| 1. |
- Manduca, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring Absolute Income Mobility : Lessons from North America and Europet
- 2024
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 16:2, s. 1-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use linked parent-child administrative data for five countries in North America and Europe, as well as detailed survey data for two more, to investigate methodological challenges in the estimation of absolute income mobility. We show that the commonly used "copula and marginals" approximation methods perform well across countries in our sample, and the greatest challenges to their accuracy stem not from assumptions about relative mobility rates over time but from the use of nonrepresentative marginal income distributions. We also provide a multicountry analysis of sensitivity to specification decisions related to age of income measurement, income concept, family structure, and price index. (JEL D31, G51, I31, J12, J31, J62)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Björklund, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The contribution of early-life versus labour market factors to intergenerational income persistence : A comparison of the UK and Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 127:605, s. F71-F94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explore whether differences in intergenerational income mobility between the UK and Sweden show up early in life, finding stronger associations between parental income and birthweight, height and school performance in the UK. We investigate whether these differentials can account for the country difference in income mobility. While differences in the associations in birthweight and height are too weak to matter, school performance does account for a substantial part of this difference. However, country differences in the earnings returns to these skills are at least as important as the differences in the link between parental income and skills.
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| 5. |
- Bratberg, Espen, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility Curves in Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the US
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 119:1, s. 72-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine intergenerational mobility differences between Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the US. Using ranks, we find that the US is substantially less intergenerationally mobile than the three European countries and that the most mobile region of the US is less mobile than the least mobile regions of Norway and Sweden. Using a linear estimator of income share mobility, we find that the four countries have very similar rates of intergenerational mobility. However, when we use non-parametric versions of rank and income share mobility, we find that the US tends to experience lower upward mobility at the bottom of the income distribution than Norway and Sweden.
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| 6. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The Rising Return to Non-cognitive Skills*
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine the changes in the rewards to cognitive and non-cognitive skill during the time period 1992-2013. Using unique administrative data for Sweden, we document a secular increase in the returns to non-cognitive skill. This increase is particularly pronounced in the private sector, at the upper-end of the wage distribution, and relative to the evolution of the return to cognitive skill. Sorting across occupations responded to changes in the returns to skills. Workers with an abundance of non-cognitive skill were increasingly sorted into abstract and non-routine occupations, for example. Such occupations also saw greater increases in the relative return to non-cognitive skill. This suggests that the optimal skill mixes of jobs have changed over time, that there is sorting on comparative advantage, and that demand-side factors are primarily driving the evolution of the return to non-cognitive skill. Consistent with this, we also show that hikes in offshoring and IT-investments increase the relative reward to non-cognitive skill and the relative intensity of non-cognitive skill usage.
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| 7. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The Rising Return to Noncognitive Skill
- 2022
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 14:2, s. 78-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses administrative data from Sweden to document trends in the labor market returns to skills. Between 1992 and 2013, the economic return to noncognitive skill-a psychologist-assessed measure of teamwork and leadership skill roughly doubled. The return to cognitive skill was relatively stable and decreased modestly during the 2000s, however. Among men with similar levels of education, the return to noncognitive skill is higher than the return to cognitive skill. The increasing return to noncognitive skill is driven by changes at the top of the wage distribution and by sorting into higher-paying occupations.
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| 8. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The Rising Return to Noncognitive Skill
- 2022
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Ingår i: American Economic Journal. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 14:2, s. 78-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper uses administrative data from Sweden to document trends in the labor market returns to skills. Between 1992 and 2013, the economic return to noncognitive skill—a psychologist-assessed measure of teamwork and leadership skill—roughly doubled. The return to cognitive skill was relatively stable and decreased modestly during the 2000s, however. Among men with similar levels of education, the return to noncognitive skill is higher than the return to cognitive skill. The increasing return to noncognitive skill is driven by changes at the top of the wage distribution and by sorting into higher-paying occupations.
