| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Distribution and variation of indoor temperatures in apartment blocks with individual metering and billing of space heating costs—on building, apartment, and room level
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 8:5, s. 859-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A good indoor thermal climate is important. To reduce energy demands for space heating, individual metering and billing (IMB) for space heating costs is common, though not yet in Sweden. To obtain a better picture of the thermal climate conditions, the distribution of the measured indoor temperatures was investigated in each apartment in 14 apartment blocks with a total of 419 apartments. All blocks had an IMB system for space heating with a traditional feed-forward control. In the studied buildings, temperatures were measured in each living room and each bedroom, and were registered at 2.1 m over floor level, every 15 min over a period of 12 months. Seasonal mean temperatures, standard deviations, skewness, and kurtosis are presented for apartment blocks. For one, with 75 apartments, these values are monthly, and for January and April, the temperature range for each apartment is presented in boxplots. It can be concluded that there are variations in temperature between different apartments: both variations in temperature levels and in temperature ranges. The overall conclusions are that differences in indoor temperature are achievable for different apartments in an apartment block with a certain set point temperature and that the temperatures are not dependent on an apartment’s location in the building. Both the building owner’s goal to keep a certain average temperature for energy saving reasons, and the tenants’ goals, possibility to vary the indoor temperature at individual apartment level, seems to be possible to reach. The measured temperatures are close to being normally distributed, though they have a mild negative skewness and a mild kurtosis during heating periods. The results support that indoor temperatures can be modeled as normally distributed in energy simulations of buildings. Further, it can be seen that temperature variations follow the seasons. The temperatures on individual apartment level show that there is a tendency for warm apartments to be warm all the year round and vice versa. There are also daily variations, with a magnitude of 0.3–0.4 °C and with 0.1–0.3 °C difference between weekdays and weekends. Every single indoor temperature measurement for a whole year covering all seasons as a function of outdoor temperature is presented in iso-plots. Temperature levels are mainly within the limits of standards for thermal comfort, thus showing that a thermal satisfying indoor climate is met in these apartment blocks with IMB. It also seems that it was possible to achieve the desired temperatures irrespective of the apartment’s location.
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| 4. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of a feedback control method for hydronic heating systems based on indoor temperature measurements
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7788. ; 166, s. 23-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor temperatures in apartment blocks are often indirectly controlled by the outdoor temperature using a feedforward control loop, in which the radiator supply temperature is a function of the outdoor temperature. However, this control principle cannot take into account heat gains or losses caused by tenants, electrical appliances, the sun, air leakage, etc., which may result in uneven indoor temperatures, overheating, airing and increased energy use. This can be partly addressed by using thermostatic valves on each radiator. A municipal housing company in Sweden that uses individual metering and billing (IBM) of space heating costs based on measurements of indoor temperatures in all rooms of each apartment has been studied. This article presents and evaluates a project in which these measurements were used for feedback control. The aim of the study was to evaluate the principle which is based on using the actual indoor temperatures. An existing feedforward control of the heating system with thermostatic valves was enhanced by a correction of the supply temperature. The magnitude of the correction was proportional to the difference between the actual mean indoor temperature of the apartments and the set-point temperature. The enhanced control resulted in more constant indoor temperatures, i.e. they were less dependent on the outdoor temperature. The results support the conclusion that the evaluated method would be promising to apply in multi-family buildings. The introduction of the enhanced control method provided valuable experience and awareness of influencing factors if it were to be implemented on a larger scale.
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| 5. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Variations in indoor temperature in residential apartments of different size and building category
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 : 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden. - 9789188722539 ; , s. 830-837
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a case study, comprising 1177 residential apartments with 3248 rooms, temperature registrations every 15th minute in all living-rooms and bedrooms, during one year, in the system for individual metering and billing of space heating costs, were analyzed. The apartments were divided into two categories, apartment blocks from 1960th and row houses from about 1990. Apartments mean temperatures and standard deviations as a function of apartment size and category was compared. Corresponding was done on room level divided on apartment size for the two building categories. Finally, temperatures in bedrooms were compared to those in living-rooms for two objects from each category; presented in duration charts based on all single 15th minute values. The same pattern between different apartment sizes is kept for all month, though with a seasonal variation. The livingrooms are in mean warmer than bedrooms. The larger the apartments are the larger are the differences. The results provide a more nuanced picture of the temperature conditions in homes beneficial for better input data for building energy simulations.
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| 6. |
- Dahlblom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Vertical temperature gradients in apartments with hydronic radiator heating
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 575-585
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vertical temperature stratification normally exists in rooms during the heat-ing season in cold climates. An expression of the gradient in apartments heated by hydronic radiator heating systems with exhaust ventilation has ear-lier been developed assuming a dependency of the outdoor temperature. The expression was used by a public real estate owner when re-calculating meas-ured indoor temperature at 2.1 m above floor to 1.2 m above floor represent-ing the occupancy zone and used for individual metering and billing of space heating cost. To validate the suggested expression temperature measurements have been made at four heights in living rooms in apartments built in the 70’s. The heights includes 0.0, 0.1, 1.1 and 1.7 m above floor. The theoreti-cal expression has been compared to the full-scale measurements and in general the expression overestimates the vertical temperature gradient. The measured gradients are generally very low. The thermal comfort in the aspect of vertical temperature gradient is good for the studied period.
