| 1. |
- Buehler, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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A cloud filtering method for microwave upper tropospheric humidity measurements
- 2007
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 7:21, s. 5531-5542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a cloud filtering method for upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) measurements at 183.31±1.00 GHz. The method uses two criteria: a viewing angle dependent threshold on the brightness temperature at 183.31±1.00 GHz, and a threshold on the brightness temperature difference between another channel and 183.31±1.00 GHz. Two different alternatives, using 183.31±3.00 GHz or 183.31±7.00 GHz as the other channel, are studied. The robustness of this cloud filtering method is demonstrated by a mid-latitudes winter case study. The paper then studies different biases on UTH climatologies. Clouds are associated with high humidity, therefore the possible dry bias introduced by cloud filtering is discussed and compared to the wet biases introduced by the clouds radiative effect if no filtering is done. This is done by means of a case study, and by means of a stochastic cloud database with representative statistics for midlatitude conditions. Both studied filter alternatives perform nearly equally well, but the alternative using 183.31±3.00 GHz as other channel is preferable, because that channel is less likely to see the Earth's surface than the one at 183.31±7.00 GHz. The consistent result of all case studies and for both filter alternatives is that both cloud wet bias and cloud filtering dry bias are modest for microwave data. The recommended strategy is to use the cloud filtered data as an estimate for the true all-sky UTH value, but retain the unfiltered data to have an estimate of the cloud induced uncertainty. The focus of the paper is on midlatitude data, since atmospheric data to test the filter for that case were readily available. The filter is expected to be applicable also to subtropical and tropical data, but should be further validated with case studies similar to the one presented here for those cases.
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| 2. |
- Hong, Gang, et al.
(författare)
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Interannual to diurnal variations in tropical and subtropical deep convective clouds and convective overshooting from seven years of AMSU-B measurements
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Climate. - 0894-8755 .- 1520-0442. ; 21:17, s. 4168-4189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study surveys interannual to diurnal variations of tropical deep convective clouds and convective overshooting using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) aboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites from 1999 to 2005. The methodology used to detect tropical deep convective clouds is based on the advantage of microwave radiances to penetrate clouds. The major concentrations of tropical deep convective clouds are found over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ), tropical Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Indonesia maritime region, and tropical and South America. The geographical distributions are consistent with previous results from infrared-based measurements, but the cloud fractions present in this study are lower. Land-ocean and Northern-Southern Hemisphere (NH-SH) contrasts are found for tropical deep convective clouds. The mean tropical deep convective clouds have a slightly decreasing trend with -0.016% decade(-1) in 1999-2005 while the mean convective overshooting has a distinct decreasing trend with -0.142% decade(-1). The trends vary with the underlying surface (ocean or land) and with latitude. A secondary ITCZ occurring over the eastern Pacific between 2 degrees and 8 degrees S and only in boreal spring is predominantly found to be associated with cold sea surface temperatures in La Nina years. The seasonal cycles of deep convective cloud and convective overshooting are stronger over land than over ocean. The seasonal migration is pronounced and moves south with the sun from summer to winter and is particularly dramatic over land. The diurnal cycles of deep convective clouds and convective overshooting peak in the early evening and have their minima in the late morning over the tropical land. Over the tropical ocean the diurnal cycles peak in the morning and have their minima in the afternoon to early evening. The diurnal cycles over the NH and SH subtropical regions vary with the seasons. The local times of the maximum and minimum fractions also vary with the seasons. As the detected deep convective cloud fractions are sensitive to the algorithms and satellite sensors used and are influenced by the life cycles of deep convective clouds, the results presented in this study provide information complementary to present tropical deep convective cloud climatologies.
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| 3. |
- Risi, Camille, et al.
(författare)
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Process-evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues : 1. Comparison between models and observations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 117, s. D05303-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground-based remote-sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope-enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.
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| 4. |
- Sha, Mahesh Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of methane and carbon monoxide from Sentinel-5 Precursor using TCCON and NDACC-IRWG stations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 14:9, s. 6249-6304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission with the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board has been measuring solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and surface since its launch on 13 October 2017. In this paper, we present for the first time the S5P operational methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) products' validation results covering a period of about 3 years using global Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and Infrared Working Group of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC-IRWG) network data, accounting for a priori alignment and smoothing uncertainties in the validation, and testing the sensitivity of validation results towards the application of advanced co-location criteria. We found that the S5P standard and bias-corrected CH4 data over land surface for the recommended quality filtering fulfil the mission requirements. The systematic difference of the bias-corrected total column-averaged dry air mole fraction of methane (XCH4) data with respect to TCCON data is -0.26 +/- 0.56 % in comparison to -0.68 +/- 0.74 % for the standard XCH4 data, with a correlation of 0.6 for most stations. The bias shows a seasonal dependence. We found that the S5P CO data over all surfaces for the recommended quality filtering generally fulfil the missions requirements, with a few exceptions, which are mostly due to co-location mismatches and limited availability of data. The systematic difference between the S5P total column-averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon monoxide (XCO) and the TCCON data is on average 9.22 +/- 3.45 % (standard TCCON XCO) and 2.45 +/- 3.38 % (unscaled TCCON XCO). We found that the systematic difference between the S5P CO column and NDACC CO column (excluding two outlier stations) is on average 6.5 +/- 3.54 %. We found a correlation of above 0.9 for most TCCON and NDACC stations. The study shows the high quality of S5P CH4 and CO data by validating the products against reference global TCCON and NDACC stations covering a wide range of latitudinal bands, atmospheric conditions and surface conditions.
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