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| 9. |
- Gerdes, Zandra, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastic-mediated transport of PCBs? A depuration study with Daphnia magna
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The role of microplastic (MP) as a carrier of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to aquatic organisms has been a topic of debate. However, the reverse POP transport can occur if relative contaminant concentrations are higher in the organism than in the microplastic. We evaluated the effect of microplastic on the PCB removal in planktonic animals by exposing the cladoceran Daphnia magna with a high body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 18, 40, 128 and 209) to a mixture of microplastic and algae; daphnids exposed to only algae served as the control. As the endpoints, we used PCB body burden, growth, fecundity and elemental composition (%C and %N) of the daphnids. In the daphnids fed with microplastic, PCB 209 was removed more efficiently, while there was no difference for any other congeners and Sigma PCBs between the microplastic-exposed and control animals. Also, higher size-specific egg production in the animals carrying PCB and receiving food mixed with micro-plastics was observed. However, the effects of the microplastic exposure on fecundity were of low biological significance, because the PCB body burden and the microplastic exposure concentrations were greatly exceeding environmentally relevant concentrations.
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| 10. |
- Müller, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Protein signatures of remodeled airways in transplanted lungs with Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome obtained using laser capture microdissection
- 2021
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Ingår i: American Journal of Pathology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1525-2191 .- 0002-9440. ; 191:8, s. 1398-1411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), a common form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction, is the major limitation to long-term survival after lung transplantation. The histological correlate is progressive, fibrotic occlusion of small airways, obliterative bronchiolitis lesions, ultimately leading to organ failure. The molecular composition of these lesions is unknown. By laser-capture microdissection and optimized sample preparation protocols for mass spectrometry the protein composition of the lesions in explanted lungs from four end-stage BOS patients were analysed. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to determine the spatial distribution of commonly identified proteins on the tissue level, protein signatures for in total 14 OB-lesions were established. A set of 39 proteins identified in more than 75% of lesions included distinct structural proteins (collagen type IV and VI) and cellular components (actins, vimentin, tryptase). Each respective lesion exhibited a unique composition of proteins (on average n=66 proteins), thereby mirroring the morphological variation of the lesions. Antibody-based staining confirmed these MS-based findings. The 14 analyzed OB-lesions showed variations in their protein content, but also common features. This study provides molecular and morphological insights into the development of chronic rejection after lung transplantation. The protein patterns in the lesions were correlated to pathways of extracellular matrix organization, tissue development and wound healing processes.
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| 11. |
- Nybom, Jozefine, et al.
(författare)
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Farmers’ strategic responses to competitive intensity and the impact on perceived performance
- 2021
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Ingår i: SN Business & Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-9399. ; 1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A large percentage of small- and medium-sized farms have ceased operations in the last 2 decades in part due to their inability to respond to increased competitive intensity. Consequently, the strategic responses farmers adopt to competitive intensity are important to understand as they may influence performance and ultimately their survival. Based on a sample of 388 randomly selected farmers in Sweden and using structural equation modelling, we find that as perceptions of competitive intensity increase, so does their market orientation (MO) and lean production orientation (LPO), but not entrepreneurial orientation (EO). Moreover, we find that farmers who indicate greater (in order of importance) MO and LPO report better overall performance, while increased EO surprisingly contributes negatively to performance. Our findings contribute to the limited body of research on strategic responses to competitive intensity in the agricultural sector and subsequent payoff on farm performance.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Nybom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Biases in Standard Measures of Intergenerational Income Dependence
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 52:3, s. 800-825
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. Using long Swedish income series, we provide such evidence for log-linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity, moderate in log-linear correlations, and small in rank-based measures. However; there are important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher and long-distance downward mobility lower than estimates from short-run income suggest.
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| 14. |
- Nybom, Martin, 1981-
(författare)
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Essays on Educational Choice and Intergenerational Mobility
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. The first essay concerns educational choice and the returns to college in Sweden. I apply a recently introduced econometric framework that allows for self selection and treatment effect heterogeneity. I also examine the influence of cognitive and noncognitive ability on college choice and the returns to college.Essays two through four concern different aspects of intergenerational income mobility. In the second essay, we study the impact on mobility estimates from heterogeneous income profiles and, more specifically, life-cycle bias. We use nearly career-long income measures for both fathers and sons to give a detailed account of this bias and assess recent methods to deal with it.In the third essay, we present a simple model of intergenerational transmission and use it to analyze the dynamic behavior of the intergenerational income elasticity following structural changes. We find that past structural frameworks, for example in the form of past policies or institutions, matter for current trends in mobility.The fourth essay provides a cross-country perspective on intergenerational income mobility. We construct comparable data sets for Sweden and the UK and account for country differences in the role of parental income for various productivity traits of children. Finally, we examine whether such differences can explain the country difference in intergenerational income mobility.
