| 1. |
- Aguado, M.T., et al.
(författare)
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A new species of Opisthosyllis (Polychaeta: Syllidae)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - 1175-5334. ; 1068, s. 47-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Opisthosyllis leslieharrisae n. sp. is described from Santa Catalina Island, California. It differs from all other species of the genus in the following characters: dorsum densely covered by papillae in two sizes, and a distinct colour pattern consisting of white spots distributed transversally along the segments (only seen in live specimens) and dark red areas located on cirrophores, over the third segment, and in the middle of the second and the remainder segments (maintained in formalin fixed specimens). The new species is also characterized by the tooth located in the third quarter of the pharynx, and long spines on the blades of compound chaetae.
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| 2. |
- Aguado, M.T., et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny of Syllidae (Polychaeta) based on combined molecular analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial genes
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cladistics. - : Wiley. - 0748-3007 .- 1096-0031. ; 23:6, s. 552-564
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phylogeny of Syllidae is assessed in a combined analysis of molecular data from nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. In total, 103 terminal taxa are examined: 88 syllids in the four classical subfamilies Eusyllinae, Exogoninae, Syllinae and Autolytinae, as well as 15 outgroup taxa from Phyllodocida and Eunicida. Maximum parsimony analysis of the combined data set indicates that Syllidae, as currently delineated, is monophyletic, though not with very high support values. Astreptosyllis Kudenov & Dorsey, 1982, Streptosyllis Webster & Benedict, 1884 and SyllidesÖrsted, 1845 comprise a monophyletic group well differentiated from the rest of the Syllidae. The subfamilies Autolytinae and Syllinae are monophyletic. Exogoninae is monophyletic, although not well supported, and Eusyllinae is clearly paraphyletic. Results corroborate previous studies about the evolution of reproductive modes in that epigamy is the plesiomorphic condition and schizogamy appeared independently in Autolytinae and Syllinae.
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| 3. |
- Aguado, M. T., et al.
(författare)
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Species delimitation in Amblyosyllis (Annelida, Syllidae)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amblyosyllis is a worldwide distributed group of annelids mainly found in coastal environments. It is well known among the polychaete specialists mostly because of its notable beauty, showing bright colourful patterns and outstanding long and coiled appendices. Amblyosyllis is a monophyletic genus easy to identify due to its distinct diagnostic features; however, the species and their boundaries are, in most cases, not well defined. Herein, we provide an extensive sample of Amblyosyllis material (115 specimens) from several world geographic areas. We have studied the morphological features of each specimen and photographed them alive. Two mitochondrial DNA markers (COI and 16S) and one nuclear gene fragment (28S, D1 region) were sequenced. We performed phylogenetic analyses based on each DNA partition, as well as the combined data sets, obtaining congruent results. Species delimitation methods such as distance analyses, statistical parsimony networks and multi-rate Poisson tree processes were also applied. The combined results obtained from different methodologies and data sets are used to differentiate between, at least, 19 lineages compatible with the separately evolving meta-populations species concept. Four of these lineages are identified as nominal species, including the type species of Amblyosyllis, A. rhombeata. For three other lineages previously synonymized names are recovered, and seven lineages are described as new species. All of these species are described and supported by appropriate iconography. We recognize several morphological characters useful to identify species of Amblyosyllis, which in some cases should also be combined with molecular methods for species delineation. The genetic divergence in the genus is high, contrary to the morphological homogeneity observed. Two species show a wide geographical distribution, while the rest have a more restricted distribution. There are several examples of species with overlapping distribution patterns.
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| 4. |
- Aguado, M. T., et al.
(författare)
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Two apparently unrelated groups of symbiotic annelids, Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae (Phyllodocida, Annelida), are a clade of derived chrysopetalid polychaetes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cladistics. - : Wiley. - 0748-3007. ; 29:6, s. 610-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nautiliniellidae Miura and Laubier, 1989 is a small family of marine polychaetes with 20 currently described species in 11 genera, most of which are known to live symbiotically in the mantle cavity of bivalves, mainly from cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, while Calamyzidae (Hartmann-Schroder, 1971) including only one described species, Calamyzas amphictenicola Arwidsson 1932 lives as an ectoparasite on ampharetid polychaetes in Swedish waters. Nautiliniellidae and Calamyzidae have both been considered to belong to Phyllodocida, but the few phylogenetic studies including these taxa have found their positions unstable. The internal relationships within Nautiliniellidae are also poorly understood. Using molecular information from both nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphological data we assessed the systematic placement of Nautiliniellidae (seven species; collected from Pacific hydrothermal vents and cold seeps and one from Atlantic waters) and Calamyzas amphictenicola. Our results show that C. amphictenicola and Nautiliniellidae formed a well-supported clade that is nested within Chrysopetalidae, a free-living group of polychaetes. The chrysopetalid genus Vigtorniella Kiseleva 1992; a bacterial mat grazer found at methane seeps, anoxic basins and whalefalls, formed a paraphyletic grade with respect to the Nautiliniellidae-Calamyzas clade. The internal relationships within the Nautiliniellidae-Calamyzas clade as well as the relationships with their hosts are also examined. As a result we synonymize Calamyzidae and Nautiliniellidae with Chrysopetalidae, with the last as the oldest available family-group name. Within Chrysopetalidae we refer to the subfamilies Chrysopetalinae Ehlers 1864; Dysponetinae Aguado, Nygren & Rouse, herein; and Calamyzinae Hartmann-Schroder, 1971. Calamyzinae contains C. amphictenicola, all taxa formerly in Nautiliniellidae, and the chrysopetalid genus Vigtorniella. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2013
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| 5. |
- Barroso, M., et al.
