| 1. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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Consumers on the Internet : ethical and legal aspects of commercialization of personalized nutrition
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 349-355
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumers often have a positive attitude to the option of receiving personalized nutrition advice based upon genetic testing, since the prospect of enhancing or maintaining one’s health can be perceived as empowering. Current direct-to-consumer services over the Internet, however, suffer from a questionable level of truthfulness and consumer protection, in addition to an imbalance between far-reaching promises and contrasting disclaimers. Psychological and behavioral studies indicate that consumer acceptance of a new technology is primarily explained by the end user’s rational and emotional interpretation as well as moral beliefs. Results from such studies indicate that personalized nutrition must create true value for the consumer. Also, the freedom to choose is crucial for consumer acceptance. From an ethical point of view, consumer protection is crucial, and caution must be exercised when putting nutrigenomic-based tests and advice services on the market. Current Internet offerings appear to reveal a need to further guaranty legal certainty by ensuring privacy, consumer protection and safety. Personalized nutrition services are on the borderline between nutrition and medicine. Current regulation of this area is incomplete and undergoing development. This situation entails the necessity for carefully assessing and developing existing rules that safeguard fundamental rights and data protection while taking into account the sensitivity of data, the risks posed by each step in their processing, and sufficient guarantees for consumers against potential misuse.
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| 2. |
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Altruism, society, health care
- 1998
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På senare år har intresset för altruism ökat inom många discipliner. Altruism är också av betydelse inom medicinen och folkhälsoarbetet. Flera områden inom sjukvården är beroende av altruistiska bidrag. Ett exempel är donation av blod, benmärg och organ.
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| 3. |
- Gunnarsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Meat production, climate change and ethics
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene (vol.1). - Brno, Czech Republic : Tribun EU s.r.o.. - 9788026300083 ; , s. 209-211
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Humans contribute substantially to the emissions of carbon dioxide causing global warming, and meat producing livestock contributes to this. Estimates of the global greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector vary from 5% to 50%. Nevertheless, the emissions are in absolute terms substantial, and the issue needs to be mitigated. The present paper analyses and discusses various solutions for how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by animal production. The ethical problem of mitigation of climate change, to the extent it is caused by animal production, is an extremely complex anddifficult issue. There are different views on the nature and scale of impact and different mitigation approaches, as well as different ethical aspects of the mitigation approaches.
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| 4. |
- Lerner, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Livestock’s “short shadow”? : Balancing mitigation of climate change against other values
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of theInternational Society for Animal Hygiene (vol.1). - Brno, Czech Republic : Tribun EU s.r.o.. - 9788026300083 ; , s. 213-214
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Livestock has been said to cast a long shadow on climate change. However, environmental protection has also other aspects. This paper analyses one possible conflict between environmental goals in Sweden: to decrease the number of ruminants in order to minimise the impact on climate change and to maintain the number of ruminants in order to preserve biological diversity. Some Swedish stakeholders seem to argue that preserving biological diversity carries as much weight as mitigating climate change. This can be interpreted as if ruminants are considered to be good for the environment despite their impact on climate change, and thus shortening the long shadow. We point out, however, that only a fraction of ruminants are grazing pastures with high biodiversity. For most Swedish meat production, this argument is of minor importance for environmental sustainability.
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| 5. |
- Lerner, Henrik, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
Stakeholders on Meat Production, Meat Consumption and Mitigation of Climate Change : Sweden as a Case
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 26:3, s. 663-678
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we analyse and discuss the views of Swedish stakeholders on how to mitigate climate change to the extent it is caused by meat production. The stakeholders include meat producer organisations, governmental agencies with direct influence on meat production, political parties as well as non-governmental organisations. Representatives of twelve organisations were interviewed. Several organisations argued against the mitigation option of reducing beef production despite the higher greenhouse gas intensity of beef compared to pork and chicken meat (according to life cycle analysis). Regarding feed production some organisations proposed use of the best available industrial fertilizers, others were against all use of such fertilizers. Several organizations suggested domestic production of more protein-rich fodder and use of manure for biogas production. Regarding meat consumption the focus was on throwing away less food as waste and on eating less meat but the best (most climate friendly) meat, which was considered to be Swedish meat in contrast to imported meat. There was agreement on many issues. Most disagreement was found regarding political steering. We find many of the stakeholders' mitigation proposals regarding meat production and consumption acceptable. However, we are to some extent critical to their defence of Swedish beef production. We also point out certain problems with the suggestion to reduce consumption of imported meat but not of domestically produced meat.
