides plasma, be a site of origin of these microparticles. We evaluated the presence of these PMPs and two prostaglandin-derived metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) regarding their possible relation to MV.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Before and after 1 h of MV, PMPs and prostaglandin metabolites were analyzed, in BALF from 14 anesthetized pigs, by flow cytometry and RIA, respectively. Tracheal mucus from five humans was analyzed for PMPs at extubation after surgery.RESULTS: Activated PMPs and prostaglandin metabolites were present in all BALF samples. The time needed to count 5000 cellular events was prolonged six-fold after 1 h of mechanical ventilation (p<0.001). The relative content of PMPs was constant in all samples. The PMPs were thrombogenic, i.e. they were fibrinogen, p-selectin and von Willebrand factor positive. Lavage did not per se affect the period necessary to count 5000 cellular events. PMPs in human tracheal mucus were in the same range as in the pig after 1 h of MV aiming at a PaCO(2) between 5.0 and 5.5 kPa.CONCLUSIONS: Activated PMPs are present in the pulmonary air-liquid interface. The prolongation of the time needed to count 5000 cellular events in BALF after MV indicates activation and adherence. Adherent microparticles bind neutrophils, which may aggravate pathological processes leading to pulmonary dysfunction. Evaluation of PMPs in BALF may be useful in evaluating strategies for lung-protective ventilator treatment.
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| 9. |
- Mutschler, Diana K., et al.
(författare)
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Microdialysis-evaluated myocardial cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation and early circulatory depression in porcine endotoxemia
- 2003
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Ingår i: Critical Care Medicine. - 0090-3493 .- 1530-0293. ; 31:6, s. 1780-1785
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the early myocardial biochemical inflammatory response with the microdialysis technique during porcine endotoxemia and to simultaneously monitor systemic hemodynamics. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with parallel groups. SETTING: Animal research laboratory at the University Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden. SUBJECTS: Thirteen piglets aged 12-14 wks receiving general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: After thoracotomy and the insertion of microdialysis probes in standardized locations in the left ventricle of the heart and in the quadriceps muscle, seven pigs received a continuous infusion of endotoxin, initiating a severe endotoxemic shock. Six pigs received saline instead of endotoxin. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Endotoxemia caused a rapid and pronounced elevation of a metabolite obtained from prostaglandin degradation, 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha), in myocardial microdialysate fluid being specific of cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated inflammation (p <.001 vs. saline-infused controls). Simultaneously, we observed a decrease in left ventricular stroke work index in the endotoxemic pigs (p <.01 vs. saline-infused controls). Endotoxemia did not alter 15-keto-dihydro-PGF(2alpha) levels in quadriceps muscle. Endotoxemia caused increases in taurine, hypoxanthine, and magnesium in myocardial microdialysate (p <.05 vs. saline-infused controls), whereas the contents of pyruvate, lactate, inosine, adenosine, and calcium were not significantly changed. CONCLUSION: Endotoxemia induced a myocardial COX-mediated inflammation without signs of ischemia. In parallel, a depletion of myocardial energy substrates and a deterioration in myocardial performance were seen.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Mutschler, Diana K., et al.