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| 7. |
- Ejlertsson, Ann-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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PERFORMANCE OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN A DAY-CARE CENTRE
- 2013
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The performance of four ventilation systems placed in the same building and equipped with plate heat exchangers were examined during spring of 2012. In addition to temperature measurements supply and exhaust air flows measurements were performed. The result shows, that the measured supply and exhaust air flows differ from the design values. Furthermore, the efficiencies of the ventilation units differ from the estimated. Although, the units are placed in the same building and subject to similar conditions, their performance is not comparable when the amount of measurements, when the damper is open or closed and when the reheater is turned on or off amongst the different ventilation units, is taken into account.
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| 8. |
- Fransson, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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Window-opening and indoor climate in new multifamily-dwellings : A questionnaire survey
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 : 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden : Full Papers - 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden : Full Papers. - 0349-4950. - 9789188722539 ; :3061, s. 908-915
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The apartment-block of Flagghusen in Malmö in the south of Sweden was built and designed with the intention to achieve a lower energy use compare to the regulations and a good indoor environment. The outcome of this ambition was evaluated in a first report in 2010 that showed that the overall notion of the perceived indoor climate in the apartments were good but that the measured energy use exceeded the estimated values. It was revealed that the residents air their apartments frequently and for extended periods of time, which was in congruence with the previously made nationwide questionnaire survey BETSI. This observation in combination with the exceeded energy use resulted in the wish for a more comprehensive questionnaire study with in-depth questions concerning the window-opening behavior. A second questionnaire study took place in the heating season of 2012. This study aims at showing the magnitude and frequency of the window opening and to delve in the reasons why residents air their apartments with this second study as basis.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Hansson, Annika, et al.
(författare)
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Uppföljning Flagghusen : energi och inneklimat - Slutrapport
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energianvändningen på området är högre än beräknat. Både värme och el överstiger de beräkningar som gjordes inom Det goda samtalet. Samtliga fastigheter har haft skador eller brister som kan härledas till byggtiden vilket ökat energianvändningen. Merparten av byggnaderna har också högre uppmätt innetemperatur än ansatt under Det goda samtalet. En del byggnader har förbättrat klimatskalet relativt beräkningarna. Byggnader mäter generellt också energianvändare som inte ingått i Det goda samtalet men vilka inte kunnat urskiljas i statistiken varför jämförelsen i dessa fall inte är helt korrekt. Inomhusklimatet upplevs generellt bra. Det upplevs som bättre respektive i nivå med ett riksgenomsnitt. Samtliga delar: det termiska klimatet, det hygieniska klimatet, ljud och ljusmiljön upplevs generellt tillfredsställande. De faktorer som några, ca 1/3, upplever som besvärande är att det kan bli för varmt på sommaren, att luften upplevs torr, att ljud kan vara besvärande från ventilationen, grannlägenheter, trapphus, hissar samt utifrån. Att det kan bli för mycket direkt solljus i lägenheten på sommaren är ytterligare en faktor som upplevs besvärande. Vädring och drag, vilket påvisats vara frekvent, kan bidra till att energianvändningen är högre än det beräknade behovet.
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| 12. |
- Hilliaho, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Energy saving and indoor climate effects of an added glazed facade to a brick wall building : Case study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-7102. ; 7, s. 246-262
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study is focused on the energy saving and indoor climate analysis of the renovation of a 1930's brick-walled building in the moderately cold climatic conditions of Malmö in southern Sweden. Three facades of the building were glassed in and the ventilation system was renewed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect the added glazing would have on the building's energy demand and indoor climate. Measurements were taken on site and were used as the input for computational studies performed with the help of IDA Indoor Climate and Energy software (IDA-ICE). The study showed that the heating energy demand was reduced after the glazing installation by between 5.6% and 25.3%. In addition, the mean annual temperature difference between the cavity space and the outside air was from 5.2 °C to 11.4 °C higher, depending on the design. A number of different design options were explored for the winter and also summer case-studies, as it was apparent that adding glazing decreased the level of comfort in the building's indoor environment in summer time. This problem could be solved by increasing the cavity air flow or adding new solar shading to the front or back of the glazing.
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| 13. |
- Johansson, Birgitta, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Placebo-controlled cross-over study of the monoaminergic stabiliser (-)-OSU6162 in mental fatigue following stroke or traumatic brain injury
- 2012
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Ingår i: Acta Neuropsychiatrica. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0924-2708 .- 1601-5215. ; 24:5, s. 266-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Mental fatigue occurring after a stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in difficulties returning to work and pursuing social activities. No effective treatment of this condition is available today. In this study, we have tested a novel pharmacological strategy using the monoaminergic stabiliser (-)-OSU6162. Methods (-)-OSU6162 was given orally for 4 weeks in doses increasing from 15 to 45 mg b.i.d. to 12 patients suffering from mental fatigue, following upon stroke (n?=?6) or TBI (n?=?6). (-)-OSU6162 was compared with placebo using a double-blind, randomised cross-over design. Patients included were well rehabilitated physically with no gross impairment in cognitive functions other than those related to the mental fatigue. Results (-)-OSU6162 caused a remarkable improvement in mental stamina, as evaluated by a self-assessment scale on mental fatigue. Statistical significance was reached on the primary endpoint (Mental Fatigue Scale). There was a trend towards improvement in the secondary endpoints processing speed and attention. Principal component analysis showed an overall positive treatment effect in 7 of 12 patients. Beneficial responses were seen already during the first few days of active drug treatment. Increasing dosage caused no further improvement. Adverse reactions consisted of short-lasting mild nausea and attenuated appetite. These side effects disappeared upon dose reduction. Conclusion The monoaminergic stabiliser (-)-OSU6162 offers promise as a candidate for treatment of mental fatigue after a stroke or TBI.