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| 6. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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A climate tax on meat?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Climate change and sustainable development. - Wageningen : Wageningen Academic Publishers. - 9789086861972 ; , s. 109-114
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change is a major framing condition for sustainable development of agriculture and food. Global food production is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time it is among the sectors worst affected by climate change. This book brings together a multidisciplinary group of authors exploring the ethical dimensions of climate change and food. Conceptual clarifications provide a necessary basis for putting sustainable development into practice. Adaptation and mitigation demand altering both agricultural and consumption practices. Intensive vs. extensive produc.
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| 7. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Analysis of an epigenetic argument against human reproductive cloning
- 2006
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Ingår i: Reproductive BioMedicine Online. - 1472-6483 .- 1472-6491. ; 13:2, s. 278-283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human reproductive cloning is a much disputed ethical issue. This technology is often condemned as being contrary to human dignity. However, there are also risk arguments. An ethical argument that is often put forward by scientists but seldom developed in more detail focuses on health risks in animal cloning. There is a high risk that animal clones exhibit abnormalities and these are increasingly believed to be due to errors in epigenetic reprogramming. The argument is that human reproductive cloning should not be carried out because human clones are also likely to exhibit abnormalities due to inappropriate epigenetic reprogramming. Different versions of this epigenetic argument are analysed, a categorical version and a non-categorical. The non-categorical version is suggested to be more well-considered. With regard to policy making on human reproductive cloning, the categorical version can be used to prescribe a permanent ban, while the non-categorical version can be used to prescribe a temporary ban. The implications of the precautionary principle - as interpreted in the European Union - are investigated. The conclusion is that it seems possible to support a temporary ban by reference to this principle.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Artificial intelligence and climate change : ethical issues
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 21:1, s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to pinpoint and analyse ethical issues raised by the dual role of artificial intelligence (AI) in relation to climate change, that is, AI as a contributor to climate change and AI as a contributor to fighting climate change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper consists of three main parts. The first part provides a short background on AI and climate change respectively, followed by a presentation of empirical findings on the contribution of AI to climate change. The second part presents proposals by various AI researchers and commentators on how AI companies may contribute to fighting climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from training and use of AI and by providing AI assistance to various mitigation and adaptation measures. The final part investigates ethical issues raised by some of the options presented in the second part.FindingsAI applications may lead to substantial emissions but may also play an important role in mitigation and adaptation. Given this dual role of AI, ethical considerations by AI companies and governments are of vital importance.Practical implicationsThis paper pinpoints practical ethical issues that AI companies and governments should take into account.Social implicationsGiven the potential impact of AI on society, it is vital that AI companies and governments take seriously the ethical issues raised by the dual role of AI in relation to climate change.Originality/valueAI has been the subject of substantial ethical investigation, and even more so has climate change. However, the relationship between AI and climate change has received only limited attention from an ethical perspective. This paper provides such considerations.
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| 10. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Bör djur och människor behandlas olika eller lika?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Djuren är väl också människor. - Skara : Institutionen för husdjurens miljö och hälsa, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. ; , s. 71-78
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Can genomics tell me who I am? : Essentialistic rhetoric in direct-to-consumer DNA testing
- 2009
-
Ingår i: New genetics and society (Print). - : Informa UK Limited. - 1463-6778 .- 1469-9915. ; 28:2, s. 157-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, a high number of companies have emerged that offer online direct-to-consumer DNA testing. We investigate these consumer genomics companies through the lens of identity. We find that many of them appeal to a kind of "genetic essentialism". We suggest that this appeal is key to understanding why consumers are attracted to their services. There seem to be three very different currents within contemporary culture at work: the pre-modern search for a naturalistic understanding of identity, the modern enthusiasm for science, and the post-modern emphasis on radical individual self-determination. The support for our hypothesis comes from the companies' websites and the online testimonials of satisfied customers. We discuss the risk of distortion of the subjective experience of identity due to unreliable or uninformative test results, inadequate or misleading explanation, and the fact that the science is still too weak to yield meaningful results.