(författare)
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Riksstämman 2001
- 2001
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
- Agåker, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Novel instruments for ultra-soft X-ray emission spectroscopy
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 601:1-2, s. 213-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two alternative instrument designs to the traditional Rowland grating spectrometer for high resolution ultra-soft X-ray spectroscopy are presented. The first instrument is a plane grating spectrometer using off-axis parabolic mirrors for collection and refocusing, and with a spatially resolving multichannel detector with delay line read-out. The instrument offers substantially higher performance in terms of resolution and sensitivity than traditional instruments. The second instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer based on a grazing incidence Mach-Zehnder interferometer using wavefront dividing beamsplitters. The path length difference can be scanned over 0.1 mm, which corresponds to a resolution of 12 meV. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Consumers on the Internet : ethical and legal aspects of commercialization of personalized nutrition
- 2013
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Ingår i: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 349-355
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumers often have a positive attitude to the option of receiving personalized nutrition advice based upon genetic testing, since the prospect of enhancing or maintaining one’s health can be perceived as empowering. Current direct-to-consumer services over the Internet, however, suffer from a questionable level of truthfulness and consumer protection, in addition to an imbalance between far-reaching promises and contrasting disclaimers. Psychological and behavioral studies indicate that consumer acceptance of a new technology is primarily explained by the end user’s rational and emotional interpretation as well as moral beliefs. Results from such studies indicate that personalized nutrition must create true value for the consumer. Also, the freedom to choose is crucial for consumer acceptance. From an ethical point of view, consumer protection is crucial, and caution must be exercised when putting nutrigenomic-based tests and advice services on the market. Current Internet offerings appear to reveal a need to further guaranty legal certainty by ensuring privacy, consumer protection and safety. Personalized nutrition services are on the borderline between nutrition and medicine. Current regulation of this area is incomplete and undergoing development. This situation entails the necessity for carefully assessing and developing existing rules that safeguard fundamental rights and data protection while taking into account the sensitivity of data, the risks posed by each step in their processing, and sufficient guarantees for consumers against potential misuse.
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| 16. |
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Altruism, society, health care
- 1998
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På senare år har intresset för altruism ökat inom många discipliner. Altruism är också av betydelse inom medicinen och folkhälsoarbetet. Flera områden inom sjukvården är beroende av altruistiska bidrag. Ett exempel är donation av blod, benmärg och organ.
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| 17. |
- Arnebrant, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Copper Tolerance of Microfungi Isolated from Polluted and Unpolluted Forest Soil
- 1987
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Ingår i: Mycologia. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0027-5514. ; 79:6, s. 890-895
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microfungi were isolated from unpolluted and copper polluted forest soils and their tolerance was tested on agar plates. Species from polluted sites were usually tolerant to Cu. The species were Paecilomyces farinosus, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium spp. and Penicillium pactum. Sensitive species were found among Mortierella, Oidiodendron and Penicillium. usually rare in polluted sites. Little evidence for adaptation to Cu was found among isolates with short or long history of pollution.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Dekker, Cornelis, 1970-
(författare)
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Judging in the Public Realm : A Kantian Approach to the Deliberative Concept of Ethico-Political Judgment and an Inquiry into Public Discourse on Prenatal Diagnosis
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis discusses how to enhance the public discussion of moral and political questions. Enhancing public ‘deliberation’ is desirable since it provides citizens with influence, it enables coming to an understanding, and it ensures legitimacy. The concept of ethico-political judgment, with its two conditions, is elaborated on as an ideal that suggests how we should deliberate. In order to understand how we actually deliberate, an empirical inquiry into the public discourse on prenatal diagnosis and screening in the Netherlands and Sweden is conducted. On the basis of Kant’s ethics and his theory of the faculty of judgment, the two conditions for public deliberation are developed. These conditions are the giving of and asking for normative reasons as well as aiming at impartiality of judgment. Normative reasons are prescriptive, universal, and internal and these are related to Kant’s ethics. Impartiality is related to Kant’s ‘enlarged thought’, to think from the standpoint of others, as well as Kant’s practical philosophy. We need to think from the standpoints of others in order to consider whether or not the principle of our action applies to all. Four thematic foci in the public discourse on prenatal diagnosis are investigated – the unborn life, attitudes toward the disabled, implications of new choices, and the limits of medicine. The conclusion is that – if we wish to enhance public deliberation on the basis of the two conditions of ethico-political judgment – we should deal with both interpretive differences over universal principles (such as respect for autonomy and human dignity) and varying representations of ‘the other’ (such as the fetus, disabled persons, mothers-to-be, and future parents).
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Duda, Laurent, et al.