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| 14. |
- Mattsson, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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A quantitative and qualitative literature review of water damage in buildings occurring in building service systems, appliances and wet rooms
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Ingår i: Indoor and Built Environment. - 1420-326X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water damage affects both residents and buildings. Issues include moisture, climate impact and repair costs that amount to immense resources. Because of these, immense resources research is important to undertake to reduce and limit the extent and effects of water damage. This study aimed to compile and review the literature on water damage in buildings. Literature distribution, the status, consequences, effects, and strategies and methods for prevention of water damage were assessed by compiling and reviewing literature using quantitative and qualitative methods. Two scientific databases were searched to identify the relevant literature. Key findings of this study are that research conducted on water damage is embedded in the study of building defects and building pathology, and more specific research on water damage is needed depending on different rooms and buildings, the effect of moisture and sustainability. Informed and guided decisions, management and organizational structures have been internationally suggested as a part of the solution to reducing the amount and effect of defects and could have the possibility to reduce the amount and effect of water damage. However, there is a gap in research on water damage consequences, occurrence and costs in Nordic conditions.
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| 15. |
- Mattsson, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Cost performance analysis of water damages for sustainable prevention measures
- 2022
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Ingår i: Indoor Air 2022. ; 17th
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water damage in homes and buildings can cause moisture problems such as mold growth and negative health effects for residents. The water damage from building services not only affects the indoor environment but leads to costs for society both in Sweden and other countries. This paper aims to make a cost analysis to attain an estimate of the cost of water damages to society. The analysis is based on insurance reimbursements, deductibles, depreciation, and age reduction costs for water damages in both residential and non-residential buildings. The results showed that the estimated cost in Sweden amounts to 955 M€ annually. The economic impact that originates from water damages is shown to be immense meaning, there is economic potential for sustainable prevention measures to reduce the amount and cost of water damages.
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| 16. |
- Mattsson, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Examination of Water Damage Statistics in the Nordic Countries to Identify and Suggest Preventive Cost-effective and Sustainable Measures during the Maintenance and Operation Phase
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water damage in the indoor environment is a rising issue within Nordic countries with about 90 000 cases in appx. 6.5 millioninsurance is reported annually in Sweden, and corresponding numbers are in Denmark and Norway. The question thenbecomes what type of measures residents, building managers, and insurance companies can take in the maintenance andoperation phase to decrease the impact of the water damage. Another question is how the effects, cost, and extent of the waterdamage are affected if the measures were executed in this phase as preventive measures. This was done by selecting actionsand measures that could reduce the impact and cost of water damage, examining the action and measures, and finally analyzingthe payback time of the investment of the actions and measures. The study shows average payback times for the actions andmeasures studied, for passive investments between 10 months and 8 years, and longer for investments that actively shutting offthe water in case of a leakage, between 18 years and 30 years on average. The study demonstrates the potential benefit ofimplementing cost-effective measures, such as waterproof underlays beneath the fridge and the dishwasher. This suggests thatintroducing effective measures in the maintenance and operation phase will reduce the effect of water damage and also reducethe effect of water damage in a large portion of the existing buildings and therefore also reduce the immense amount ofresources annually spent on water damage (approximately 1 billion USD each year in Sweden).
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| 17. |
- Mattsson, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Similarities, differences, and tendencies of water damage in the Nordic countries
- 2023
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This extended abstract compiles statistics and information regarding the process of gathering water damage statistics. A questionnaire wasused to determine similarities, differences, and tendencies in the water damage statistics, in the Nordic countries Sweden, Norway, Denmark,Finland and Iceland. The study aimed to answer what lessons were learned and what knowledge could be shared between the Nordiccountries to reduce water damage. Several suggestions and tendencies between the counties are introduced and what obstacles are hinderinga deepened cooperation, based on the answers from the statistic-gathering companies acting in the five countries, such as insurance- andindustry organizations. A first step should be to increase the number of buildings included in the statistics, such as multi-family and public.
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| 18. |
- Mattsson, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Water damages in HVAC, tap water and sewage systems in cold climates
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC & Energy 2021. - : EDP Sciences. - 2555-0403. ; 246
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water damages in buildings in the Nordic countries results in costs amounting to several billion Euros each year as well as a great deal of unpleasantness. The vast majority of the water damages cost in Sweden is caused by leaks from buildings services in the form of piping such as tap water, sewage, drainage and heating, as well as through insufficiently waterproof layers in wet rooms. The economic potential for making measures to prevent water damages on building services and wet rooms is enormous and savings could be used for other sustainability measures in the built environment. The aim of this paper is to review statistics of damages caused in cold outdoor climates. This is done by an analyse of empirical damage statistics by a literature review of both scientific literature and in retrievable cases from practical experience. The result will be a help to focus on the right damage types in colder climate and will make a foundation for future research on how to prevent water damages. The cold climate in the Nordic countries seems to be a factor for the number of water damages due to freezing that are described in the statistics and it could be established that the impact of the climate should be considered and that it need to be constructed and designed for in a larger extent.
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| 19. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
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17 sunda hus : goda exempel, daghem och skolor
- 1996
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna skrift redovisar sjutton exempel på sunda hus - nio daghem och åtta skolor där brukarna upplever ett tillfredsställande inomhusklimat. Samtliga byggnader har nyligen uppförts eller byggts om. Skriften innehåller dokumentation av hur man gått till väga vid arbetet - målsättning, planeringsprocessen, byggnadstekniska fakta, energianvändning och städvanor samt utvärdering av enkäter och mätningar. En studie av goda exempel 5 / Bellevue förskola 13 / Om resultaten 7 / Erlandsdals daghem 19 / Vad anser brukarna? 9 / Daghemmet Framtiden 27 / Slutsatser 11 / Daghemmet Glasmästaren 32 / Klasmossens förskola 37 / Parkgårdens daghem 44 / Reveljens daghem 49 / Ryttargårdens daghem 55 / Toftängens förskola 60 / Centralskolan 66 / Lilleby Bycentrum 71 / Navets skola 76 / Norrbyskolan 82 / Tygelsjöskolan 88 / Åbymoskolan 94 / Örskolan 99 / Östra Eneby Kyrkskola 105. Innehåller en presentation av Toftängens förskola i Malmö (s 60-65) samt av Tygelsjöskolan (s 88-93).