(författare)
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A further step towards the characterisation of Terebellides (Annelida, Trichobranchidae) diversity in the Northeast Atlantic, with the description of a new species
- 2022
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Ingår i: ZooKeys. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 1313-2989 .- 1313-2970. ; 2022:1132, s. 85-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several new species of genus Terebellides Sars, 1835 (Annelida, Trichobranchidae) have been recently described from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean after the detection of a large complex of species based on DNA sequence data from previous research. Some of those species (belonging to the so-called Group A) have already been described elsewhere. In this paper, we revise several Terebellides clades belonging to Groups B, C and D resulting in the identification of five nominal species: Terebellides gracilis Malm, 1874, Terebellides atlantis Williams, 1984, Terebellides williamsae Jirkov, 1989, Terebellides irinae Gagaev, 2009, and Terebellides shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O’Reilly, 2016, plus one new species described here as Terebellides lavesquei sp. nov. All these species are characterised by a combination of morphological features complemented with a nucleotide diagnostic approach (specific COI nucleotides in the alignment position). Morphological characters used to discriminate between taxa refer to the branchial shape, presence/absence of ciliated papillae dorsal to thoracic notopodia and the morphology of thoracic and abdominal uncinal teeth. An updated identification key to all described species of this genus in NE Atlantic waters is also included.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic evidence of phenotypic polymorphism in the aeolid nudibranch Flabellina verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829) (Opisthobranchia : Nudibranchia)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1439-6092. ; 6:1, s. 71-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The conspecificity of two forms of Flabellina verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829), one form with short and one with long cerata, was tested by sequencing the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear 5.8S-ITS2 genes. We could not establish any genetic differences between the two forms and conclude that they belong to the same species. Thus, Flabellina verrucosa is polymorphic in ceratum length. (c) 2005 Gesellschaft fur Biologische Systematik. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lavesque, N., et al.
(författare)
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A revision of the French Trichobranchidae (Polychaeta), with descriptions of nine new species
- 2019
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - : Magnolia Press. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; 4664:2, s. 151-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trichobranchidae from French waters are revised based on material available in French marine stations and newly collected specimens. This research is the first part of the "Spaghetti Project" aiming to revise French species of terebellids and trichobranchids. It confirms the absence of the so-called cosmopolitan species Terebellides stroemii from French waters, and describes eight new species of Terebellides: T. bonifi n. sp., T. ceneresi n. sp., T. europaea n. sp., T. gentili n. sp., T. gralli n. sp., T. lilasae n. sp., T. parapari n. sp. and T. resomari n. sp. and one species of Trichobranchus: T. demontaudouini n. sp. using both morphological and molecular tools. An identification key for all European species of Trichobranchidae is provided.
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| 10. |
- Lavesque, N., et al.
(författare)
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The "Spaghetti Project": the final identification guide to European Terebellidae (sensu lato) (Annelida, Terebelliformia)
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Taxonomy. - : Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle. - 2118-9773. ; 782, s. 108-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is the conclusion of the "Spaghetti Project" aiming to revise French species of Terebellidae sensu lato (s.l.) belonging to the five families: Polycirridae, Telothelepodidae, Terebellidae sensu stricto (s.s.), Thelepodidae and Trichobranchidae. During this project, 41 species were observed, 31 of them new for science: eight species of Polycirridae, eleven species of Terebellidae s.s., three species of Thelepodidae and nine species of Trichobranchidae. We provide a comprehensive key for all European species of terebellids with a focus on the important diagnostic characters for each family. Finally, we discuss issues on taxonomy, biodiversity and cryptic and pseudo-cryptic species of polychaetes in European waters, based on results obtained during this project.
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| 11. |
- Martin, D., et al.
(författare)
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Proceraea janetae sp nov (Annelida, Syllidae, Autolytinae), a scleractinian coral feeder from Grand Cayman Island
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0025-3154 .- 1469-7769. ; 95:4, s. 703-712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have found a new species of Autolytinae (Annelida, Syllidae), Proceraea janetae, feeding on the scleractinian coral Montastrea cavernosa in coral reefs surrounding the Grand Cayman Island (Cayman Islands, British West Indies). The new species has a characteristic combination of transversal brown markings on the segmental margins and diffuse white mid-dorsal transverse bars, together with a diffuse white mid-dorsal longitudinal band. Antennae are brown, tentacular cirri are pale, the first dorsal cirri are white with pale base; the second dorsal cirri are pale, and the remaining dorsal cirri are alternately long, bright yellow-orange with brownish tips and short, entirely brown. The trepan has 18 tricuspid teeth in one ring. There are 9 teeth with all cuspids equally long and 9 with a longer median cuspid, arranged in an alternating pattern. We describe and illustrate the feeding behaviour of the new species, which appears to be closer to parasitism rather than to specialized predation. Proceraea janetae sp. nov. is the second polychaete, and the first syllid, known to feed on scleractinian corals.
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| 12. |
- Martin, D., et al.