(författare)
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Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering at the Oxygen K Resonance of NiO: Nonlocal Charge Transfer and Double-Singlet Excitations
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 96:067402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report high-resolution polarization-dependent resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the O K resonance of NiO showing a rich excitation spectrum. We perform multisite Ni6O19 cluster model calculations, revealing that solid state effects are substantial. We identify a nonlocal charge transfer excitation at 4–5 eV and double-singlet creation at 1.75 eV, both exhibiting significant scattering geometry dependence. Apart from an intense band of local charge transfer excitations (above 5 eV) also dd excitations at 1 eV are observed. Finally, we point out that O K RIXS of correlated metal oxides allows a quantitative and consistent determination of the charge transfer energy and the Hund coupling energy JH.
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| 23. |
- Ekblad, Alf, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Is growth of soil microorganisms in boreal forests limited by carbon or nitrogen availability?
- 2002
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 242:1, s. 115-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study whether the biomass of soil microorganisms in a boreal Pinus sylvestris-Vaccinium vitis-idaea forest was limited by the availability of carbon or nitrogen, we applied sucrose from sugar cane, a C4 plant, to the organic mor-layer of the C3–C dominated soil. We can distinguish between microbial mineralization of the added sucrose and respiration of endogenous carbon (root and microbial) by using the C4-sucrose as a tracer, exploiting the difference in natural abundance of 13C between the added C4-sucrose (δ13C −10.8‰) and the endogenous C3–carbon (δ13C −26.6 ‰). In addition to sucrose, NH4Cl (340 kg N ha−1) was added factorially to the mor-layer. We followed the microbial activity for nine days after the treatments, by in situ sampling of CO2 evolved from the soil and mass spectrometric analyses of δ13C in the CO2. We found that microbial biomass was limited by the availability of carbon, rather than nitrogen availability, since there was a 50% increase in soil respiration in situ between 1 h and 5 days after adding the sucrose. However, no further increase was observed unless nitrogen was also added. Analyses of the δ13C ratios of the evolved CO2 showed that increases in respiration observed between 1 h and 9 days after the additions could be accounted for by an increase in mineralization of the added C4–C.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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For Particular Reasons : Studies in Honour of Jerker Blomqvist
- 2003
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For Particular Reasons tillägnas en man som vigt sitt liv åt studiet av det grekiska språket och dess litteratur. Professor Jerker Blomqvist startade sin akademiska karriär som filosofie doktor vid Lunds universitet 1969 och har därefter förgyllt tillvaron för flertalet studenter, kollegor och vänner. Han har varit en engagerad och omtyckt lärare som förutom sin undervisning även har skrivit böcker som omfattar allt från grekisk grammatik till kommentarer av klassiska texter. Även om hans viktigaste publikationer har handlat om lingvistik och textkritik så finns där ändå spår av andra områden som intresserat honom. Artiklarna i For Particular Reasons återspeglar festföremålets vitt skilda intresseområden. Här finns texter som behandlar medicin, latinsk hymndiktning, grekisk grammatik, översättningsproblem och exegetik. Bland medverkande skribenter återfinns bland andra professor Birger Bergh, författaren och poeten Jesper Svenbro, professor Sture Linnér samt professor Anders Piltz.