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| 12. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Climate Change and National Self-Interest
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 29:6, s. 1043-1055
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mitigation of climate change is often described as a tragedy of the commons. According to this theoretical framework, it is collectively rational for present-generation countries to mitigate climate change, but not individually rational to do so. It is rather in national self-interest to ‘free-ride’ on the mitigation actions of other countries. In this paper, I discuss two arguments criticizing this view. According to these arguments, it is in most cases individually rational for present-generation countries to mitigate, i.e., it is in their national self-interest. The first argument focuses on national self-interest in terms of economic efficiency, the second on national self-interest in terms of national security. I conclude that the critical arguments to a large extent are tenable, but that they seem to underestimate the significance of those cases in which it is not in national self-interest to mitigate climate change. In these cases the tragedy of the commons framework is still applicable.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Consumer genomics companies and their appeal to empowerment
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Genomics and democracy. - Amsterdam/New York : Rodopi. - 9789042037199 ; , s. 257-274
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book addresses the ethical and political questions flowing from the vastly increased possibilities to manipulate the genetic properties of organisms, including human beings. Due to the great complexity of the scientific fields involved, these questions are framed and answered mostly by scientific experts. But the new technological possibilities and social practices connected with genetic manipulation intrude into domains that for a long time have been the provenance of religious and secular worldviews and touch upon deep-seated convictions and emotions. Moreover they are strongly influenc.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Crisis management and public health : ethical principles for priority setting at a regional level in Sweden
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Public Health Ethics. - : Oxford University Press. - 1754-9973 .- 1754-9981. ; 8:1, s. 72-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article I analyse and discuss guidelines for priority setting in crisis management at a regional level in Sweden. The guidelines concern three types of crises: pandemics, large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply. Pandemics are typical public health issues. Large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply are in themselves not, but may have serious public health consequences. These guidelines are compared with guidelines for priority setting in health care. This is done because of the central position of health care in the management of many different types of crises. The comparison shows clear differences. In the analysis, I use a distinction between substantive principles of priority setting and process-oriented principles. Regarding substantive principles, I have found that the guidelines point in different directions. This seems acceptable, however, since they focus on different problems. Moreover, it seems possible to integrate the various context-dependent principles by relating them to higher order principles. Regarding process-oriented principles, I have found that how and to what extent these principles are applied in the guidelines vary. If we want to apply these principles in a more satisfying way, this would require a more systematic approach.
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| 17. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Designing Preclinical Studies in Germline Gene Editing : Scientific and Ethical Aspects
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1176-7529 .- 1872-4353. ; 16, s. 559-570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human germline gene editing is often debated in hypothetical terms: if it were safe and efficient, on what further conditions would it then be ethically acceptable? This paper takes another course. The key question is: how can scientists reduce uncertainty about safety and efficiency to a level that may justify initiation of first-time clinical trials? The only way to proceed is by well-designed preclinical studies. However, what kinds of investigation should preclinical studies include and what specific conditions should they satisfy in order to be considered well-designed? It is argued that multispecies and multigenerational animal studies are needed as well as human embryo editing without implantation. In order to be possible to translate to first-time clinical trials, animal studies need to satisfy strict conditions of validity. Moreover, embryo studies intended for translation to first-time clinical trials need to correspond to the animal studies in experimental design (with exception of implantation). Only in this way can uncertainty about risk for harm (safety) and prospect of benefit (efficiency) in first-time clinical trials be reduced to a modest level. If uncertainty is not reduced to such a level, first-time clinical trials in germline gene editing should not be initiated.
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| 18. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Djuretiska plattformar i livsmedelsbranschen
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Djuren är väl också människor. - Skara : Institutionen för husdjurens miljö och hälsa, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. ; , s. 41-57
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
-
Emerging technologies and vulnerable people: The case of assistive technologies for persons with dementia
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dementia has emerged as a problem to be tackled by various assistive technologies, for example, mobile safety alarms with GPS positioning, fall detectors and adapted internet for social contact. However, persons with dementia are vulnerable, suggesting that such technologies should be used with caution. It is a common experience among care professionals that persons with dementia often show resistiveness to care. This resistiveness is an indication of their vulnerable condition. They are sometimes not aware of what is in their best interest. In this paper I discuss how to handle resistiveness to assistive technologies among these patients. Some assistive technologies for persons with dementia can be beneficial provided that they are used with special consideration of their vulnerable condition. However, it can be a delicate task to overcome resistiveness while at the same time respecting their autonomy. I suggest how this can be done in a stepwise manner. Special attention is given to the concept of nudging. I also indicate under which circumstances some form of coercion might be justified.
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| 21. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Ethical issues in mitigation of climate change : The option of reduced meat production and consumption
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 25:4, s. 563-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper I discuss ethical issues related to mitigation of climate change. In particular, I focus on mitigation of climate change to the extent this change is caused by livestock production. I support the view—on which many different ethical approaches converge—that the present generation has a moral obligation to mitigate climate change for the benefit of future generations and that developed countries should take the lead in the process. Moreover, I argue that since livestock production is an important contributing factor to climate change, we should undertake mitigation measures also in this sector and not only in, for example, the transport and energy sectors. However, technological solutions do not seem sufficient in the livestock sector, leaving us with the option of reduced meat production and consumption. In order to reach significant results in mitigation of climate change, political steering seems necessary. With this in mind, I argue in favor of a tax on meat consumption.