(författare)
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The symbiotic hesionid Parasyllidea humesi Pettibone, 1961 (Annelida: Polychaeta) hosted by Scrobicularia plana (da Costa, 1778) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Semelidade) in European waters
- 2012
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Ingår i: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6092 .- 1618-1077. ; 12:2, s. 145-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Heretofore, the hesionid polychaete Parasyllidea humesi was only known from its original description, living in association with the bivalve Tellina nymphalis in mangrove swamps north of Pointe-Noire (Republic of Congo, West Africa). The discovery of a stable population in Rio San Pedro (Gulf of Cadiz, southern Atlantic coast of Iberian Peninsula) thus represents the second report for this species worldwide, and the first for European waters. Furthermore, the new population is associated with another bivalve, Scrobicularia plana. The host-symbiont relationship is characterized by a high host-specificity (the symbiont was absent from Ruditapes decussatus and Cerastoderma glaucum collected in the same habitat and location), regular distribution (one, exceptionally two symbionts per host and then being male and female), and prevalence ranging from 0.22 % (in Cao Sancti Petri) to 4.74 % (Rio San Pedro). The symbionts seem to affect the metabolism of their hosts and, thus, their normal growth, so this association may tentatively be considered as close to parasitism. Parasyllidea humesi seems to be restricted to salt marsh areas with stable marine salinities all over the year. As there is no evidence that the presence of P. humesi in the Gulf of Cadiz results from an introduction, we strongly suggest that it may be better considered as native to the region, with our finding representing the northernmost known geographical limit of its distribution.
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| 13. |
- Meissner, K., et al.
(författare)
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Do we know who they are? On the identity of Pholoe (Annelida: Sigalionidae: Pholoinae) species from northern Europe
- 2020
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082 .- 1096-3642. ; 189:1, s. 178-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pholoe species described from northern European coastal waters are studied here, based on morphological and molecular methods. We confirm the current taxonomic status of P. assimilis, P. baltica, P. inornata and P. pallida. All species descriptions are reviewed and refined, barcodes are provided allowing the identification of these species based on molecular markers. Expanding morphological methods by using confocal laser scanning microscopy has added new characters to species diagnoses and makes species identification more secure. The reliability of characters traditionally used for identification of Pholoe species is evaluated. The newly presented identification key allows the delimitation of the four species reported for European coastal waters and also includes P. minuta and P. longa. The latter have been originally described from Greenland, but were often reported from European coastal waters. The results of our studies provide new insights into the distribution of the different species. Relationships of Pholoe species from mainly northern European waters are analysed based on molecular mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We stress the need for the prospective development of a precise terminology for prostomial appendages in Pholoe by including fine anatomical studies.
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| 14. |
- Norlinder, Erika, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology
- 2012
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Ingår i: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1055-7903. ; 65:2, s. 490-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phylogeny of scale-worms, benthic polychaetes carrying dorsal scales (elytra), including taxa from Acoetidae, Aphroditidae, Eulepethidae, Pholoidae, Pholoididae, Polynoidae and Sigalionidae (Aphroditiformia), is assessed from the nuclear markers 18SrRNA and 28SrRNA, and mitochondrial 16SrRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and 24 morphological characters. The data sets are analyzed both separately and combined, with Bayesian analyses, maximum likelihood and parsimony. In total, 56 terminal taxa are examined, including 48 taxa from all scale-worm families, and eight out-group species. The results indicate that Aphroditidae and Eulepethidae are the most basally placed families among the scale-worms. The Pholoididae and Pisionidae are positioned within and synonymized with the Sigalionidae, and Pholoidae may be part of the same group. The subfamily Iphioninae falls out as sister group to a clade consisting of Polynoidae and Acoetidae and is elevated to Iphionidae. The families now included in the Aphroditiformia are Acoetidae, Aphroditidae, Eulepethidae, Pholoidae, Polynoidae, Iphionidae and Sigalionidae, and the subfamily name Harmothoinae and Acholoinae are treated as a junior synonyms of Polynoinae. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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| 15. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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A mega-cryptic species complex hidden among one of the most common annelids in the North East Atlantic
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate mitochondrial (COI, 16S rDNA) and nuclear (ITS2, 28S rDNA) genetic structure of North East Atlantic lineages of Terebellides, a genus of sedentary annelids mainly inhabiting continental shelf and slope sediments. We demonstrate the presence of more than 25 species of which only seven are formally described. Species boundaries are determined with molecular data using a broad range of analytical methods. Many of the new species are common and wide spread, and the majority of the species are found in sympatry with several other species in the complex. Being one of the most regularly encountered annelid taxa in the North East Atlantic, it is more likely to find an undescribed species of Terebellides than a described one.