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| 27. |
- Forsberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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System for in situ studies of atmospheric corrosion of metal films using soft x-ray spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Review of Scientific Instruments. - : AIP Publishing. - 0034-6748 .- 1089-7623. ; 78:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a versatile chamber (atmospheric corrosion cell) for soft x-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy of metal surfaces in a corrosive atmosphere allowing novel in situ electronic structure studies. Synchrotron x rays passing through a thin window separating the corrosion cell interior from a beamline vacuum chamber probe a metal film deposited on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) or on the inside of the window. We present some initial results on chloride induced corrosion of iron surfaces in humidified synthetic air. By simultaneous recording of QCM signal and soft x-ray emission from the corroding sample, correlation between mass changes and variations in spectral features is facilitated.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Gunnarsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Meat production, climate change and ethics
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene (vol.1). - Brno, Czech Republic : Tribun EU s.r.o.. - 9788026300083 ; , s. 209-211
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Humans contribute substantially to the emissions of carbon dioxide causing global warming, and meat producing livestock contributes to this. Estimates of the global greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector vary from 5% to 50%. Nevertheless, the emissions are in absolute terms substantial, and the issue needs to be mitigated. The present paper analyses and discusses various solutions for how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by animal production. The ethical problem of mitigation of climate change, to the extent it is caused by animal production, is an extremely complex anddifficult issue. There are different views on the nature and scale of impact and different mitigation approaches, as well as different ethical aspects of the mitigation approaches.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Hugo, Karin, 1969-
(författare)
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Genmodifierade livsmedel och kommunikativ etik : En analys av etisk oenighet i debatten om genmodifierade livsmedel
- 2005
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the Swedish debate regarding genetically modified food products. What does the moral disagreements within this debate entail? In which way would it be possible to obtain and maintain a true dialogue? Is consensus a plausible or even a desirable goal? Can communicative ethics contribute? These questions are analysed in this research project.The project focuses on three themes of the debate on genetically modified food 1990-2000 in Sweden. The first theme is in relation to the concepts: natural and unnatural. Within the debate on genetically modified food, there have been various wide ranging arguments on whether or not genetic modification is natural or unnatural. The second theme concerns the concepts of risk and benefit. Safety questions and possible risks and benefits have been subjects of discussion and debate for a long time. This analysis highlights the way risks or benefits are valued. What does it mean if something is a risk? The third theme concerns the argumentations regarding democracy, mostlyin relation to labelling discussions. Democracy is used to describe freedom of choice, another argumentation focuses on the right to be a part of the decision making process.The last part of the thesis discusses the question whether communicative ethics can contribute to obtain dialogue between various parties, and whether consensus is possible or even a desirable as a goal. How would this function in a debate where there is an ethical disagreement based on divergent ethical standpoints?
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| 33. |
- Högberg, Mona N., et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting effects of nitrogen availability on plant carbon supply to mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs - a hypothesis based on field observations in boreal forest
- 2003
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 1469-8137 .- 0028-646X. ; 160:1, s. 225-238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil microorganisms are considered C-limited, while plant productivity is frequently N-limited. Large stores of organic C in boreal forest soils are attributed to negative effects of low temperature, soil acidity and plant residue recalcitrance upon microbial activity. We examined microbial activity, biomass and community composition along a natural 90-m-long soil N supply gradient, where plant species composition varies profoundly, forest productivity three-fold and soil pH by three units. There was, however, no significant variation in soil respiration in the field across the gradient. Neither did microbial biomass C determined by fumigation-extraction vary, while other estimates of activity and biomass showed a weak increase with increasing N supply and soil pH. Simultaneously, a phospholipid fatty acid attributed mainly to mycorrhizal fungi declined drastically, while bacterial biomass increased. We hypothesize that low N supply and plant productivity, and hence low litter C supply to saprotrophs is associated with a high plant C supply to mycorrhizal fungi, while the reverse occurs under high N supply. This should mean that effects of N availability on C supply to these functional groups of microbes acts in opposing directions.