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| 20. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
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Air flows in a school with fan-assisted natural ventilation, with the focus on the opening of the exhaust windows
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Indoor Air 2008. ; Paper ID 541
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In schools the air flow is one of the most important factors with regard to the well-being and performance of the children. Some school buildings have a fan assisted natural ventilation system. In some buildings windows are the only exhaust air component. The teachers can be requested to take an active part in the control of these ventilation systems. The objective is to examine the air flows and air directions when the exhaust windows are in different positions. This is studied by computer calculations with the program PFS. The results show that when all openings are opened as intended the required air flows are attained. When exhaust openings are opened in an unintended position, cases with very low or reverse air flow may occur. The position of the exhaust openings seems to be significant for the amount of supply air flow, implying that the position of the exhaust openings should be carefully monitored.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of fan-assisted natural ventilation in schools
- 2005
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Ingår i: Indoor Air 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vols 1-5. ; , s. 1284-1288
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last decade, a new design of schools with fan assisted natural ventilation has been introduced. Experience and knowledge of this type of ventilation system is therefore needed. The objective of the project is to study the technical and physical conditions required to ensure satisfactory ventilation. The whole project includes analyses of the air flows for different combinations of outdoor climates. In this paper the performance of the ventilation system in combination with the building is studied by computer calculations with the program PFS and full-scale measurements in school buildings. A model is built and can be used in the design phase when orders of magnitude are of interest. The significance of different design features can be studied making it possible to change or alter the final design. The breaking point when an auxiliary fan is needed in terms of air flow rate can be determined with the model. Comparison with measured air flows shows that the model gives results which are valid.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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ENERGY SAVING BY ADDING A GLASS-FAÇADE TO A BRICK BUILDING
- 2013
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When exploring possible energy saving measures for existing buildings different technical solutions should be investigated. In Malmö, Sweden, a 1930s hospital in a park setting has been refurbished with a general sustainability goal. For one of the buildings a glass-façade has been added to an existing 80-year old brick building. Measurements of relevant temperatures have been made including measurement of the temperature in the cavity, which is about 600 mm wide, between the glass-façade and the brick wall. The measurement period covers outdoor temperatures between -4°C and +18 °C. It can be concluded that the temperature in the air space between the glass and the brick wall is increased compared to the outdoor air temperature, this increase is between +5-20°C during 90% of the time. This means that this solution will reduce the building’s energy needs in several ways as both the transmission losses and the need for heating the ventilation air will be reduced. The energy saving in terms of kWh is also examined.
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| 25. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
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Fördjupad uppföljning av Flagghusen : Studie av inneklimat, ventilationssystem och vädringsbeteende
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In new built apartments buildings with modern mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation, window opening was reported by a majority of the residents. A follow‐up study of the physical indoor environment and the perceived environment by the residents was therefore performed. The follow‐up study is included in a project which also comprises of a follow‐up of the energy use and factors related to this. The final report for the whole project “Fördjupad energiuppföljning Flagghusen, rapport version 0.2” present both the energy related study and the indoor study. The indoor study is also separately presented in this report.The aim of the indoor study was to examine the experience of the residents with a questionnaire survey including both the general indoor climate and their opening behaviour. One aim was also to perform more comprehensive examinations of the physical indoor climate and the performance of the ventilation system in some apartments in which window opening was reported for longer time periods.The results show that the indoor climate is in general perceived as good. A majority of the respondents still report opening the windows frequently and for longer time periods. 55% open daily/almost every day. 55% report they open for several hours or during the whole day/night. The reasons for opening the windows includes; experience of stale bad air, bad air quality, too hot, other ventilation is insufficient and habit, opening the windows as a routine.It is concluded that a majority of the respondents open the windows relatively extensive. Both the thermal climate and the air quality are reported as causes for experiencing a need of opening.Measurements of the physical indoor climate was performed in apartments where opening of the windows were reported. The operative temperature during winter conditions was between 21,5‐25,1ºC in the apartments. At 1,1 m above the floor the operative temperature was above 23ºC in all apartments but one. In five of ten apartments the temperature was exceeding 24ºC, a guideline value for homes. The ventilation supply air flow via the ventilations system were below the building regulation in five of eight apartments. In five of seven apartments the design air flow 4 l/s person was not fulfilled for the number of people staying in the master bed room during the night. A limited number of apartments were examined. However several factors were identified to cause the reduced air flows including experience of noise from the ventilations unit located in the apartment, limited knowledge among the residents about the function of the ventilations system and wrongly balanced air supply rates. The design of the systems, aiming at allowing a reduction of the air supply when people are not present, have also influenced the outcome. The interaction between the residents and the technical systems were identified as an important factor for the resulting indoor climate.Factors, which may reduce the thermal comfort and the air quality, were identified in all the three areas affecting the indoor climate; the design of the technical systems, the building envelope and the actions of the occupants.The findings in the project supports the importance of addressing the following factors in the design and operating stageFor the engineers* Ensure that the ventilation system do not cause disturbing noise in the apartment.* Ensure that a satisfying thermal climate can be achieved during both winter and summer time. This includes balancing of the heating and ventilation systems and sufficient solar shading.* Ensure that clear and understandable instructions exist on how the ventilation systems should be controlled, especially if the ventilations units are located inside the apartment.* Ensure that the supply air flow is sufficient for the number of people that may be present in the bed room. If children or infants are sleeping in the room these should also be included in the design values.For the residents* If too high temperatures are experienced during the heating season; reduce the heat emittance from the radiators first, before the windows are opened.* Use the solar shading that exist.