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| 16. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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A new species of Myrianida (Syllidae, Polychaeta) from Belize
- 2007
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326. ; 1595, s. 17-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe Myrianida gidholmi sp. n. from shallow waters in Belize. It is characterized by a unique colour pattern consisting of red transverse and longitudinal bands. We determine its phylogenetic position within Myrianida using a combined approach with morphological and molecular data. The new species is compared to relevant Myrianida taxa and important features for morphological identification are listed in a table. The new combinations Myrianida tyrrhenica (Cognetti, 1953) and M. cognetti (Çinar & Gambi, 2005) are introduced, and Autolytus antondohrni Çinar & Gambi, 2005, is synonymized with M. tyrrhenica. We also provide a checklist of all taxa belonging to Myrianida.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971
(författare)
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Autolytinae: molecules, morphology, and reproduction
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Autolytines constitute a well delineated group of syllid polychaetes, separated from other syllids by the presence of a sinuous pharynx, lack of ventral cirri and reproduction with dimorphic sexes. The group comprises c. 170 nominal species distributed worldwide, mostly inhabiting hard substrates restricted to the continental shelf. Members of Autolytinae exhibit epitoky, which means substantial morphological change associated with reproduction. There are two basic types of epitoky in Autolytinae: 1) epigamy, where the whole animal is transformed to a sexual individual and 2) schizogamy, where sexual individuals (stolons) are produced at the posterior end of the main individual. Members of the other syllid groups Eusyllinae and Exogoninae reproduce exclusively by epigamy, while members of Syllinae exhibit schizogamy. Several different types of schizogamy are known in Autolytinae. In gemmiparity several successive stolons are produced in a row, while in scissiparity, only one stolon is produced at a time. Scissiparity is further separated into anterior scissiparity where the single stolon is formed behind chaetiger 13, and posterior scissiparity where the stolon is formed at a more posterior position. In this thesis, phylogenetic relationships within Autolytinae and Syllidae are estimated based on morphological and molecular characters from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear 18S rDNA sequences. Methods include parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses. The results indicate three major clades in Autolytinae, corresponding to the different reproductive modes: one with epigamous autolytines (Epigamia), a second with taxa exhibiting posterior scissiparity and gemmiparity (Autolytini), and a third containing taxa with anterior scissiparity (Procerini). However, the relationships between these three groups are uncertain. The resulting phylogenies are used to reconstruct the evolution of reproductive modes using parsimony and ML-methods. The results unequivocally support epigamy as the ancestral reproductive mode in Syllidae, and that schizogamy has evolved separately in Autolytinae and Syllinae. The evolution of reproductive traits is largely unresolved within Autolytinae and either one of the different reproductive modes may constitute the ancestral state. Furthermore, all autolytines are revised and redescribed from available types, and newly collected specimens. In addition, a number of new taxa are introduced including Proceraea nigropunctata, P. gigantea, P. hanssoni and Myrianida flava from the U.S. west coast, P. rubroproventriculata from the West Atlantic, and P. pleijeli and P. paraurantiaca from the North-east Atlantic. Phylogenetic name definitions are given in parallel to a Linnean classification in order to, in future studies, investigate how changes in the phylogenetic hypotheses will affect the names under the two different systems.
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| 19. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Bertil Åkesson (1928-2013) obituary.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Memoires of Museum Victoria. - 1447-2546 .- 1447-2554. ; 71, s. 343-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Colour polymorphism in the polychaete Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus, 1767)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Marine Biology Research. - 1745-1000. ; 7:1, s. 54-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated whether the different colour morphs in Harmothoe imbricata constitute a single polymorphic species or if there are several species present. We sequenced the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS1–5.8SrDNA–ITS2 region from 57 specimens representing 10 distinct colour morphs collected from Svalbard to the Swedish west coast. The resulting minimum spanning haplotype network based on mitochondrial COI unequivocally shows H. imbricata to be a single and colour polymorphic species, whereas variation in the ITS region was very limited.
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| 22. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971
(författare)
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Cryptic polychaete diversity: A review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256. ; 43:2, s. 172-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review summarises the current knowledge on cryptic species of polychaetes, one of the most dominant taxa in marine communities, and gives a brief overview of the different methods that has been used for their disclosure. Cryptic species constitute an important part of biodiversity and they are common among all kinds of polychaetes, with different life history traits, and may have sympatric as well as allopatric distributions. It is emphasised that cryptic species must not be neglected for a variety of reasons, and even though the magnitude of cryptic species is largely unknown the available data on polychaetes clearly demonstrate that morphology alone seriously underestimate the number of species. It is suggested that future research should focus on appropriately designed case-studies using combined approaches, as well as on large-scale whole sample analyses using next-generation sequencing in order to be able to answer the many questions that still remains. © 2013 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
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| 23. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Cryptic species of Notophyllum (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae) in Scandinavian waters
- 2010
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Ingår i: Organisms Diversity & Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6092 .- 1618-1077. ; 10:3, s. 193-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phyllodocid polychaete Notophyllum foliosum occurs in two colour morphs in Swedish and Norwegian waters, one palish yellow to grey form with black patches that is restricted to deeper waters and often associated with reefs of the deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa, and one usually yellow-orange form with black patches and white spots that is usually encountered on more shallow bottoms. We have sampled the two forms from sympatric occurrences in Norway, and the shallow form from the Swedish west coast. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8SrDNA-ITS2) unequivocally indicate that the two forms represent different species. We apply the name N. foliosum (Sars, 1835) to the 'shallow form', and propose N. crypticum n. sp. for the 'deep form'. A lectotype is fixed for N. foliosum.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic relationships between Nereimyra punctata and N-woodsholea (Hesionidae, Polychaeta)
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0947-5745 .- 1439-0469. ; 43:4, s. 273-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a COI-based parsimony analysis of the relationships between the shallow water, pigmented hesionid polychaete Nereimyra punctata, and a deep-water, unpigmented form with sympatric distribution in Norway and Sweden. Apart from the pigmentation differences, the two forms exhibit no observed morphological differences. The terminals are represented by four specimens each of the two forms from the Trondheimsfjord in Norway, and four each of the two forms from northern Bohuslan in Sweden, plus members of the two hesionids Heteropodarke and Ophiodromus as outgroups. In addition, the analysis includes a topotype of the morphologically similar and unpigmented Nereimyra woodsholea from the Middle Atlantic Bight off the US east coast. The equally weighted matrix includes 132 informative characters. All most-parsimonious trees unequivocally indicate that specimens belonging to the same form (pigmented or unpigmented) from different areas are cladistically closer related to each other than different forms from the same areas. Nereimyra woodsholea is nested within the unpigmented deeper group of the Norwegian and Swedish specimens, thus indicating that this name should be applied to the deep-water form in Norway and Sweden.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny and evolution of reproductive modes in Autolytinae (Syllidae, Annelida).