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| 34. |
- Högberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale forest girdling shows that current photosynthesis drives soil respiration
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 411:6839, s. 789-792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The respiratory activities of plant roots, of their mycorrhizal fungi and of the free-living microbial heterotrophs (decomposers) in soils are significant components of the global carbon balance, but their relative contributions remain uncertain. To separate mycorrhizal root respiration from heterotrophic respiration in a boreal pine forest, we conducted a large-scale tree-girdling experiment, comprising 9 plots each containing about 120 trees. Tree-girdling involves stripping the stem bark to the depth of the current xylem at breast height terminating the supply of current photosynthates to roots and their mycorrhizal fungi without physically disturbing the delicate root-microbe-soil system. Here we report that girdling reduced soil respiration within 1-2 months by about 54% relative to respiration on ungirdled control plots, and that decreases of up to 37% were detected within 5 days. These values clearly show that the flux of current assimilates to roots is a key driver of soil respiration; they are conservative estimates of root respiration, however, because girdling increased the use of starch reserves in the roots. Our results indicate that models of soil respiration should incorporate measures of photosynthesis and of seasonal patterns of photosynthate allocation to roots.
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| 35. |
- Högberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Partitioning of soil respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components by means of tree-girdling in old boreal spruce forest
- 2009
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 257, s. 1764-1767
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests accumulate much less carbon than the amount fixed through photosynthesis because of an almost equally large opposing flux Of CO(2) from the ecosystem. Most of the return flux to the atmosphere is through soil respiration, which has two major sources, one heterotrophic (organisms decomposing organic matter) and one autotrophic (roots, mycorrhizal fungi and other root-associated microbes dependent on recent photosynthate). We used tree-girdling to stop the flow of photosynthate to the belowground system, hence, blocking autotrophic soil activity in a 120-yr-old boreal Picea abies forest. We found that at the end of the summer, two months after girdling, the treatment had reduced soil respiration by up to 53%. This figure adds to a growing body of evidence indicating (t-test, d.f. = 7, p < 0.05) that autotrophic respiration may contribute more to total soil respiration in boreal (mean 53 +/- 2%) as compared to temperate forests (mean 44 +/- 3%). Our data also suggests that there is a seasonal hysteresis in the response of total soil respiration to changes in temperature. We propose that this reflects seasonality in the tree below-ground carbon allocation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Krali, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Multimodal classification of molecular subtypes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
- 2023
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Ingår i: npj Precision Oncology. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-768X. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genomic analyses have redefined the molecular subgrouping of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Molecular subgroups guide risk-stratification and targeted therapies, but outcomes of recently identified subtypes are often unclear, owing to limited cases with comprehensive profiling and cross-protocol studies. We developed a machine learning tool (ALLIUM) for the molecular subclassification of ALL in retrospective cohorts as well as for up-front diagnostics. ALLIUM uses DNA methylation and gene expression data from 1131 Nordic ALL patients to predict 17 ALL subtypes with high accuracy. ALLIUM was used to revise and verify the molecular subtype of 281 B-cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) cases with previously undefined molecular phenotype, resulting in a single revised subtype for 81.5% of these cases. Our study shows the power of combining DNA methylation and gene expression data for resolving ALL subtypes and provides a comprehensive population-based retrospective cohort study of molecular subtype frequencies in the Nordic countries.
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| 37. |
- Kvashnina, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in electronic structure of copper films in aqueous solutions
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 19:22, s. 226002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibilities for using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the Cu oxidation state and changes in the electronic structure during interaction between copper and ground-water solutions were examined. Surface modifications induced by chemical reactions of oxidized 100 Å Cu films with Cl−, SO42− and HCO3− ions in aqueous solutions with various concentrations were studied in situ using liquid cells. Copper corrosion processes in ground water were monitored for up to nine days. By comparing Cu 2p–3d, 4s transitions for a number of reference substances previously measured, changes in electronic structure of the Cu films were analysed. The XAS and RIXS spectral shape at the Cu edge, the chemical shift of the main line for Cu2+, and the energy positions of the observed satellites served as a tool for monitoring the changes during the reaction. It was found that the pH value and the Cl− concentration in solutions strongly affect the speed of the corrosion reaction.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Laurell, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of three novel FGF16 mutations in X-linked recessive fusion of the fourth and fifth metacarpals and possible correlation with heart disease.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 2324-9269. ; 2:5, s. 402-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nonsense mutations in FGF16 have recently been linked to X-linked recessive hand malformations with fusion between the fourth and the fifth metacarpals and hypoplasia of the fifth digit (MF4; MIM#309630). The purpose of this study was to perform careful clinical phenotyping and to define molecular mechanisms behind X-linked recessive MF4 in three unrelated families. We performed whole-exome sequencing, and identified three novel mutations in FGF16. The functional impact of FGF16 loss was further studied using morpholino-based suppression of fgf16 in zebrafish. In addition, clinical investigations revealed reduced penetrance and variable expressivity of the MF4 phenotype. Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation followed the X-linked FGF16 mutated trait in one large family. Our findings establish that a mutation in exon 1, 2 or 3 of FGF16 results in X-linked recessive MF4 and expand the phenotypic spectrum of FGF16 mutations to include a possible correlation with heart disease.