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| 15. |
- Nybom, Martin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous income profiles and life-cycle bias in intergenerational mobility estimation
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 51:1, s. 239-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using short snapshots of income in intergenerational mobility estimation causes “lifecycle bias” if the snapshots cannot mimic lifetime outcomes. We use uniquely long series of Swedish income data to show that this bias is large and to examine current strategies to reduce it. We confirm that lifecycle bias is smallest when incomes are measured around midlife, a central implication from a widely adopted generalization of the classical errors-in-variables model. However, the model cannot predict the ideal age of measurement or eliminate lifecycle bias at other ages. We illustrate how extensions of this model can reduce the bias further.
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| 16. |
- Nybom, Martin, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous Income Profiles and Life-Cycle Bias in Intergenerational Mobility Estimation
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research on intergenerational income mobility is based on current income since data onlifetime income are typically not available for two generations. However, using snapshots ofincome over shorter periods causes a so-called life-cycle bias if the snapshots cannot mimiclifetime outcomes. Using uniquely long series of Swedish income data, we show that currentempirical strategies do not eliminate such bias. We focus on the widely adopted generalizederrors-in-variables model and find that the remaining bias is substantial (20% of the trueelasticity from left-side measurement error at the most relevant age range). IV estimatessuffer from even stronger life-cycle effects and do not provide an upper bound.Inconsistencies stem from the interaction of two factors: heterogeneity in income profilescannot be fully accounted for, and idiosyncratic deviations from average profiles correlatewith individual characteristics and family background. We discuss implications of our findingsfor other literatures that depend on measurement of long-run income and income dynamics.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Nybom, Martin
(författare)
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The Distribution of Lifetime Earnings Returns to College
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Labor Economics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0734-306X .- 1537-5307. ; 35:4, s. 903-952
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- I use Swedish registry data to estimate lifetime earnings returns to college and how they vary with observed and unobserved characteristics. The richness of the data also allows me to examine heterogeneity with respect to cognitive and noncognitive ability and parental earnings. Local instrumental variable analysis is used to recover marginal and average treatment effects under selection on gains. The findings support the notion of self-selection, but mainly on observed characteristics. Returns vary little with parental earnings but substantially with respect to both cognitive and noncognitive ability, thus suggesting important complementarities between formal schooling and informal skills.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Vosters, Kelly, et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational Persistence in Latent Socioeconomic Status : Evidence from Sweden and the United States
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal Labor Economics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0734-306X .- 1537-5307. ; 35:3, s. 869-901
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently Gregory Clark and coauthors have argued that social mobility rates are constant across countries and lower than traditionally estimated, hypothesizing that prior estimates of intergenerational persistence are attenuated from focusing on a single proxy for underlying status. We test this proposition by incorporating multiple proxy measures into a least-attenuated estimate of persistence for Sweden and conducting a Sweden-United States comparison. We find no evidence of substantial bias in prior estimates or of similarity across countries. We further extend our analysis to mothers, finding that additional measures improve the ability to capture transmission from mothers to both sons and daughters.
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| 23. |
- Wild, Birgit, et al.
(författare)
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Organic matter composition and greenhouse gas production of thawing subsea permafrost in the Laptev Sea
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Subsea permafrost represents a large carbon pool that might be or become a significant greenhouse gas source. Scarcity of observational data causes large uncertainties. We here use five 21-56 m long subsea permafrost cores from the Laptev Sea to constrain organic carbon (OC) storage and sources, degradation state and potential greenhouse gas production upon thaw. Grain sizes, optically-stimulated luminescence and biomarkers suggest deposition of aeolian silt and fluvial sand over 160 000 years, with dominant fluvial/alluvial deposition of forest- and tundra-derived organic matter. We estimate an annual thaw rate of 1.3 ± 0.6 kg OC m−2 in subsea permafrost in the area, nine-fold exceeding organic carbon thaw rates for terrestrial permafrost. During 20-month incubations, CH4 and CO2 production averaged 1.7 nmol and 2.4 µmol g−1 OC d−1, providing a baseline to assess the contribution of subsea permafrost to the high CH4 fluxes and strong ocean acidification observed in the region.
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