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- Broman, Daniel, 1974-
(författare)
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Lateralization of human olfaction : cognitive functions and electrophysiology
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis lateralization of olfactory functions was investigated by both behavioral and electrophysiological assessment, the latter with the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) technique. The olfactory sense is primarily ipsilateral in that a stimulus that is presented to one nostril is initially processed in the same hemisphere. This makes it possible to observe differences between stimulated nostrils as an indication of hemispheric difference. Study I explored differences in olfactory cognitive functions with respect to side of rhinal stimulation and demonstrated that familiarity ratings are higher at right- compared to left-nostril stimulation. No differences were found in episodic recognition memory or free identification, possibly reflecting inter-hemispheric interactions in higher cognitive functions. Effects of repetition priming were present in odor identification and tended to be more pronounced when tested via left nostril. Study II further investigated the effect of previous exposure in odor identification by a different experimental set-up, and demonstrated effects of repetition priming when tested via left- but not right-nostril stimulation. This finding indicates the importance of reconsidering possible sequential effects in olfactory research. Study III examined methodological aspects of an OERP protocol with respect to stimulus duration, which was used in Study IV. No differences in amplitudes or latencies where found between the stimulus durations of 150, 200 and 250 ms, suggesting the commonly used duration of 200 ms in a standard protocol. Study IV investigated laterality effects in OERPs with respect to side of stimulation and electrode site. The results showed consistent amplitudes and latencies regardless of rhinal side of stimulation. Larger amplitudes were demonstrated on left hemisphere and midline compared to right hemisphere, possibly explained by smaller N1/P2 amplitudes at the right-hemisphere sites at left-nostril stimulation. Apart from a proposed OERP protocol, the findings support the notions of a right-hemisphere predominance in processes related to olfactory perception and indicate, in accordance with other findings, a left-side advantage in conceptual repetition priming.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Elin M., 1978-
(författare)
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From risk communication to lifestyle modification : interactions of reactions for actions
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aim: From a health psychological perspective, the great need of effective cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and the potential of pictorial presentation of subclinical atherosclerosis as part of risk communication implies two important lines of inquiry which constitute the overall aims of this thesis: 1) To explore and assess psychological intervention response in terms of cognitive and emotional reactions to health risk communication about subclinical atherosclerosis, 2) To assess associations between psychological intervention response and lifestyle modification.Methods: The pragmatic population-based randomized controlled trial VIPVIZA investigates the impact of pictorial information about subclinical atherosclerosis, added to traditional risk factor-based communication. The intervention includes a personalized, colour-coded and age-related risk communication strategy and a motivational conversation, and has been shown to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Study 1 assessed cognitive and emotional reactions to the intervention, and how reactions were associated to lifestyle modification, measured with a lifestyle index based on physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption. To gain deeper understanding of why the intervention is effective, Study 2 qualitatively explored reactions evoked by the intervention as well as attitudes to any implemented lifestyle changes among VIPVIZA participants in the intervention group with improved health status. Study 3 assessed risk perception and efficacy beliefs in the intervention group and the control group after one and three years. Furthermore, this study assessed whether risk perception increased with message severity. Study 4 assessed the impact of the VIPVIZA intervention on participants' risk perception accuracy, and also whether risk perception accuracy after one and three years was associated with sustained lifestyle change.Results: The result letter was easy to understand and the intervention increased understanding of personal CVD risk, the possibility to influence the risk, and how to influence the risk. High level of cognitive response in combination with high level of emotional arousal was found to be most beneficial for lifestyle modification. Informants perceived risk messages to be clear, accurate, reliable and emotionally engaging. Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that an interplay between cognitive and emotional reactions is crucial from early reactions to risk messages, through the decision-making process of behavioural change to maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. The intervention group perceived their cardiovascular disease risk as higher after one year, compared to the control group, with the effect persisting after three years. Within the intervention group, differences in CVD risk perception were found among participants receiving different color-coded risk messages on atherosclerosis status. The intervention had an impact on accuracy of risk perception. Accuracy of risk perception was associated with long-term behaviour change. Underestimating risk was associated with a decrease in health behaviours.Conclusions: As captured by the idiom "A picture says more than a thousand words", the results indicate that pictorial communication of atherosclerosis is easy to understand, enhances comprehension of risk, and evoke a powerful response. In other words: the communication is effective. Furthermore, in line with the idiom "Seeing is believing", which suggests that seeing something first-hand makes it more credible or believable, the results suggest that pictorial communicating on atherosclerosis status increase understanding of CVD risk since being perceived as accurate, reliable and convincing. In other words: pictorial communication is trustworthy and convincing. Future CVD interventions should acknowledge the role of accuracy of risk perception for behaviour change and focus on strengthening efficacy beliefs.
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