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| 26. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
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Goda exempel på sunda hus, daghem och skolor
- 1995
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport redovisas nio daghem och åtta skolor i vilka brukarna upplever ett tillfredsställande inneklimat. Både ny- och ombyggda objekt behandlas. Varje objekt redovisas med syfte, organisation av byggprocessen, bakgrundsfakta om byggnaden, produktions- och driftskostnader, tekniska fakta om konstruktion, material, värme och ventilation, energianvändning, städvanor samt utvärdering av enkäter och mätningar.
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| 27. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
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Heating and Cooling of the Supply air in Fan-assisted Natural Ventilation
- 2009
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Ingår i: AIVC, Proceedings of the 30th AIVC Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In schools the temperature of the indoor air is one of the most important factors in terms of the indoor climate. The resulting indoor air temperature is depending on many factors; the temperature of the supply air being one of the more significant one. One fan-assisted natural ventilation system includes a supply air system where the outdoor air should be passively heated respectively cooled when passing components in the ground before it is supplied to the classrooms. The objective is to examine the ability of the supply system to transfer heat to/from the outdoor air. This has been studied by measurements of the air temperature at several measurement points in a real school building. The results show that the supply air system has an ability to heat respectively cool the outdoor air. The heat transfer results in a supply air temperature within a rather narrow interval, regardless of outdoor air temperature. The consequence of cooling hot humid air leads to high relative humidity which means that a risk for mould growth may occur which should be avoided. This must be observed and handled if designing this form of system.
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| 28. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Insufficient air supply rates in new build apartments with energy efficient ventilation : Including aspects of human perception and behaviour
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A well-functioning ventilation system is significant in achieving a healthy indoor environment. The air supply rate is one of the important factors in reducing the pollutant levels indoors. A study of the indoor environment has been made in new built apartments with modern energy-efficient mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems. Several parameters have been measured including the air supply rates, and the performance of the ventilation system. Interviews with the residents have also been made. This paper focuses on the air supply rates with the objective of examining these. The results show that the air supply rates are not fulfilling the building regulations in several apartments. Several reasons for the insufficient air supply rates have been identified; not only has the performance of the ventilation system itself but also the resident/user interaction with the ventilation system negatively impacted on the air supply rates. The experience of the residents including perception of noise has also lead to reduced air supply rates. The results illustrate the importance of including the interaction of the residents. Suggestions are made on factors important to address and observe both when designing the ventilation system and during operation if a satisfactory indoor environment is to be achieved.
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| 29. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
-
Peoples experience of the indoor climate in wind exposed apartments
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apartment buildings have been built in a wind exposed area situated close to the seaside in Malmö, Sweden. Several goals when building these apartments have been articulated, for example low energy usage, validation of the leakage factor and a satisfying indoor environment. The purpose of this study is to examine how the people living in the apartments experience the indoor climate. Their experience has been studied by a questionnaire. 201 persons have responded to the questionnaire. The overall result in terms of indoor climate and health experience shows a sufficient experience of the indoor climate. One interesting finding is that a factor related to the air-tightness; the experience of draught stands out. The apartments have also been divided into sub-groups and one finding has been that the people in the apartments exposed to wind, the outer layer of the city block, experience a doubled amount of draught compared to the people living inside the city block and sheltered from wind. The results may also be interpretated as that if a building is planned to be built in wind exposed surroundings this issue should be addressed and that a tight building is important to build, also for indoor climate reasons.
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| 30. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceived and measured indoor climate in new-family buildings including identifying technical deficiencies
- 2014
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Ingår i: NSB 2014 : 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden : Full Papers - 10th Nordic Symposium on Building Physics,15-19 June 2014 Lund, Sweden : Full Papers. - 0349-4950. - 9789188722539 ; :3061, s. 846-853
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- When new buildings are constructed the indoor climate for the first period may differ from the one after some years due to various factors, for example may the emissions from the building materials be higher, possibly affecting the air quality, and the balancing of the technical systems; the mechanical supply and exhaust system and heating may not be completely finished. The perceived indoor climate in new-multi family buildings, with the aim of low-energy use and good indoor climate, has been examined by questionnaires when the buildings were new. In this follow-up study the same questionnaire has been performed after some years. Measurements of the indoor climate and the performance of the technical systems have also been made in some apartments. The objectives are to compare the resident’s experience of indoor climate after some years of occupancy with when the buildings were new and to examine indoor climate and aspects influencing this after some years of occupancy. One objective being studied is the window opening in the apartments and factors related to this. No large difference in experience is seen after some years. A majority of the respondents open their windows during the heating season for rather long time periods and daily or almost every day. It was found that the resulting indoor climate is a complex interaction between the technical systems, the design of the building envelope and the behavior of the occupant. Several deficiencies in all this three areas have been identified and suggestions on possible improvements are included.