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| 42. |
- Lemel, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of the Formaldehyde Emissions from Different HCCI Engines Running on a Range of Fuels
- 2005
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Ingår i: SAE Transactions, Journal of Fuels and Lubricants. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0096-736X. ; 114:4, s. 1347-1357
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, the formaldehyde emissions from three different types of homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines are quantified for a range of fuels by means of Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The engines types are differentiated in the way the charge is prepared. The characterized engines are; the conventional port fuel injected one, a type that traps residuals by means of a Negative Valve Overlap (NVO) and finally a Direct Injected (DI) one. Fuels ranging from pure n-heptane to iso-octane via diesel, gasoline, PRF80, methanol and ethanol were characterized. Generally, the amount of formaldehyde found in the exhaust was decreasing with decreasing air/fuel ratio, advanced timing and increasing cycle temperature. It was found that increasing the source of formaldehyde i.e. the ratio of heat released in the cool-flame, brought on higher exhaust contents of formaldehyde. The application of a standard three-way catalyst completely removed formaldehyde from the exhaust stream.
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| 43. |
- Lerner, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Livestock’s “short shadow”? : Balancing mitigation of climate change against other values
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene (vol.1). - Brno, Czech Republic : Tribun EU s.r.o.. - 9788026300083 ; , s. 213-214
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Livestock has been said to cast a long shadow on climate change. However, environmental protection has also other aspects. This paper analyses one possible conflict between environmental goals in Sweden: to decrease the number of ruminants in order to minimise the impact on climate change and to maintain the number of ruminants in order to preserve biological diversity. Some Swedish stakeholders seem to argue that preserving biological diversity carries as much weight as mitigating climate change. This can be interpreted as if ruminants are considered to be good for the environment despite their impact on climate change, and thus shortening the long shadow. We point out, however, that only a fraction of ruminants are grazing pastures with high biodiversity. For most Swedish meat production, this argument is of minor importance for environmental sustainability.
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| 44. |
- Lerner, Henrik, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Stakeholders on Meat Production, Meat Consumption and Mitigation of Climate Change : Sweden as a Case
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 26:3, s. 663-678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we analyse and discuss the views of Swedish stakeholders on how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by meat production. The stakeholders include meat producer organisations, governmental agencies with direct influence on meat production, political parties as well as non-governmental organisations. Representatives of twelve organisations were interviewed. Several organisations argued against the mitigation option of reducing beef production despite the higher greenhouse gas intensity of beef compared to pork and chicken meat (according to life cycle analysis). Regarding feed production some organisations proposed use of the best available industrial fertilizers, others were against all use of such fertilizers. Several organizations suggested domestic production of more protein-rich fodder and use of manure for biogas production. Regarding meat consumption the focus was on throwing away less food as waste and on eating less meat but the best (most climate friendly) meat, which was considered to be Swedish meat in contrast to imported meat. There was agreement on many issues. Most disagreement was found regarding political steering. We find many of the stakeholders' mitigation proposals regarding meat production and consumption acceptable. However, we are to some extent critical to their defence of Swedish beef production. We also point out certain problems with the suggestion to reduce consumption of imported meat but not of domestically produced meat.