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| 22. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Ethics and Science
- 2007
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Applied Ethics. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet. - 9789185831340 ; , s. 89-101
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Applied ethics is a growing, interdisciplinary field dealing with ethical problems in different areas of society. It includes for instance social and political ethics, computer ethics, medical ethics, bioethics, envi-ronmental ethics, business ethics, and it also relates to different forms of professional ethics.From the perspective of ethics, applied ethics is a specialisation in one area of ethics. From the perspective of social practice applying eth-ics is to focus on ethical aspects and implications of that particular practice.The Erasmus Mundus Masters Course in Applied Ethics is supported by the European Union. The programme is a collaboration between three European universities; Linköping University, The Centre for Ap-plied Ethics, (Sweden), Utrecht University, the Ethics Institute, (The Netherlands), and the Norwegian University of Science and Technol-ogy, Department of Philosophy, Programme for Applied Ethics (Nor-way).Each year, the programme starts with a common introduction for all students. During this introduction, the teachers present different per-spectives on applied ethics. In this volume the introductions are pub-lished. They give a broad view of different aspects on applied ethics.
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| 23. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Etiska prioriteringsprinciper för länsstyrelsens krishantering
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Länsstyrelsen ska i enlighet med förordningen (2006:942) om krisberedskap och höjd beredskap efter beslut av regeringen prioritera och inrikta statliga och internationella resurser som ställs till förfogande. För kunna genomföra en sådan prioritering och inriktning behöver länsstyrelsen inledningsvis arbeta med en kunskapsuppbyggnad för att kunna belysa de etiska aspekterna av en sådan prioritering. Föreliggande kunskapsunderlag är ett första steg i dettaarbete.
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| 24. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Etiska problem i grundutbildningen - en inventering : Rapport till filosofiska fakulteten
- 2009
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I den här utredningen fokuserar jag uteslutande på etiska problem (men jag kommer endast undantagsvis att kategorisera problemen utifrån dessa distinktioner). En ”lekmannadefinition”, som ibland förekommer, är att ett etiskt problem föreligger när något är både rätt och fel, bra och dåligt, på samma gång. Denna definition anknyter framför allt till den tredje aspekten, avvägningsproblem. Jag undersöker inte hur dålig moralen är bland dem som är involverade i grundutbildningen. Jag undersöker heller inte hur vanliga de etiska problemen upplevs vara inom olika typer av grundutbildningar. Å andra sidan tar jag enbart upp problem som kommer över en viss tröskel av realism dvs rent hypotetiska problem lämnas därhän. Syftet är att peka ut etiska problem som är viktiga att ta ställning till därför att ställningstagandet kan få praktisk betydelse. Under mina intevjuer har jag märkt man inom olika grundutbildningar kan ha mycket olika uppfattningar om vilka etiska problem som är särskilt viktiga. I min presentation nedan specifierar jag dock inte dylika skillnader. Vissa problem som jag tar upp kanske inte av alla uppfattas som etiska, utan snarare som pedagogiska, juridiska, organisatoriska, sociala, psykologiska etc. Jag vill dock hävda att även om ett problem primärt uppfattas som t ex pedagogiskt, så kan det väcka etiska följdfrågor om t ex rättvisa, integritet eller lojalitet. Det är problem som dessa jag fokuserar på. När jag nedan betecknar något som ett etiskt problem utesluter alltså inte detta att problemet kanske primärt är pedagogiskt. Detta är viktigt att notera.
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| 25. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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First-in-human trials on genome editing: Strategies for handling uncertainty about benefit and uncertainty about harm
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human genome editing can be carried out on somatic cells as well as on the germline. In this paper I discuss first-in-human trials on both types of editing. At first sight, risk and risk/benefit assessment might seem to be key issues in such trials. However, according to decision theory, risk presupposes numerical values. In ‘decision-making under risk’, decisionmakers have sufficient information to assign probabilities to alternative outcomes. This is not the case in first-in-human trials. These trials are rather characterized by ‘decision-making under uncertainty’. My overall objective is to clarify the implications of uncertainty about benefit and uncertainty about harm in first-in-human trials on genome editing. A special aim is to analyse strategies for handling uncertainty.