- 2003
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Ingår i: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. - 1055-7903. ; 29:2, s. 235-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phylogeny of 31 autolytine taxa (Syllidae, Polychaeta, and Annelida) was estimated based on 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA sequences. Outgroups included 12 non-autolytine syllids and four other annelids from related groups. The phylogeny was used to trace the evolution of the various reproductive strategies (i.e., epigamy, anterior and posterior scissiparity, and gemmiparity) within the group, and it will also serve as a basis for a forthcoming revision of autolytine taxonomy. The two genes were analysed both separately and in combination using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Regardless of method used the combined analysis supported a division of Autolytinae into three major clades: one with epigamous Autolytus; a second comprising Autolytus and Myrianida with posterior scissiparity and gemmiparity; and a third containing Proceraea, Procerastea, and Virchowia with anterior scissiparity. The relationship between these three groups is uncertain. Ancestral reproductive states were reconstructed with parsimony and maximum likelihood, and the results unequivocally support epigamy as the plesiomorphic reproductive mode in Syllidae, and that schizogamy in Syllinae and Autolytinae are separate events. The evolution of reproductive traits is ambiguous within Autolytinae, and either of the different reproductive modes could represent the ancestral state.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Redescription of Imajimaea draculai-a rare syllid polychaete associated with the sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - 0025-3154. ; 90:7, s. 1441-1448
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We redescribe Imajimaea draculai based on newly collected specimens from the Swedish west coast and describe for the first time its association with the sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis. We assess the phylogenetic position of I. draculai within Autolytinae using nuclear 18SrDNA, together with mitochondrial COI and 16SrDNA, and we estimate its intraspecific variation using nuclear ITS and mitochondrial COI. Our molecular data unequivocally show that I. draculai belongs to the tribe Procerini in a clade consisting of Procerastea, Virchowia and Imajimaea that is separated from all other Procerini taxa for which molecular data are available. No intraspecific variation is found in I. draculai for the sequenced molecular markers.
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| 33. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971
(författare)
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Revision of autolytinae (Syllidae : Polychaeta)
- 2004
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - 1175-5334. ; :680, s. 3-314
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autolytinae is revised based on available types, and newly collected specimens. Out of 170 nominal species, 18 are considered as incertae sedis, 43 are regarded as junior synonyms, and 25 are referred to as nomina dubia. The relationships of Autolytinae is assessed from 51 morphological characters and 211 states for 76 ingroup-taxa, and 460 molecular characters from mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear 18S rDNA for 31 ingroup-taxa; outgroups include 12 non-autolytine syllid polychaetes. Two analyses are provided, one including morphological data only, and one with combined morphological and molecular data sets. The resulting strict consensus tree from the combined data is chosen for a reclassification. Three main clades are identified: Procerini trib. n., Autolytini Grube, 1850, and Epigamia gen. n. Proceraea Ehlers, 1864 and Myrianida Milne Edwards, 1845 are referred to as nomen protectum, while Scolopendra Slabber, 1781, Podonereis Blainville, 1818, Amytis Savigny, 1822, Polynice Savigny, 1822, and Nereisyllis Blainville, 1828 are considered nomina oblita. The following new generic synonymies are introduced: Myrianida Milne Edwards, 1845, senior synonym to Autolytus Grube, 1850; Pterautolytus Ehlers, 1907, and Regulatus Imajima, 1966, both junior synonyms to Proceraea Ehlers, 1864; and Autosyllis Imajima & Hartman, 1964, junior synonym to Virchowia Langerhans, 1879. The following new genera are described: Epigamia, Pachyprocerastea, Planicirrata, Paraproceraea, and Imajimaea. The following new species are described: Proceraea pleijeli from the Atlantic coast of Spain, Proceraea paraurantiaca from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, and Proceraea hanssoni and Myrianida flava from Washington State, U. S. A. Proceraea madeirensis constitutes a new name for P. fasciata Langerhans, 1879 and 50 new combinations are introduced. Additionally, a number of species-level synonymies are proposed. Phylogenetic name definitions are given in parallel to a Linnean classification.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Nygren, Arne, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Two new and two poorly known autolytines (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from Madeira and the Mediterranean Sea
- 2010
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Ingår i: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326. ; :2640, s. 35-52
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe Proceraea albocephala, new species, from Madeira, and Erseia oligochaeta, new genus and new species, from Istria, Croatia, and we provide redescriptions of Proceraea madeirensis (Nygren, 2004) from topotype material, and Myrianida longoprimicirrata (Lopez, San Martin & Jimenez, 1997) from material collected at Istria, Croatia, and Banyuls-sur-Mer, France. Proceraea albocephala, new species is morphologically separated from similar species by a prostomial white spot, and E. oligochaeta, new genus, new species is unique in having only a few (1-2) simple unidentate chaetae in all chaetigers, and a trepan with a single large and 25-28 smaller teeth. We assess the phylogenetic positions of the four species using nuclear 18SrDNA, together with mitochondrial COI and 16SrDNA. Our molecular data show that among the sequenced autolytines 1) P. albocephala, new species is most closely related to P. nigropunctata Nygren & Gidholm, 2001, P. okadai (Imajima, 1966), and P. cornuta (Agassiz, 1862), 2) E. oligochaeta, new genus, new species belongs within a clade together with Procerastea nematodes Langerhans, 1884, Virchowia clavata Langerhans, 1879, and Imajimaea draculai (San Martin & Lopez, 2002), 3) M. longoprimicirrata is sister species to M. pentadentata (Imajima, 1966), and 4) P. madeirensis has a basal position within Procerini. The molecular data suggests that Proceraea Ehlers, 1864 as currently delineated is paraphyletic.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Panova, Marina, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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A molecular phylogeny of the north-east Atlantic species of the genus Idotea (Isopoda) with focus on the Baltic Sea