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| 45. |
- Liljegren, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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10-year Results After Sector Resection With or Without Postoperative Radiotherapy for Stage I Breast Cancer : a Randomized Trial
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 0732-183X .- 1527-7755. ; 17:8, s. 2326-2333
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To study the long-term effectiveness of postoperative radiotherapy after sector resection for breast cancer in a randomized trial in which mammography is a major pathway to diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred eighty-one women with a unifocal breast cancer < or = 20 mm in diameter on the preoperative mammogram and without histopathologic signs of axillary metastases were treated by sector resection plus axillary dissection. Of these patients, 184 women were randomized to receive postoperative radiotherapy to the breast (XRT group), and 197 women received no further treatment (non-XRT group). RESULTS: The local recurrence rate was 8.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9% to 13.1%) in the XRT group and 24.0% (95% CI, 17.6% to 30.4%) in the non-XRT group (P =.0001). Survival free from regional and distant recurrence was 83. 3% in the XRT group (95% CI, 77.5% to 89.1%) and 80.0% in the non-XRT group (95% CI, 73.9% to 86.1%) (P =.23). Overall survival was 77.5% in the XRT group (95% CI, 70.9% to 84.1%) and 78% in the non-XRT group (95% CI, 71.7% to 84.3%) (P =.99). A subgroup analysis suggested that women older than 55 years of age without comedo or lobular carcinomas had a low risk of local recurrence of 6.1% (95% CI, 0.1% to 9.1%) in the XRT-group and 11.0% (4.0% to 18.0%) in the non-XRT group (P =.16). CONCLUSION: Sector resection plus radiotherapy resulted in an absolute reduction in local recurrence of 16% at 10 years compared with surgery alone. Women older than 55 years of age without comedo or lobular carcinomas may have a low risk of local recurrence. Postoperative radiotherapy was not shown to reduce distant recurrences or improve overall survival.
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| 46. |
- Lindén, Anna-Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Sociological Aspects on Man, Value Orientation and Sustainable Development
- 1997
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Ingår i: Science, Ethics, Sustainability.. - 9155441076 ; , s. 41-50
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this chapter is to tenatively discuss a sociological perspective on the relations between man, value orientation, behavioral orientation and sustainable development. Sociologists often get questions about the stability and development of values and willingness to change behavior in a direction which is more favorable to the environment. There are lots of problems with such questions. The first problem is the lack of tradition in the study of relations between man and nature. The second problem is the problem with time series analysis of values. The third problem has to do with structural aspects in comparative analysis. The problems are discussed in three sections namely the relation between man and nature as a value orientation dimension, the relation between man and society as a behavioral dimension, and a two dimensional typology of the relations between value orientation, behavioral orientation and sustainable development.