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| 31. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Sammanfattande resultat av projekt kring Inglasning som ny klimatskärm
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I detta delprojekt har följande genomförts:• Beräkning av effekterna av solinstrålning och förvärmning av luften vid inglasning av befintliga byggnader• Beräkning av energibesparing vid inglasning• Beräkning av termisk komfort och studie av effektiva passiva kylåtgärder• Framtagande av datorverktyg (modeller och moduler för energiberäkningsprogram, Glazing-LTH) för att bättre kunna uppskatta effekterna av solinstrålning och förvärmning av luften vid inglasning• Mätning och analys för att kunna beskriva klimatet i luftspalter mellan en tung vägg (tegelvägg med kanalmur) och en inglasning• Mätning under drygt 2,5 år i en fullskalebyggnad• Möjligheter och risker att beakta vid renovering med inglasning har kunnat identifieras utifrån resultatenEnergibesparingen på studerat fall är i storleksordningen 9-38% beroende på vilka olika energieffektiveringsåtgärder; inglasning, FTX-system, förvärmning av ventilationsluft via inglasning, som kombineras. För den studerade byggnadens utformning är energibesparingen för uppvärmningen i storleksordningen 30%. Årsmedeltemperaturhöjningen i luftutrymmet jämfört med utomhustemperaturen varierar mellan 5,2-11,4ºC beroende på exakt utformning. Mätningar av den operativa temperaturen sommartid visar att den termiska komforten är tillfredsställande inomhus. Resultaten visar även att passiva kylåtgärder bör projekteras om inte högre inomhustemperaturer jämfört med före renovering ska uppstå för sommarförhållanden. Effektiva passiva åtgärder vilka inte kräver aktiv kylenergi-tillförsel i driftsskedet har kunnat identifieras. Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten (projektnummer 37582-1).
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| 32. |
- Nordquist, Birgitta
(författare)
-
Ventilation and window opening in schools, Experiments and Analysis
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this thesis is to study the application of ventilation in schools buildings. A number of studies of the application of different forms of ventilation are presented. The main part of the thesis focuses on window opening in a classroom. Analytical models for calculation of the air change caused by window airing are proposed. The models are intended to be a tool for designers and occupants which they can use when they want to know how long a window should be open and how many windows should be opened. Tracer gas experiments have been performed both in a small test room and in classrooms. The specific conditions concerning airing require a special calculation method to determine the air change obtained during the tracer gas measurements. New methods for dealing with this have been proposed. The analytical models have been compared with the measurements. The results show that agreement is quite good and that the models can be used when rough estimates are of interest. The effect window airing has on a mechanical supply and exhaust system has been investigated by calculations with the computer program PFS. It is only when wind velocities are high that airing disturbs the flows in the system. The thesis include two studies concerning mechanical ventilation. A duct system with no means of balancing has been studied by calculation with the program PFS. A number of classrooms are assumed to be located next to each other. It is assumed that the flows to each room are equal and that the branch ducts to each room are equally spaced. The results show that a supply duct system may be designed without balancing. An exhaust duct system however requires balancing if the flows exhausted from the classrooms are to be of the same magnitude. Heat recovery in a ventilation system has also been studied by calculations. The energy need and the total costs including the whole service life have been calculated. It was found that heat recovery pays off even for a rather limited operating time. A sensitivity analysis has shown what factors are of significance when a heat exchanger is designed.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Omelekhina, Yuliya, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of energy renovation and occupants' activities on airborne particle concentrations in Swedish rental apartments
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 806
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to airborne particles causes detrimental health effects, hence their assessment in indoor environments, where people spend most of the time, is important. The influence of energy renovation and occupants' activities on airborne particle concentrations was assessed in seven occupied Swedish residences. Ultrafine particle (UFP, <100 nm) number concentrations, PM2.5 (<2.5 μm) and black carbon (BC, <900 nm) mass concentrations were simultaneously measured inside and outside before, after renovation, and during follow-up. The average indoor UFP number concentrations increased from 6200 (±4070) cm-3 before renovation to 12,700 (±6040) cm-3 during the follow up, as the number of indoor activities doubled. Indoor UFP number concentrations depended mainly on frequency and type of occupants' activities in studied residences (e.g., cooking, candle burning). The average indoor PM2.5 concentration decreased from 8.6 (±5.8) μg m-3 before renovation to 2.5 (±1.3) μg m-3 during follow up, as the activities that generated PM2.5 decreased, and infiltration of outdoor particles could have been decreased due to renovation measures. However, the indication of infiltration decrease during the follow up, assessed on the basis of indoor to outdoor ratios during non-activity times (with no influence of occupants' activities), was not observed after the renovation and should be treated with caution. In this study indoor PM2.5 and BC were influenced by activities and outdoor concentrations. Reduction of exposure to indoor UFP, might be obtained by optimization of kitchen exhaust flows. An improved design of supply air inlets in mechanical exhaust ventilation systems may reduce PM2.5 infiltration. Occupants' logbook records, needed for identification of sources contributing to particle exposure, proved useful but not always accurate compared to technical measurements of activities and UFP concentrations. Development of simple and reliable activity detection systems is needed to complement logbooks and allow accurate assessment of source contribution to particle exposure in homes and associated health effects.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Omelekhina, Yuliya, et al.