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| 26. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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For Our Children : The Ethics of Animal Experimentation in the Age of Genetic Engineering
- 2010. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book provides an overview of different ethical views on animal experimentation. Special attention is given to the production and experimental use of genetically modified animals. It proposes a middle course between those positions that are very critical and those very positive. This middle course implies that animal experiments originating in vital human research interests are commonly justified, provided that animal welfare is taken seriously. Some animal experiments are not acceptable, since the expected human benefit is too low and the animal suffering too severe. This position is supported by an argument from species care according to which we have special obligations to our children and other humans due to special relations. The book tries to bridge the gap between animal ethics and animal welfare science by discussing various conceptions of animal welfare: function-centered, feeling-based, and those focusing on natural living. The theoretical starting-point is "imaginative casuistry." This approach stresses the role of moral imagination and metaphor in ethical deliberation, accepts a plurality of values, and recognizes the importance of case-by-case balancing. In the discussion of genetically modified animals, both intrinsic ethical concerns and animal welfare concerns are addressed.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Genes, body clocks and prevention of sleep problems
- 2016
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 19:4, s. 569-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronobiologists argue that their scientific findings have implications for prevention of sleep problems. They claim that some sleep problems are caused by the fact that people live against their individual body clock rather than adjusted to it. They also claim that by taking the findings of chronobiology seriously in policy-making some sleep problems can be prevented. I investigate applications of chronobiology in two social areas—school schedules and shift work—and show that in order for these applications to be justified certain implicit presumptions have to be justified. The first presumption is explanatory, namely that a chronobiological explanation is an adequate explanation of the sleep problems at hand. In addition I analyse three ethical presumptions. The first ethical presumption is that sleep is of vital value. The second is that sleep is not an exclusively private issue. The third ethical presumption is that the preventive measures to be undertaken are ethically acceptable. My main point is that it is not possible to simply “read off” policy measures from the empirical findings of chronobiology.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Genetically modified animals in research : An analysis of applications submitted to ethics committees on animal experimentation in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Animal Welfare. - 0962-7286. ; 14:3, s. 239-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of genetically modified (GM) animals in biomedical research has increased during recent years and its ethical aspects have been subject to ongoing academic discussion. In order to reinforce this discussion, we analysed applications submitted to animal ethics committees in Sweden during 2002. The aim was to investigate the researchers' statements concerning the production and use of GM animals, as well as the committees' assessments of the applications. For our analysis, we constructed an analytic form. In part, we included the questions and categories of the mandatory application form, noting for example species, degree of severity regarding pain and distress, the management of pain, and endpoints. In addition, we included our own specific questions and categories, and classified the applications accordingly. In particular we focused on the methods of GM animal production and on the expected clinical symptoms attributable to genetic modification and experimental use. Our analysis, which was partly quantitative and partly qualitative, revealed that applications were often approved by the committees despite containing insufficient information regarding ethically relevant aspects, that the arguments for using GM animals were often unclear, and that some applicants indicated awareness of possible unintentional welfare effects attributable to genetic modification. In more than 36% of the applications, obvious or minor clinical symptoms attibutable to genetic modification were expected. However, we also noted that many applicants emphasised that certain GM animals were to be used without the expectation that the animals would display any clinical symptoms. This was obviously viewed as an ethical advantage. © 2005 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
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| 32. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Genetics, Identity, Identification
- 2006
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Ingår i: The 8th World Congress of Bioethics,2006. ; , s. 109-110
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 33. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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How to respond to resistiveness towards assistive technologies among persons with dementia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 21:3, s. 411-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is a common experience among care professionals that persons with dementia often say ‘no’ to conventional caring measures such as taking medication, eating or having a shower. This tendency to say ‘no’ may also concern the use of assistive technologies such as fall detectors, mobile safety alarms, Internet for social contact and robots. This paper provides practical recommendations for care professionals in home health care and social care about how to respond to such resistiveness towards assistive technologies. Apart from the option of accepting the ‘no’, it discusses a number of methods for influencing persons with dementia in order to overcome the ‘no’. These methods range from various non-coercive measures—including nudging—to coercion. It is argued that while conventional caring measures like those mentioned are essential for survival, health or hygiene, assistive technologies are commonly merely potentially beneficial supplements. With this in mind, it is concluded that care professionals should be more restrictive in using methods of influence involving some degree of pressure regarding assistive technologies than regarding conventional caring measures.
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| 34. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Hur kan forskning gagna grundutbildning och grundutbildning forskning?