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| 47. |
- Lindström, Niclas
(författare)
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Förhållandet mellan praxis och teori inom etiken
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main question of this thesis is if a practice is right because it is prescribed by an ethical theory, or if an ethical theory is right because it follows from certain practices? I propose the following definitions to illustrate the main alternatives: (1) if a practice is determined by an ethical theory and the ethical theory is not determined by practice, it is possible to speak of a top-down model of ethical thinking. (2) If a theory, conversely, is determined by a practice and the practice is not determined by theory, it can be described as a bottom-up model. (3) If a practice is used in order to determine an ethical theory, which in turn can be used to assess new practical situations in a constantly evolving process, it can be labelled an interaction model. (4) Finally, it is possible that certain practices are the basis of morality, and do not need to be systemized in any ethical theory. The focus of this study is on alternatives (2), (3) and (4) where practice is given due weight and is characterized by a rejection of a strictly theoretical approach to ethics. I address representatives from some of the most influential alternatives such as: (2) Albert R Jonsen & Stephen Toulmin (casuistry), (3) Jürgen Habermas (discourse ethics), Alasdair MacIntyre (virtue ethics), Jonathan Haidt (experimental ethics) and (4) John Dewey, Hilary Putnam and Richard Rorty (pragmatism). I also discuss how some prominent theologians, such as Stanley Hauerwas (Christian virtue ethics) and James Gustafson (theocentric ethics), deal with similar questions. The purpose of this study is therefore to identify various positions represented in the debate, and to examine which consequences they have for how decisions are made and justified within an ethical framework. I argue that the strength of models that include practical concerns in ethical thinking is that they can contribute to our understanding of why ideals, norms and values differ between various social spheres, and how they change over time. Instead of taking the traditional position, where a basic assumption about the nature of moral questions is crucial to identify a reliable approach, it is possible to assess which approaches give reliable results and use these to identify the factors relevant to answer moral questions. I identify two main alternatives: a paradigmatic and a discursive way of treating moral issues. They address various aspects of human life and action, which means that they do not exclude, but rather enrich each other in the context of an overall debate. It seems possible that both types of studies can provide reasons for performing an action or accepting a theory, which can then be revised and give rise to new positions. From such a perspective, neither the image of man and the world, nor our standards, ideals and values are necessarily static, but can be revised and reconsidered within the context of a changing social, cultural and historical context.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Markström, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of sustained pressure application on compliance and blood gases inhealthy porcine lungs
- 2001
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Ingår i: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 45:10, s. 1235-1240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND:Short periods of sustained increase in airway pressures (Press(up)) are believed to re-open lung areas that collapsed upon induction of anaesthesia. Recruitment of alveolar surface is usually assessed in terms of changes in the pressure-volume (PV) curve. The purpose of this study was to analyse PV-curves before and after a Press(up) and to ascertain whether such changes are compatible with the concept of recruitment of lung volume.METHODS:During ketamine anaesthesia, 12 healthy piglets were subjected to a Press(up) with end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 12 cmH2O and end-inspiratory pressure of 40 cmH2O. Before and after Press(up), PV-curves were obtained from a slow insufflation of 630 ml at zero PEEP (ZEEP).RESULTS:Compliance was non-linear both before and after Press(up) increasing up to 300 ml and sharply decreasing thereafter. After Press(up), the entire compliance curve was shifted to a higher absolute level. Up to 100 ml and a pressure level corresponding to the lower inflection point on the PV-curve (LIP), compliance was higher before Press(up). No effects on blood gases could be observed.CONCLUSION:If the similar shape of the compliance curve corresponds to a similar chain of re-opening and overdistension events, this would imply that all volume gained by Press(up) is lost within 10 min, without explaining the higher absolute compliance following Press(up). We speculate that a) re-opening of rapidly collapsing small airways determines the initial compliance increase; b) the lower compliance after Press(up) until LIP indicates reduced intratidal re-opening of lung regions; and c) changes in bronchomotor tone induced by Press(up) raise the absolute compliance, with a similar scenario of alveolar and small airway recruitment now taking place but at different degrees of airway stiffness.
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| 50. |
- Modin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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5 f-Shell correlation effects in dioxides of light actinides studied by O 1s x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies and first-principles calculations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 27:31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopic data are reported for the O 1s region of a single crystal of UO2, a polycrystalline NpO2 sample, and a single crystal of PuO2. The experimental data are interpreted using first-principles correlated-electron calculations within the framework of the density functional theory with added Coulomb U interaction (DFT+U). A detailed analysis regarding the origin of different structures in the x-ray emission and x-ray absorption spectra is given and the effect of varying the intra-atomic Coulomb interaction-U for the 5f electrons is investigated. Our data indicate that O 1s x-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies can, in combination with DFT+U calculations, successfully be used to study 5f-shell Coulomb correlation effects in dioxides of light actinides. The values for the Coulomb U parameter in these dioxides are derived to be in the range of 4-5 eV.
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