(författare)
-
Indoor-to-outdoor ratios of ultrafine particles in Swedish residences
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A number of health effects have been linked to exposure to airborne particles, however the consequences of exposure to ultrafine particles is largely unknown. Ultrafine particles can be emitted from different indoor activities or be of the outdoor origin. This is further complicated by the fact that we are spending majority of the time indoors. The aim of this work was to assess the influence of renovations on indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios of ultrafine particles (UFP) in 6 occupied Swedish residences. Simultaneous indoor and outdoor measurements were performed in 6 residences for seven consecutive days in urban area in southern Sweden. The apartments were mechanically ventilated and had volumes between 115-218 m3. The renovation activities included adjusting air exchange rates (AER) to meet Swedish standards (0.5 AER h-1) and installation of the new kitchen extraction fans. NanoTracers (Oxility Aerasense) were used to measure particle number concentrations and mean particle diameters (10 - 300 nm). Based on the averages of particle number concentrations (PNC) during occupancy period, indoor-to-outdoor ratios (I/O) were calculated for each home. AER have been increased in the apartments during renovations to 0.4-0.7 h-1 in comparison to values before the renovation 0.2-0.4 h-1. After renovation I/O ratios of PNC during occupancy periods varied between 0.2-3.8 and were lower in comparison to the values before renovations 1.0-11.9. This could indicate increased efficiency of particles removal after renovation but also can be influenced by lower amount of performed activities by occupants, which were 2-3 times lower after in comparison to before. Results have shown the positive changes of the renovation processes on AER and particle removal. Nevertheless, the frequency and type of indoor activities performed by residents at home influence the indoor concentrations. The Swedish Research Council FORMAS and the Swedish Energy Agency financed the project.
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| 37. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenges in transdisciplinary research : Example from a study on people as part of energy and ventilation systems in residential buildings (PEIRE)
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 802-812
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. Thereis a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the ocupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Pedersen, Eja, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenges in Transdisciplinary Research—Example from a Study on People as Part of Energy and Ventilation Systems in Residential Buildings (PEIRE)
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 803-812
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy efficiency measures in residential buildings typically include changes in ventilation and heating systems, and increased thermal insulation of the building envelope. The expected energy efficiency is not always reached, despite large knowledge and professional implementation of each separate measure. There is a lack in understanding of how technical systems interact, and how the occupants are influenced by and in turn influence the systems by their behaviour. A holistic view and a transdisciplinary research approach are needed to understand relevant interactions and propose integrated energy efficiency measures. The aim of this paper is to reveal challenges in transdisciplinary research projects that include real world studies on both humans and technical systems with measurements before and after renovation of multifamily housing. It is based on experiences from the PEIRE-project (People, Environment, Indoor, Renovation, Energy) carried out by a research team with expertise on environmental psychology, human behaviour, interaction design, universal design, building physics, building services, thermal comfort, aerosol technology, exposure assessment, acoustics, daylight, and complex thinking. Differences in theoretical bases and methodology needed to be dealt with. Metatheory building could help with the transition from a multi- to a transdisciplinary understanding.
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| 40. |
- Siggelsten, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the Accuracy of Individual Heat Metering and Charging.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Open House International. - : Open House International Association. - 0168-2601. ; 39:2, s. 69-77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Individual metering and charging (IMC) allows energy costs to be apportioned among tenants in multi-apartment buildings based on their own energy use. This can result in reduced energy use due to an increased saving behaviour by tenants, which has caught the attention of the European Parliament. In the EU-directive 2012/27/EU there is a requirement for IMC to be installed by December 31, 2016 in multi-apartment buildings. Two techniques are mentioned in the directive for IMC: individual consumption meters and individual heat cost allocators. Either of these two techniques can be used as a method to measure the supplied energy to an apartment. Another method, not mentioned in the EU-directive, is temperature metering which means that the heating cost is instead based on measurements of the actual temperatures through sensors in certain locations in the apartment. However, some shortcomings have been identified with the aforementioned methods. The purpose of this study is to investigate how internal heat production, solar radiation, an apartment's location within the building and local defects in the building envelope affect the accuracy of IMC. The Energy demands of three apartments in different locations within the building have been simulated in the computer program VIP-Energy. The results of energy calculations prove that the accuracy of IMC is highly questionable in some of the investigated cases. The implication of the study is that it is difficult to measure the actual heat used for an individual apartment, which obstructs accurate and fair apportioning of heating costs among individual tenants.
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| 41. |
- Simanic, Branko, et al.
(författare)
-
Indoor air temperatures, CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates : Long-term measurements in newly built low-energy schools in Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-7102. ; 25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within a period of ten years a large number of schools need to be built in Sweden and these new schools need to be nearly zero energy buildings. School classrooms are required to provide healthy learning environments to help children perceive and process information. This means that classrooms must provide adequate levels of indoor air quality and thermal comfort. This article investigates CO2 concentration levels and indoor air temperatures in several recently built, low-energy schools in Sweden, and compares them with design criteria stipulated in specific international standards and Swedish regulations to provide feedback to the building construction industry. Field measurements of CO2 concentrations, indoor air temperatures and ventilation rates in seven low-energy schools, with a total of 145 classrooms, taken during several months spanning both summer and winter periods, are analysed in this article. All the schools in the study have mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation systems with demand control devices in the classrooms. The study shows that all the classrooms, in general, comply with the design criteria regarding indoor air temperatures and CO2 concentrations in EN15251, ASHRAE 62.1 and the Swedish national regulations and recommendations. Median values of indoor air temperatures were between 19 and 23.5 °C in all classrooms during school hours. The 90-percentile levels of CO2 concentrations were below 1000 ppm in 60 of 61 classrooms in which these measurements could take place. It is concluded that during this long-term measurements in the studied seven low-energy schools, modern HVAC systems with demand control and heat recovery, in general, provided satisfactory indoor climates in terms of CO2 levels and indoor air temperatures.
