| 1. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development.
- 2006
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Ingår i: The American Journal of Psychiatry. - 0002-953X .- 1535-7228. ; 163:7, s. 1239-1244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders. METHOD: Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II). RESULTS: Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.
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| 2. |
- Ehlers, Stephan, et al.
(författare)
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Asperger syndrome, autism and attention disorders: a comparative study of the cognitive profiles of 120 children.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 38:2, s. 207-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) was applied (in a Swedish version) in 120 children with Asperger syndrome, autistic disorder, and attention disorders. Using stepwise logistic regression analysis, the WISC's discriminating ability was investigated. The overall rate of correct diagnostic classification was 63%. Further, WISC profiles were analysed within each group. The group with autistic disorder was characterised by a peak on Block Design. The Asperger syndrome group had good verbal ability and troughs on Object Assembly and Coding. The group with attention disorders had troughs on Coding and Arithmetic. The results suggest that Kaufman's Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organisation and Freedom from Distractibility factors rather than verbal IQ and performance IQ account for the variance on the WISC. Furthermore, the Asperger syndrome and autistic disorder groups differed in respect of "fluid" and "crystallised" cognitive ability.
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| 3. |
- Hagberg, Bibbi, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Asperger syndrome and "non-verbal learning problems" in a longitudinal perspective: Neuropsychological and social adaptive outcome in early adult life.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychiatry research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7123 .- 0165-1781. ; 210:2, s. 553-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Co-existence of Asperger syndrome (AS) and non-verbal learning disability (NLD) has been proposed based on the observation that people with AS tend to have significantly higher verbal than performance IQ (VIQ>PIQ by ≥15 points), one of the core features of NLD. In the present study we examined neuropsychological and social adaptive profiles with "non-verbal learning problems" associated with NLD in a group of individuals with AS followed from childhood into early adult life. The group was divided into three subgroups: (i) persistent NLD (P-NLD), i.e. NLD (VIQ>PIQ) both in childhood and early adulthood occasions, (ii) childhood NLD (CO-NLD), i.e. NLD (VIQ>PIQ) only at original diagnosis, or (iii) No NLD (VIQ>PIQ) ever (NO-NLD). All three subgroups were followed prospectively from childhood into adolescence and young adult life. One in four to one in five of the whole group of males with AS had P-NLD. The P-NLD subgroup had poorer neuropsychological outcome in early adult life than did those with CO-NLD and those with NO-NLD. There were no unequivocal markers in early childhood that predicted subgroup status in early adult life, but early motor delay and a history of early speech-language problems tended to be associated with P-NLD.
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| 4. |
- Hagberg, Bibbi, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Asperger syndrome and nonverbal learning difficulties in adult males: self- and parent-reported autism, attention and executive problems.
- 2015
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Ingår i: European child & adolescent psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-165X .- 1018-8827. ; 24:8, s. 969-977
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A specific overlap between Asperger syndrome (AS) and nonverbal learning difficulties (NLD) has been proposed, based on the observation that, as a group, people with AS tend to have significantly higher verbal IQ (VIQ) than performance IQ (PIQ), one of the core features of NLD. The primary aim was to assess the longer term outcome of NLD-broken down into persistent and transient forms. The present study of 68 individuals was performed in the context of a larger prospective longitudinal study to late adolescence/early adult life of 100 boys with AS. Using self- and parent-report measures, we studied the longer term outcome of the NLD (defined as VIQ>PIQ by 15 points) as regards social communication, repetitive behaviour, attention, and executive function (EF) was studied. Three subgroups were identified: (1) Persistent NLD (P-NLD), (2) Childhood "only" NLD (CO-NLD) and (3) Never NLD (NO-NLD). The P-NLD group had the worst outcome overall. The CO-NLD group had better reported EF scores than the two other AS subgroups. There were no differences between the subgroups regarding social communication, repetitive behaviour, or attentional skills. Low PIQ increased the risk of ADHD symptoms. In the context of AS in males, P-NLD carries a relatively poor outcome, particularly with regard to self-reported EF. However, CO-NLD appears to entail a significantly better outcome. The results underscore the importance of analysing the cognitive profile both at diagnosis and after several years, so as to be able to formulate a realistic prognosis.