- 2017
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Ingår i: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 46:2, s. 188-199
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today, the marine isopods of the genus Idotea Fabricius, 1798 consist of 26 accepted species. Most species can be found in the Northern Hemisphere. While some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, others are endemic to a few coastlines. In the Baltic Sea, Idotea species have a key role as important meso-grazers. Only three species can be found in this brackish environment, I. balthica, I. chelipes and I. granulosa, while nine species are described from the whole European coast. The goal of the present study was to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus Idotea and to test whether the Baltic low-salinity tolerant species represent a single lineage within the genus. The phylogeny of north-east Atlantic Idotea species was investigated based on a fragment of the nuclear gene 28S and the mitochondrial gene COI for eight Idotea species. The phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the genus Idotea might not be monophyletic. Neither I. linearis nor I. urotoma did belong to the separated and well-supported Idotea clade of I. balthica, I. chelipes, I. emarginata, I. granulosa, I. metallica and I. pelagica. The three Idotea species found in the Baltic belonged to different lineages, with estimated COI-based divergence time older than 7 Myr. This suggests that the tolerance to low salinity has likely evolved in the genus Idotea more than once.
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| 38. |
- Parapar, J., et al.
(författare)
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To name but a few: descriptions of five new species of Terebellides (Annelida, Trichobranchidae) from the North East Atlantic
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Zookeys. - 1313-2989. ; :992, s. 1-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of described species of the genus Terebellides Sars, 1835 (Annelida, Trichobranchidae) has greatly increased in the last years, particularly in the North East Atlantic. In this context, this paper deals with several putative species recently delineated by molecular means within a well delimited clade of Terebellides. Species are characterised here by a combination of morphological characters, and a complementary nucleotide diagnostic approach. Three species were identified as the nominal species T. stroemii Sars, 1835, T. bigeniculatus Parapar, Moreira & Helgason, 2011 and T. europaea Lavesque et al., 2019. Five species are described as new: T. bakkeni sp. nov., T. kongsrudi sp. nov., T. norvegica sp. nov., T. ronningae sp. nov. and T. scotica sp. nov. The distinctive morphological characters refer to the branchial shape, absence or presence of papillae on lamellae of anterior margin of branchial dorsal lobes, absence or presence of ciliated papillae dorsal to thoracic notopodia, geniculate chaetae in one or two chaetigers, and the morphology of thoracic and abdominal uncini teeth. Furthermore, the description of T. bigeniculatus is revised and complemented after examination of type specimens. An updated identification key to all species of the genus in NE Atlantic and a proposal of a classification of different types of abdominal uncini to be used in taxonomy are also included.
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| 39. |
- Pleijel, Fredrik, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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A partial revision of Gyptis (Gyptini, Ophiodrominae, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida), with descriptions of a new tribe, a new genus and five new species
- 2012
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082. ; 165:3, s. 471-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogenetic analyses of molecular data (COI, 16SrDNA, 18SrDNA, and 28SrDNA) show that the hesionid genus Gyptis Marion & Bobretzky in Marion, 1874, and the tribe Gyptini Pleijel, 1998, are nonmonophyletic as currently delineated. We introduce the new tribe Amphidurini and the new genus Neogyptis to accommodate these new findings. Amphidurini is sister to Gyptini and Ophiodromini and includes Amphiduros Hartman, 1959, Amphiduropsis, Pleijel, 2001, Neogyptis gen. nov., and, possibly, Parahesione Pettibone, 1956. Morphologically, Amphidurini can be separated from Gyptini by the distally, rather than subdistally, inserted ventral cirri, and Neogyptis by the combination of this feature, the presence of a median antenna, and a distal ring with papillae on the proboscis. We redescribe and transfer the four species Gyptis crypta Pleijel, 1993, Gyptis mediterranea Pleijel, 1993, Gyptis plurisetis Hilbig, 1992, and Gyptis rosea (Malm, 1874) from Gyptis to Neogyptis gen. nov., and describe five new species from shallow waters in Belize, Hong Kong, off Vladivostok, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Lau Basin off Fiji.
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| 40. |
- Pleijel, Fredrik, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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A revision of Nereimyra (Psamathini, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082. ; 164:1, s. 36-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nereimyra Blainville, 1828 (Psamathini, Hesionidae, Aciculata, Annelida) is revised based on examination of all available types and newly collected specimens. We assessed the phylogeny of Nereimyra in an analysis based on cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI), 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, and 28S rDNA. The genus is delineated to include the three species Nereimyra aphroditoides (Fabricius, 1780), Nereimyra punctata (O.F. Muller, 1776), and Nereimyra woodsholea (Hartman, 1965), which are redescribed. Nereimyra punctata has a characteristic pigmentation, but otherwise there are no clear morphological characters for separating the species. Based on the molecular data we obtained strong support both for the monophyly of Nereimyra and for each of the three included species. Nereimyra punctata and N. woodsholea are sister species, and the Kimura two-parameter (K2P)-corrected COI distances between the three species are 1623%. Syllidia Quatrefages, 1866, is sister group to Nereimyra. Previous uncertainties regarding the type species of the genus are settled to Nereis rosea Fabricius, 1780, junior synonym of N. aphroditoides. A neotype is designated for N. aphroditoides. The distribution of Nereimyra is at present restricted to the Arctic and the boreal parts of the North Atlantic, possibly extending to the Gulf of Mexico on the United States east coast. Records outside this area require verification. Castalia multipapillata Theel, 1879, and Nereimyra alvinae Blake, 1985, are of uncertain affinity and are treated as nomina dubia.