- 2016
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I IKK:s strategiska arbete ingår satsningar på både forskningsrelaterade och pedagogiska frågor. Relevant för detta är högskolelagens betoning av att ”verksamheten skall bedrivas så att det finns ett nära samband mellan forskning och utbildning” (SFS 1992:1434, 3§). Frågan inställer sig hur en sådan koppling mellan forskning och grundutbildning kan se ut mer konkret. För att få svar på detta har jag samtalat med några erfarna forskande lärare och sammanställt deras och mina egna reflektioner till ett diskussionsunderlag. För att begränsa projektet har fokus lagts på forskning och utbildning inom filosofisk fakultet (inte utbildningsvetenskap). Huvudfrågan har varit: Hur kan forskning gagna grundutbildning och grundutbildning forskning? Tyngdpunkten ligger på den första delfrågan.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Meat and Global Warming : Impact Models, Mitigation Approaches and Ethical Aspects
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Values. - : White Horse Press. - 0963-2719 .- 1752-7015. ; 21:4, s. 437-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, I investigate the ethical problem of mitigation of climate change, to the extent this change is caused by animal production. First, I give an overview of various views of the nature and scale of the impact of animal production on climate change: the life cycle model, the complex impact model and the additional emissions model. Second, I analyse various approaches to mitigation of climate change to the extent it is caused by animal production, such as different technological solutions and more or less radical proposals for reduction of livestock numbers. Third, I carry out a preliminary investigation of ethical aspects to be taken into consideration in assessing the mitigation approaches: intergenerational justice, intragenerational justice, animal welfare, potential, and feasibility. Finally, I propose a kind of 'contraction and convergence' policy, i.e., a policy of reducing meat consumption to a certain level in developed countries while allowing people in developing countries to increase their consumption up to this level.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Neither as harmful as feared by critics nor as empowering as promised by providers : risk information offered direct to consumer by personal genomics companies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Community Genetics. - : Springer. - 1868-310X .- 1868-6001. ; 5:1, s. 59-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, I investigate ethical and policy aspects of the genetic services and web-rhetoric of companies offering genetic information direct to consumer, and I do so with a special focus on genetic risk information. On their websites, the companies stress that genetic risk testing for multifactorial complex medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer may empower the consumer and provide valuable input to personal identity. Critics maintain, on the other hand, that testing can be psychologically harmful, is of limited clinical and preventive value, and vulnerable to misinterpretation. I stress the importance of empirical studies in assessing the pros and cons of direct-to-consumer testing and point out that recent empirical studies indicate that this testing is neither as harmful as feared by critics nor as empowering as promised by the companies. However, the testing is not entirely harmless. Remaining problems include testing of third parties without consent and ownership of genotypic and phenotypic information. Moreover, the testing, although not particularly empowering, may still provide input to self-understanding that some people find valuable. Regarding policy-making, I suggest that self-regulation in terms of best practice guidelines may play an important role, but I also stress that national and international regulation may be necessary.
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| 39. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Pandemics and the precautionary principle: an analysis taking the Swedish Corona Commission’s report as a point of departure
- 2023
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Ingår i: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy. - : Springer. - 1386-7423 .- 1572-8633. ; 26:2, s. 163-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden’s response stood out as an exception. For example, Sweden did not introduce any lockdowns, while many other countries did. In this paper I take the Swedish Corona Commission’s critique of the initial Swedish response as a point of departure for a general analysis of precaution in relation to pandemics. The Commission points out that in contrast to many other countries Sweden did not follow ‘the precautionary principle’. Based on this critique, the Commission proposes that the precautionary principle should be included among Sweden’s guiding principles for crisis management. However, as the debate on this principle during the last 30 years indicates, the principle is loaded with problems. I discuss one of these problems, namely its lack of clarity. I argue, however, that this problem is not unsurmountable. A principle is lacking clarity precisely by being a principle and not a rule with a well-defined meaning. As a principle it indicates a direction but does not prescribe a specific action. However, to be action-guiding its content needs to be specified by rational deliberation. With this in mind, I propose a framework for specification of the precautionary principle as applied to pandemics. The framework focuses on the principle’s four key elements: threat, uncertainty, action and responsibility. I also suggest certain general ethical restrictions on specification.