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| 5. |
- Hofvander, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Life History of Aggression scores are predicted by childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorder, adult substance abuse, and low cooperativeness in adult psychiatric patients.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 185:1-2, s. 280-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevention of aggressive behaviours is a core priority for psychiatric clinical work, but the association between the diagnostic concepts used in psychiatry and aggression remains largely unknown. Outpatients referred for psychiatric evaluations of childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders (n = 178) and perpetrators of violent crimes referred to pre-trial forensic psychiatric investigations (n = 92) had comprehensive, instrument-based, psychiatric assessments, including the Life History of Aggression (LHA) scales. Total and subscale LHA scores were compared to the categorical and dimensional diagnoses of childhood and adult DSM-IV axis I and II mental disorders, general intelligence (IQ), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), and personality traits according to the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Overall, the two groups had similar LHA scores, but the offender group scored higher on the Antisocial subscale. Higher total LHA scores were independently associated with the hyperactivity facet of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), childhood conduct disorder, substance-related disorders, and low scores on the Cooperativeness character dimension according to the TCI. IQ and GAF-scores were negatively correlated with the LHA subscale Self-directed aggression. Autistic traits were inversely correlated with aggression among outpatients, while the opposite pattern was noted in the forensic group. The findings call for assessments of aggression-related behaviours in all psychiatric settings.
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| 6. |
- Hofvander, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders.
- 2009
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Ingår i: BMC Psychiatry. - 1471-244X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) often display symptoms from other diagnostic categories. Studies of clinical and psychosocial outcome in adult patients with ASDs without concomitant intellectual disability are few. The objective of this paper is to describe the clinical psychiatric presentation and important outcome measures of a large group of normal-intelligence adult patients with ASDs. METHODS: Autistic symptomatology according to the DSM-IV-criteria and the Gillberg & Gillberg research criteria, patterns of comorbid psychopathology and psychosocial outcome were assessed in 122 consecutively referred adults with normal intelligence ASDs. The subjects consisted of 5 patients with autistic disorder (AD), 67 with Asperger's disorder (AS) and 50 with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS). This study group consists of subjects pooled from two studies with highly similar protocols, all seen on an outpatient basis by one of three clinicians. RESULTS: Core autistic symptoms were highly prevalent in all ASD subgroups. Though AD subjects had the most pervasive problems, restrictions in non-verbal communication were common across all three subgroups and, contrary to current DSM criteria, so were verbal communication deficits. Lifetime psychiatric axis I comorbidity was very common, most notably mood and anxiety disorders, but also ADHD and psychotic disorders. The frequency of these diagnoses did not differ between the ASD subgroups or between males and females. Antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse were more common in the PDD NOS group. Of all subjects, few led an independent life and very few had ever had a long-term relationship. Female subjects more often reported having been bullied at school than male subjects. CONCLUSION: ASDs are clinical syndromes characterized by impaired social interaction and non-verbal communication in adulthood as well as in childhood. They also carry a high risk for co-existing mental health problems from a broad spectrum of disorders and for unfavourable psychosocial life circumstances. For the next revision of DSM, our findings especially stress the importance of careful examination of the exclusion criterion for adult patients with ASDs.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Adults with Asperger syndrome with and without a cognitive profile associated with “non-verbal learning disability.” A brief report
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-9467. ; 4:4, s. 612-618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Asperger syndrome (AS) and non-verbal learning disability (NLD) are both characterized by impairments in motor coordination, visuo-perceptual abilities, pragmatics and comprehension of language and social understanding. NLD is also defined as a learning disorder affecting functions in the right cerebral hemisphere. The present study investigates if individuals with AS and a cognitive profile consistent with NLD (i.e. verbal IQ > performance IQ) would also have other problems inherent in NLD, visual memory and attention, reading/writing ability and arithmetic in the presence of preserved verbal memory and attention. Forty-four individuals with AS were assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. Reading/writing and arithmetic abilities were investigated. Education and global social adaptive levels were studied. Very few AS participants, even though with NLD cognitive profile showed problems with any of the neurocognitive abilities or academic achievements. However, all had poor global social adaptive functioning and few had paid employment, regardless of their cognitive profile. The present study suggests that AS and NLD are two different conditions even though some individuals in both groups have the verbal IQ > performance IQ profile that has been proposed to be typical of both AS and NLD.
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| 9. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222 .- 1873-3379. ; 31:6, s. 1659-1668
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to assess which types of neuropsychological deficits appear to be most commonly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. The effect of the combination of ASD with ADHD (ASD/ADHD) was also studied. One hundred and sixty-one adult individuals (>/=18 years of age) were included in the study. None had full scale IQ less than 71. The neuropsychological investigations included measures of intellectual ability, learning and memory, attention/executive function and theory of mind. The three diagnostic groups showed reduced performance in most cognitive domains. However, within these domains differentiating distinct features could be seen. The dysfunctions of the ASD/ADHD group cannot be seen as a summary of the dysfunctions found in the ASD and ADHD groups. The ADHD seemed to have the most severe neuropsychological impairments of the three groups. No domain-specific deficit typical of any of the diagnostic groups was found.