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| 41. |
- Pleijel, Fredrik, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Five colour morphs and three new species of Gyptis (Hesionidae, Annelida) under a jetty in Edithburgh, South Australia
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 1463-6409 .- 0300-3256. ; 38:1, s. 89-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report five different colour morphs of the hesionid polychaete genus Gyptis co-occurring in a small area in shallow water under Edithburgh jetty, South Australia. The five morphs cannot be separated using standard morphological features, but phylogenetic analyses of sequence data (COI and ITS1) unequivocally show that three species are present, introduced as Gyptis simpsonorum, new species, G. paucilineata, new species and G. polymorpha, new species. Gyptis simpsonorum has a speckled pigmentation pattern and G. paucilineata a few transverse lines on specific segments. Gyptis polymorpha is polymorphic with three different, distinct pigmentation patterns, either as dense transverse lines, as a thin longitudinal, mid-dorsal line, or as an uniformly dark dorsum. The speckled pigmentation likely represents the plesiomorphic condition, and G. propinqua is the closest known relative to these new species.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Pleijel, Fredrik, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Vrijenhoekia balaenophila, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off CaliforniaVrijenhoekia balaenophila, a new hesionid polychaete from a whale fall off California
- 2008
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Ingår i: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4082 .- 1096-3642. ; 152:4, s. 625-634
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vrijenhoekia balaenophila gen. nov., sp. nov. (Polychaeta, Hesionidae) is described from a whale carcass at near 3000 m depth in Monterey Canyon off the coast of California. The phylogenetic relationships of V. balaenophila are assessed in a parsimony analysis of morphological data together with nucleotide data from 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase I genes. Within the hesionids V. balaenophila belongs to Psamathini, where it is the sister group to Sirsoe. Among psamathins it is morphologically distinguished by having six glandular lip pads around the mouth opening, papilla-shaped neuropodial lobes on segment 3, extreme length of the dorsal cirri, and by a characteristic growth pattern in which the maximum number of segments is already formed in subadults, and further growth takes place through size increase of the segments.
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| 45. |
- Radashevsky, V. I., et al.
(författare)
-
Disentangling invasions in the sea: molecular analysis of a global polychaete species complex (Annelida: Spionidae: Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata)
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Biological Invasions. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1387-3547 .- 1573-1464. ; 22, s. 3621-3644
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The spionid polychaete Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda, 1937) was originally described from Japan and has since been reported as a non-indigenous species in soft bottom communities in the Northeast Pacific, the Mediterranean Sea, around Europe, Australia, Brazil, and Florida. The diagnostic features of the adults are palps with ramified yellow chromatophores, prostomium rounded anteriorly, short occipital antenna on the caruncle, and a small disc-like pygidium. We collected Pseudopolydora with these features from locations worldwide and compared them by a molecular analysis. The Bayesian analysis of the combined dataset of three genetic markers (mitochondrial 16S rDNA, nuclear 28S rDNA and Histone 3; 811bp in total) showed that the worms form a monophyletic group comprising four genetically different clades. We name this group the P. paucibranchiata complex and consider the clades as four pseudocryptic species. The largest examined clade comprises individuals from the Pacific Canada (British Columbia), Russia (Sea of Japan), South Korea (East Sea), Italy (Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas), Australia (Victoria), Netherlands, and Japan, which we identify as P. paucibranchiata. The morphology, reproductive biology and ecology of P. paucibranchiata are briefly reviewed. The other three clades are referred to as Pseudopolydora vexillosa Radashevsky and Hsieh, 2000 (Vietnam, Nha Trang Bay), Pseudopolydora sp. A (Australia, Northern Territory), and Pseudopolydora sp. B (Kuwait, Arabian Gulf). We explain the occurrence of P. paucibranchiata outside of the Northwest Pacific by unintentional human-mediated transportation in ballast water and/or with commercial oyster movements in aquaculture operations, followed by successful invasions. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 46. |
- Ruta, C., et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny of Hesionidae (Aciculata, Polychaeta), assessed from morphology, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 36:1, s. 99-107
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assess phylogenetic relationships within the polychaete family Hesionidae from morphological data combined with nucleotide data from 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COI. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses were performed on two data sets; the first was based on a more restricted set of terminals with both morphological and molecular data (17 ingroup terminals), while the second included additional taxa with morphological data only (25 ingroup terminals). The different sets of terminals yielded fully congruent results, as did the parsimony and the Bayesian analyses. Our results indicate high levels of homoplasy in traditionally used morphological characters in the group, and that Hesioninae, Gyptini and Gyptis are nonmonophyletic. Hesionini (mainly Hesione and Leocrates), Psamathini (mainly Hesiospina, Micropodarke, Nereimyra, Psamathe and Syllidia), Ophiodrominae (Gyptini and Ophiodromini) and Ophiodromini (mainly Heteropodarke, Ophiodromus and Podarkeopsis) are monophyletic and agree with previous classifications, and Hesionini is probably the sister to all other hesionids. The placements of the small hesionids capricornia and Lizardia, the hydrothermal vent taxa Hesiodeira and Hesiolyra, and the newly described Hesiobranchia, remain uncertain.
