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| 2. |
- Dalemo, M., et al.
(författare)
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ORWARE – A simulation model for organic waste handling systems. : Part 1: Model description
- 1997
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 21:1, s. 17-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch), for the handling of organic waste in urban areas has been constructed. The model provides a comprehensive view of the environmental effects, plant nutrient utilisation and energy turnover for this large and complex system. The ORWARE model consists of several sub-models; sewage plant, incineration, landfill, compost, anaerobic digestion, truck transport, transport by sewers, residue transport and spreading of residues on arable land. The model is intended for simulating different scenarios, and the results are: emissions to air and water, energy turnover and the amount of residues returned to arable land. All results are presented, both as the gross figure for the entire system and figures for each process. Throughout the model all physical flows are described by the same variable vector, consisting of 43 substances. This extensive vector facilitates a thorough analysis of the results, but involves some difficulties in acquiring relevant data. In this paper, the model is described. Results from a hypothetical case study are presented in a companion paper.
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| 3. |
- Sonesson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial processing versus home cooking : An environmental comparison between three ways to prepare a meal
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 34:42099, s. 414-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today there is a strong trend in Sweden for industrially processed meals to replace homemade meals. In the public debate this is often claimed to increase the environmental impact from foods. In the study presented in this article, we used life-cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impact of three meals: homemade, semiprepared, and ready-to-eat. The differences in environmental impact between the meals were small; the ready-to-eat meal used the most energy, whereas the homemade meal had higher emissions causing eutrophication and global warming. The dominating contributor to the environmental impact was agriculture, accounting for 30% of the impact related to energy and 95% of that related to eutrophication. Industry, packaging, and consumer home transport and food preparation also contributed significantly. Important factors were raw material use, energy efficiency in industry and households, packaging, and residue treatment. To decrease the overall environmental impact of food consumption, improvements in agriculture are very important, together with raw-material use within industry and households. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2005.
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| 4. |
- Stern, S., et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable development of food production : A case study on scenarios for pig production
- 2005
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Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 34:42099, s. 402-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To study future, sustainable production systems, a stepwise method was used to create three future scenarios for pig production based on different sustainability goals. The first scenario focused on animal welfare and the natural behavior of the animals. The second targeted low impacts on the environment and the efficient use of natural resources. The third scenario aimed at product quality and safety. Each scenario fulfilled different aspects of sustainability, but there were goal conflicts because no scenario fulfilled all sustainability goals. The scenarios were then parameterized. The environmental impact was calculated using the life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, and the economic cost was calculated from the same data set. The cost per kilo of pork was highest for the animal welfare scenario and similar for the other two scenarios. The environmental scenario had the lowest environmental impact, and the product-quality scenario the highest. The results are discussed based on different future priorities. © Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2005.
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