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| 42. |
- Simanic, Branko, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of user-related parameters on calculated energy use in low-energy school buildings
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 13:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature and experience show that there are large discrepancies between the calculated and measured building energy usages, where user-related parameters are significant factors with regard to energy use in low-energy buildings. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered when quantifying these parameters compound these discrepancies. The main aim of this study was to provide feedback that would help the building industry and research communities to predict more accurately the impact of the user-related parameters on energy performance. The results of the study would, subsequently, contribute to minimizing the discrepancies between calculated and measured energy use. This article analyses simulated building energy use based on randomly chosen combinations of measured user-related parameters in three recently built low-energy schools in Sweden. The results show that energy performance can span from 30 to 160 kWh/(m2 y) simply by varying the combination of previously measured user-related parameters in building energy simulations. The study shows that the set points for indoor air temperatures during the heating season and the energy required to run a demand-controlled ventilation system have an extensive influence, while tenant electricity use has a slightly lower influence on building energy use. Variations in occupancy rates and energy for hot water usage have the smallest influences on building energy use.
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| 43. |
- Simanic, Branko, et al.
(författare)
-
Predicted and measured user-related energy usage in newly built low-energy schools in Sweden
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-7102. ; 29
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Literature and experience show that the differences between calculated and measured building energy performance still exist. The literature shows that user-related parameters are significant with regard to energy performance in low-energy buildings and this means that the choice of parameters is one of the main factors leading to this difference. However, the parameters themselves are associated with uncertainty when predicting and calculating their effects. One of the identified research gaps is the lack of data on behavioral energy use and profiles. The aim of this study is to provide relevant feedback, which will help the building industry and research communities to predict more accurately the user-related impacts on energy performance and, subsequently, enable reduction of the differences between calculated and measured energy performance. This article analyses measured user-related parameters and building energy usage in seven recently built low-energy schools in Sweden. Regression analysis is applied when analysing the parameters and their influence on energy usage. With the help of the measurements carried out, all the studied schools were determined to be low-energy schools. The results show differences between calculated and measured building energy performances in the studied schools and these vary from –44 to +28%. At least 33% of measured energy usage depends on the user-related parameters. Ventilation rates and running times as well as space heating set points were found to be the user-related parameters that have the most significant effects on total energy usage. Finally, some important recommendations for good building operation practice and measurement methodology are presented.
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| 44. |
- Simanic, Branko, et al.
(författare)
-
User related input data for energy usage calculations the case of low-energy schools in Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018 : Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates - Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2352-2542 .- 2352-2534. - 9783030006617 - 9783030006624 ; , s. 747-758
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to calculate building energy usage, apart from the technical characteristics, user related factors needs to be determined. Unless the user related factors are determined by specific project, the idea is to apply a standardized list of input data for a normal operation during a normal year, so the calculated energy value does not depend on variation of these factors. Such list was issued by Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning) in a document named BEN1 in 2016, and updated in BEN2 in 2017. A disadvantage of this list is that, the part about schools is based on references that are rather older and sparse and needs to be updated. This paper investigates the user related input data in 10 newly built low energy schools in Sweden and compares those to BEN2. It also compares the schools’ calculated energy performance to the BBR25 requirement, the latest national building codes and recommendations. The schools are investigated in this research as there is a demand for about 1000 elementary schools to be built in Sweden in the coming 10 years. The paper shows significant user related effect to energy usage and importance for the standardized user related input data for energy calculations. Future research aims to verify these calculations and user related input data with measured data for the chosen schools.
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| 45. |
- Weiberg, Erika, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Social and Environmental Dynamics in Bronze and Iron Age Greece
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Urban Mind. - Uppsala : Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. - 9789150621754 ; , s. 149-194
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The authors present an overview of cultural and social resilience during more than two thousand years of fluctuating environmental circumstances in the Greek Bronze and Iron Ages. Central for discussions are four case studies focusing on discontinuities during periods of heightened societal stress combined with suggested climatic or environmental instability. Topics under discussion are how past environmental changes and cultural responses interact. Attempts to reconstruct human sustainability in the light of shifting environmental circumstances should aim to establish a firm sequence of events. Other important factors are discrepancies and inadequacies of environmental and archaeological datasets in the Aegean, and intra-regional variation where small-scale environmental changes have affected even neighbouring valley systems in different ways. Human decision-making and agency have been continually underestimated and under-explored, and the actual outcome of events after episodes or processes of environmental change lies in how they were perceived and dealt with by the people affected. All four case studies contain discussions on societal complexity, whether waxing or waning, and overexploitation with resulting degradation of lands is a factor for three of the four case studies. A significant change around 2200 and 1100 BCE is the disappearance on a supra-regional scale of common features in material culture, and the shift to regionalism and small-scale life, while a reverse development can be seen around 1600 BCE and 700 BCE.
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| 46. |
- Wierzbicka, Aneta, et al.
(författare)
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Healthy Indoor Environments : The Need for a Holistic Approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 15:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indoor environments have a large impact on health and well-being, so it is important to understand what makes them healthy and sustainable. There is substantial knowledge on individual factors and their effects, though understanding how factors interact and what role occupants play in these interactions (both causative and receptive) is lacking. We aimed to: (i) explore interactions between factors and potential risks if these are not considered from holistic perspective; and (ii) identify components needed to advance research on indoor environments. The paper is based on collaboration between researchers from disciplines covering technical, behavioural, and medical perspectives. Outcomes were identified through literature reviews, discussions and workshops with invited experts and representatives from various stakeholder groups. Four themes emerged and were discussed with an emphasis on occupant health: (a) the bio-psycho-social aspects of health; (b) interaction between occupants, buildings and indoor environment; (c) climate change and its impact on indoor environment quality, thermal comfort and health; and (d) energy efficiency measures and indoor environment. To advance the relevant research, the indoor environment must be considered a dynamic and complex system with multiple interactions. This calls for a transdisciplinary and holistic approach and effective collaboration with various stakeholders.
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