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| 47. |
- Schimmenti, E., et al.
(författare)
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Mediterranean record of Eulalia ornata (Annelida: Phyllodocidae) corroborating its fidelity link with the Sabellaria alveolata reef habitat
- 2016
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Ingår i: Mediterranean Marine Science. - : National Documentation Centre (EKT). - 1108-393X .- 1791-6763. ; 17:2, s. 359-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among marine habitats, Sabellaria alveolata reefs deserve protection as they provide important ecosystem services and are advantageous for the biodiversity. Several marine species are listed among the S. alveolata reef-associated fauna, but characteristic species have been only seldom reported, with the exception of Eulalia ornata (Annelida: Phyllodocidae), which is common/abundant in the S. alveolata reefs of the Eastern Atlantic. The most evident geographical mismatch in the distributions of E. ornata and these biogenic reefs occurs in the Mediterranean Sea, where S. alveolata reefs are commonly found, but E. ornata has never been recorded. However, E. viridis, a non-Mediterranean species, was previously listed among the dominant reef-associated taxa. The faunal characterization of the sabellarid reefs along the Sicily Channel revealed an Eulalia species as the dominant taxon associated with that habitat. A taxonomical approach integrated with DNA bar-coding and comparisons with closely related species helped us determine E. ornata as a new species for the Mediterranean Sea. We have described the patterns of abundance and distribution and corroborated its status as a preferential species in the S. alveolata reef habitat. Focusing on the biology and ecology of E. ornata will enable us to better understand the dynamics and functioning of this valuable European shallow marine habitat.
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| 48. |
- Strand, Malin, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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A new nemertean species: what are the useful characters for ribbon worm descriptions?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0025-3154 .- 1469-7769. ; 94:2, s. 317-330
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years the Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative started thorough investigations of poorly known organism groups. In this context, several marine inventories have rendered a number of marine invertebrate species new to science. Within the phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) a characteristic hoplonemertean was encountered on two different occasions. We describe the new species Amphiporus rectangulus sp. nov. with a combination of histology and DNA data (COI). For the morphological description we use a previously proposed character matrix and, in a context given by the results, also provide a brief discussion on benefits and drawbacks with both methods. We argue that for small animals with soft bodies external characters can be more informative than hitherto expected.
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| 49. |
- Teixeira, M. A. L., et al.
(författare)
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Molecular and morphometric analyses identify new lineages within a large Eumida (Annelida) species complex
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Zoologica Scripta. - : Wiley. - 0300-3256 .- 1463-6409. ; 49:2, s. 222-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on two new lineages of the Eumida sanguinea complex from Great Britain and describe one of them as a new species using a multilocus approach, including the mitochondrial DNA COI‐5P and the nuclear markers ITS (ITS1, 5.8S rRNA and ITS2) and 28S rRNA. The molecular analysis placed Eumida mackiei sp. nov. in a monophyletic clade with 19.1% (COI), 10.1% (ITS) and 1.7% (28S) mean distance to its nearest neighbour. Molecular diagnoses were also applied to nine lineages within the E. sanguinea complex. This was complemented with morphometric data employing multivariate statistical analysis and the incorporation of statistical dissimilarities against three other described species from the complex. Eumida mackiei sp. nov. can be distinguished from E. notata and E. maia by the larger distance between the eyes and differences in morphometric proportions mainly in the dorsal and ventral cirri as well as in the prostomial appendages. E. sanguinea sensu stricto failed to produce a cluster of its own in the morphometric analysis, probably due to juvenile bias. Integrative taxonomy provided strong evidence to formally describe a new cryptic species that can now be used in biomonitoring or other relevant ecological research.
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| 50. |
- Teixeira, Marcos A.L., et al.
(författare)
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Revealing the diversity of the green Eulalia (Annelida, Phyllodocidae) species complex along the European coast, with description of three new species
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Organisms Diversity and Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6092 .- 1618-1077. ; 23:3, s. 477-503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The green phyllodocids Eulalia clavigera and E. viridis are a known European pseudo-cryptic complex, but questions about its distribution and evidence of additional lineages in previous studies call for an investigation of the real diversity within the complex. We analyze DNA sequences (mtCOI-5P, ITS, and 28S rRNA) of different populations of E. clavigera from intertidal and subtidal marine waters along the North East Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, theAzores and Webbnesia (Madeira, Savage islands andCanaries), and populations of E. viridis from the Scandinavia. This provided compelling evidence for the existence of six additional divergent evolutionary lineages, three of the most abundant being described here as new species: Eulalia feliciae sp. nov., intertidal and unique to the Western Mediterranean, Eulalia madeirensis sp. nov., subtidal and unique to the Madeira Island (Portugal), and Eulalia xanthomucosa sp. nov., mostly subtidal and occurring in the British Isles and southern France. Complementary morphometric analyses showed that E. feliciae sp. nov. and E. madeirensis sp. nov. formed two independent morphometric clusters, while E. xanthomucosa sp. nov. often overlapped with E. clavigera sensu stricto (s. s.), although being unique in showing a yellow coloration and parapodial cirri on median segments larger in relation to its body size. Recent biotechnological findings based on “E. clavigera” specimens highlight the importance of formally describing cryptic complexes, since each lineage chemistry might be unique and may have a range of distinct effects and applications.
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