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| 40. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Personal health monitoring : ethical considerations for stakeholders
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1477-996X .- 1758-8871. ; 11:3, s. 156-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – This paper has three purposes: to identify and discuss values that should be promoted and respected in personal health monitoring, to formulate an ethical checklist that can be used by stakeholders, and to construct an ethical matrix that can be used for identifying values, among those in the ethical checklist, that are particularly important to various stakeholders.Design/methodology/approach – On the basis of values that empirical studies have found important to various stakeholders in personal health monitoring, the author constructs an ethical checklist and an ethical matrix. The author carries out a brief conceptual analysis and discusses the implications.Findings – The ethical checklist consists of three types of values: practical values that a technical product in personal health monitoring must have, quality of life values to be promoted by the development and use of the product, and moral values to be respected in this development and use. To give guidance in practice, the values in the checklist must be interpreted and balanced. The ethical matrix consists of the values in the checklist and a number of stakeholders.Originality/value – The overall ambition is to suggest a way of categorizing values that can be useful for stakeholders in personal health monitoring. In order to achieve this, the study takes empirical studies as a starting-point and includes a conceptual analysis. This means that the proposals are founded on practice rather than mere abstract thinking, and this improves its usability.
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| 41. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Pessimism and Optimism in the Debate on Climate Change : A Critical Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics. - : Springer. - 1187-7863 .- 1573-322X. ; 34:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the debate on climate change commentators often express pessimistic or optimistic views. We see this mainly in the media and popular literature, but also in variousacademic felds. The aim of this paper is to investigate diferent kinds of pessimistic and optimistic views put forward in this debate and suggest explanations of thediversity of views. The paper concludes that pessimism and optimism may concern,for example, climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process, mitigation of climate change or specifc measures of mitigation. These aspects are important to distinguish, because a person can be pessimist concerning climate change asan unmitigated or poorly mitigated process and optimist concerning mitigation ofclimate change, and be pessimist concerning one specifc mitigation measure andoptimist concerning another. It is suggested that the diversity of pessimistic andoptimistic views is due to the uncertainty of scientifc climate models and the infuence of evaluative and ideological assumptions.
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| 42. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Prenatal Genetic Counselling : Reflections on Drawing Policy Conclusions from Empirical Findings
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ethical Dilemmas in Prenatal Diagnosis. - Dordrecht : Springer. - 9400713959 ; , s. 109-120
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Technological developments in the life sciences confront us with new facets of a Faustian seduction. Are we „playing God“ more and more, as claimed by critical authors of modernity? Achievements in genetic research produce ethical dilemmas which need to be the subject of reflection and debate in modern societies. Denial of ambivalences that ethical dilemmas arouse constitutes a threat to societies as well as to individuals. The book presents a compilation of some of the results of the interdisciplinary European study “Ethical Dilemmas Due to Prenatal and Genetic Diagnostics” (EDIG), which investigated some of these dilemmas in detail in a field which is particularly challenging: prenatal diagnosis. When results from prenatal diagnosis show fetal abnormalities, women and their partners are confronted with ethical dilemmas regarding: the right to know and the right not to know; decision-making about the remainder of the pregnancy and the desire for a healthy child; responsibility for the unborn child, for its well-being and possible suffering; life and death. This book provides answers from an ethical, psychoanalytical and medical viewpoint.
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| 43. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Prenatal genetic counselling : conceptual and ethical issues
- 2008. - 1
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Ingår i: The Janus Face of Prenatal Diagnostics. - London : Karnac. - 9781855756748 - 1855756749 ; , s. 307-325
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coping with modern technology (genetics, biotechnology etc.) has become a major issue of people living in the 21st century. This technology creates new chances and possibilities but also new dangers and ethical concerns. This book investigates ethical dilemmas connected to these new technologies in a field of prenatal and genetic research that seems particularly challenging: prenatal diagnostics. In the last decades enormous progress has been made in diagnosing genetically based diseases and other serious prenatal abnormalities. Despite intensive world-wide research, several problems have emerged and still wait to be answered. The most prominent aim of the book is to address major ethical dilemmas in the context of genetic and prenatal diagnosis, and by that means help to create greater awareness of and sensitivity to these dilemmas among various segments of the societies.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Privacy by design in personal health monitoring
- 2015
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Ingår i: Health Care Analysis. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1065-3058 .- 1573-3394. ; 23:2, s. 148-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of privacy by design is becoming increasingly popular among regulators of information and communications technologies. This paper aims at analysing and discussing the ethical implications of this concept for personal health monitoring. I assume a privacy theory of restricted access and limited control. On the basis of this theory, I suggest a version of the concept of privacy by design that constitutes a middle road between what I call broad privacy by design and narrow privacy by design. The key feature of this approach is that it attempts to balance automated privacy protection and autonomously chosen privacy protection in a way that is context-sensitive. In personal health monitoring, this approach implies that in some contexts like medication assistance and monitoring of specific health parameters one single automatic option is legitimate, while in some other contexts, for example monitoring in which relatives are receivers of health-relevant information rather than health care professionals, a multi-choice approach stressing autonomy is warranted.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Remote monitoring or close encounters? : On priority-setting in home-based health care