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| 10. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
-
Advanced Journal Search »Expand+Executive Function/Attention Deficits in Boys with Asperger Syndrome, Attention Disorder and Reading/Writing Disorder
- 1999
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Ingår i: Autism. - 1362-3613. ; 3:3, s. 213-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Executive function/attention deficits were examined in children with Asperger syndrome, attention disorder and reading/ writing disorder and in a group of normal children. Neuropsychological tests as well as cognitive tasks measuring different components in the processing of information were used. The measures were divided into Mirsky’s four components of attention, namely ‘sustain’,‘focus-execute’,‘shift’ and ‘encode’. All abnormal groups differed markedly from the normal group on measures of executive function/attention. The group diagnosed as having attention disorder showed the most consistent difficulties. However, no specific marker of ‘executive function deficits’ that could represent the three different disorders was found.
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| 11. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Autism spectrum and attention-deficit disorders in girls. Some neuropsychological aspects.
- 2000
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 9:3, s. 180-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study compared the neuropsychological test profiles of non-mentally retarded girls and boys consecutively referred to a neuropsychiatric clinic and those of contrast cases of girls from mainstream classrooms of one Goteborg school district. To avoid overreliance on the male prototype with regard to diagnostic criteria the clinical group comprised a mixed sample of girls and boys without diagnostic subgrouping. Clinic girls had a lower IQ than comparison girls. Girls were more impaired than the boys with respect to executive functions and scored less well on theory of mind tasks. Previous studies have shown girls with autism and mental retardation to be more severely affected than boys both with regard to level of intellectual functioning and overall measures of brain dysfunction. The present study indicates that clinic girls with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders at higher levels of intellectual functioning (some of which met diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder) may also be more severely affected than boys with corresponding types of "surface" problems.
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| 12. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945
(författare)
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Autism spectrum disorders. Developmental, cognitive and neuropsychological aspects
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction and aims: Autism, Asperger syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) are clinically defined neuropsychiatric syndromes that affect 6 to 10 per cent of all children. These common developmental disorders can be understood at different levels. This thesis highlights neurocognitive functions as they relate to the understanding of autism spectrum disorders, the stability of these functions over time and the influence of gender on the expression of such disorders. A secondary aim of the study has been to propose relevant methods for neuropsychological clinical assessment.Subjects and methods: The majority of the 292 children included in the studies were drawn from the register of or clinical projects performed at the Child Neuropsychiatry Clinic in Göteborg. In most cases, the age range (6-12 years) of the children included, was restricted to a period of growth of logical thinking (the stage of Piaget´s "concrete operations"). and so called of executive functions. The work made use of a broad spectrum of assessment methods tapping into various neurocognitive abilities, including developmental level, intelligence, perception, executive functions, "central coherence" and "theory of mind".Results and preliminary discussion: Children with developmental disorders, except most of those with Asperger syndrome showed a general cognitive impairment as reflected in lower IQ. All diagnostic groups also showed uneven cognitive profiles (in the cases of autism already in the early pre-school years), with peaks and troughs affecting cognitive processing in different ways. All clinic children - regardless of diagnostic category - were impaired in respect of executive functions. When measures were divided into Mirsky´s four components of attention, all groups showed deficits involving "sustain", "focus-execute" and "encode" attention. The AD/HD group showed the most pervasive difficulties and was affected also in the "shift" component of attention. The results suggest that executive functions may be relatively independent of cognition and other neuropsychological abilities. The stability of cognitive and executive functions over time were strong enough to suggest that re-evaluation within a 1-2-year interval would add little new information. Relatively high-functioning clinic girls with neuropsychiatric disorder seemed to be slightly more neurocognitively impaired than corresponding clinic boys. Practical implications for neuropsychological assessments are discussed as are different neurocognitive functions and their relationship to each other.Conclusions: Combining a behavioural/phenomenological approach - such as currently represented by the DSM-IV - with tests of neuropsychological abilities might contribute to a better understanding of the underlying impairments and provide implications for special education interventions. The neuropsychological test results showed a high degree of stability over time. The tendency for girls with neuropsychiatric disorder to be more impaired than boys on neuropsychological tests, needs to be examined in new and larger samples.