- 2011
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Ingår i: 25th European Conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care 17 – 20 August, 2011. ; , s. 61-62
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last few years, we have seen an avalanche of new technologies for personal health monitoring of patients and elderly people in their homes. A driving force behind this development is the demographic time-bomb, i.e., the substantial demographic shift that is underway in terms of a rapidly growing proportion of elderly in society. Health care decision-makers argue that in order to provide good care to these elderly people it will be increasingly necessary to provide this care at home through personal health monitoring rather than at institutions. This is necessary for reasons of cost and efficiency. Critics maintain, on the other hand, that we must never forget the needs of the patients and the elderly. They may not want a technological invasion of their homes leading to reduced personal contacts with care providers. In this paper, I discuss issues of priority-setting raised by this new development. It appears that four clusters of values are relevant: (1) independence and privacy, (2) health security and safety, (3) social contact with relatives and care providers, and (4) reasonable costs and efficiency. I argue that we should be aware of the variety of preferences of individual care recipients. To some patients and elderly people the independent living made possible by remote monitoring is more important than social contact with care providers, to others social contact is more valuable than independence. We should take the preferences of this latter category seriously. I therefore support an approach that is more sensitive to individual differences than the approach of more generally replacing close encounters by remote monitoring.
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| 48. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
-
Remote monitoring or close encounters? : Ethical considerations in priority setting regarding telecare
- 2014
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Ingår i: Health Care Analysis. - : Springer. - 1065-3058 .- 1573-3394. ; 22:4, s. 325-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proportion of elderly in society is growing rapidly, leading to increasing health care costs. New remote monitoring technologies are expected to lower these costs by reducing the number of close encounters with health care professionals, for example the number of visits to health care centres. In this paper, I discuss issues of priority setting raised by this expectation. As a starting-point, I analyse the recent debate on principles for priority setting in Sweden. The Swedish debate illustrates that developing an approach to priority setting is an ongoing process. On the basis of this analysis, I conclude that several different ethical principles, and specifications of these principles, can be appealed to for giving priority—over close encounters—to a large-scale introduction of remote monitoring technologies in health care services to elderly people, but also that many specifications can be appealed to against giving such priority. I propose that given the different views on principles, it is necessary to develop fair procedures of deliberation on these principles and their application, in particular in order to reach agreement on exactly how much resources should be allocated to remote monitoring and how much to close encounters. I also present a few points to consider in a large-scale introduction of remote monitoring.
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| 49. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Sleep problems: a plurality of determinants and remedies
- 2016
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Ingår i: "Ethics and Social Determinants of Health" 30th European Conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sleep problems are extremely serious from a societal point of view. A substantial portion of the population in many countries suffers from sleep problems. Sleep problems may directly or indirectly cause health problems. They may have harmful consequences in terms of accidents and reduced productivity. The economic costs in society are immense. However, the causal background to sleep problems is often complex. Various determinants contribute and interact. This does not exclude that some determinants are more crucial than others in particular cases. In some cases sleep problems are caused by distinct medical disorders. In other cases they have psychosocial causes related to, for example, personal economic problems or stress at work. A special category of social determinants consists of societal activities that disturb people’s normal sleep rhythms such as shift work. In these cases there is a discrepancy between an individual’s body clock (a biological determinant) and the social clock (a social determinant). Given this plurality of determinants of sleep problems, a plurality of potential remedies emerges. However, what is considered to be a key determinant may vary from one case to another, and this suggests in turn that the key remedy may also vary from one case to another. In my philosophical discussion of these issues I make three proposals. First, I propose an explanatory pluralism. Different explanations are adequate in different contexts given the epistemic interests in those particular contexts. No explanation of sleep problems is the most adequate in every context. Second, I propose a kind of interactionism that recognizes that biological determinants sometimes limit social malleability. The variation in sleep patterns among different cultures and within particular societies indicates the existence of some malleability in how and when we meet our sleep needs, but the existence and function of body clocks indicate that there are certain limits to malleability. Third, I propose that in searching for ethically acceptable remedies for sleep problems we should take this explanatory pluralism and this kind of interactionism seriously.
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| 50. |
- Nordgren, Anders, 1953-
(författare)
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Sluttande plan i genpolitiken?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Naturvetaren. - 0345-8296. ; :11
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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