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| 13. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Interhemispheric transfer in high-functioning children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: a controlled pilot study.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Developmental medicine and child neurology. - 0012-1622. ; 46:7, s. 448-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with strong genetic influences. Clinical experience and limited empirical evidence support the view that autism may be associated with aberrant interhemispheric information transfer. This empirical controlled study examined whether, at neuropsychological testing, children with autism showed problems with interhemispheric information transfer. The study included auditory, visual, and motor measures covering information transfer within, as well as across, modalities. Thirty children (24 males, 6 females; mean age 12 years 8 months, SD 2 years 8 months; range 9 years 5 months to 17 years 5 months) without learning disability but with autism spectrum disorders were compared with 30 children from a mainstream school matched for age, sex, and IQ>75. Children with autism spectrum disorder performed significantly worse than the comparison group on most of the tests (p=0.02 for auditory perception and attention, p=0.005 for visual perception, p=0.0001 for motor control, p=0.04 for tactile perception). Results support the notion that aberrant interhemispheric transfer may be involved in the pathogenesis or clinical course of autism. The findings were not accounted for by lower IQ in the group with autism.
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| 14. |
- Nydén, Agneta, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term psychosocial and health economy consequences of ADHD, autism, and reading-writing disorder: a prospective service evaluation project.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 12:2, s. 141-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The study aims to evaluate psychosocial, societal, and family cost consequences of a psychoeducational intervention program. METHODS: Sixty boys with ADHD, Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism (AS/HFA), and reading and writing disorder (RD/WD) were allocated to participate in a service evaluation project. Every other boy in each diagnostic group was randomly allocated to receive either (a) a special education program (clinical index group) or (b) follow-up without the special education program (clinical comparison group). Nine years after initial assessments the stability of the psychosocial and economic resource consequences over time was studied. RESULTS: ADHD, AS/HFA, and RD/WD all had severe impact on family life quality. The societal costs were high, but no significant differences in resource use or in total costs were found between the clinical index and the comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscore the very long-term need for support including individually tailored reevaluations and carefully monitored intervention programs adapted to family needs and severity of child disorder.
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| 15. |
- Ramberg, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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Language and pragmatic functions in school-age children on the autism spectrum
- 1996
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Ingår i: European Journal of Disorders of Communication. - 0963-7273. ; 31:4, s. 387-413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined group differences in language and pragmatic functions across sex-, age- and IQ-matched samples of Asperger syndrome (N = 22), high-functioning autism (N = 11), deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) (N = 11), and speech and language disorder (SLD) (N = 11) groups. The purpose was to explore possible differentiating features in the fields of vocabulary, comprehension and pragmatics and, in addition, to determine whether Asperger syndrome could be reliably separated from high-functioning autism on these variables. The findings suggest that Asperger syndrome may be associated with higher full-scale and verbal IQ than high-functioning autism; Asperger syndrome may not be associated with better pragmatic skills (as defined in this context) than high-functioning autism; language comprehension may not clearly separate Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism once the effects of very low IQ are partialled out; both DAMP and SLD can be distinctly separated from Asperger syndrome and autism.
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| 16. |
- Viviann, Nordin, et al.
(författare)
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The Swedish version of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale in a clinical setting.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. - 0162-3257. ; 28:1, s. 69-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) is an instrument for screening and diagnosis of autism. The present study was performed to assess the interrater reliability of a Swedish version of the CARS when used in a clinical setting. The procedure used mimicked a frequent form of consultation in neuropsychiatry and pediatric neurology. During a restricted time period, both an interview with the parents and observation of the child take place. Often this assessment is an important screening procedure and directs further investigation. CARS was used for rating autistic behavior by two investigators in 25 children. A variant of the weighted kappa statistic (correcting for chance and for degrees of disagreement) showed values between .53 and .75 (indicating fair to excellent agreement). Aspects of validity and reliability are discussed.
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| 17. |
- Wentz, Elisabet, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Development of an internet-based support and coaching model for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 21:11, s. 611-622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of this paper were to develop an internet-based support and coaching model for young people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to validate the model. A user-centred design was applied to develop a model for internet-based support and coaching, where individuals received 8-week support via internet (chat). The model was validated by 10 individuals, 15-26 years of age, with ASD and/or ADHD. Self-report questionnaires [Sense of Coherence (SOC), the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life, Montgomery sberg Depression Rating Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale] were distributed before and after intervention. A structured interview regarding the quality of the model, the Patient perspective of Care and Rehabilitation process (POCR), was used after the intervention. The validation showed significant improvement of SOC, self-esteem and subjective Quality of Life at follow-up and the majority perceived high fulfilment/importance on the POCR. In conclusion, The model can be an important complement to other interventions for young people with ASD and/or ADHD.
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