| 1. |
- Johansson, Karl-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in Development Aid, Negotiation Processes and NGO Policy Change
- 2010
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Ingår i: Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0957-8765 .- 1573-7888. ; 21, s. 371-392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-governmental organizations (NGO) and government donor agencies (GDA) are often caught in a dilemma; an NGO between responsiveness to its target group(s), expectations of individual donors and demands of its GDA; GDA between its policy to respect NGO's integrity, its wish to keep NGOs accountable for received fund and its operation within the bounds of its general policies. This dilemma is mirrored in the NGO-GDA negotiation for funds. Based on negotiation theory and using three explanatory approaches, 18 years of negotiations between an NGO, Vi Skogen (ViS) and its GDA, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), are analyzed in order to demonstrate how organizational structures, power relations and the context influence the outcome of the negotiations. All three approaches help to explain how ViS managed, mainly in the interest of its individual donors, to resist changes demanded by Sida and also to explain how the agendas of ViS and Sida finally converged.
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| 2. |
- Majdi, Hooshang, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of slash retention and wood ash addition on fine root biomass and production and fungal mycelium in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden
- 2008
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7042 .- 0378-1127. ; 255:7, s. 2109-2117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the study reported here we examined the short-term effects (1-3 years) of slash retention (SR) and the long-term effects (13-15 years) of wood-ash application (A) on fine roots and mycorrhizae in a 40-year-old Norway spruce forest in southwest Sweden. Soil cores were used to obtain estimates of the biomass (g m(-2)) of roots in three diameter classes (< 0.5, 0.5-1 and 1-2 mm), root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL) and mycorrhizal root tip density (RTD). Fine root (< 1 mm) length production and mortality, and mycelium production, were estimated using minirhizotron and mesh bag techniques, respectively. Compared with the control plots (C), the biomass of fine roots in diameter classes < 0.5 mm and 0.5-1 mm was significantly higher in A plots, but lower in SR plots. In addition, RLD was significantly lower in the humus layer of SR plots than in the humus layers of C and A plots, but not in the other layers. None of the treatments affected the SRL. In all soil layers, the SR treatment resulted in significant reductions in the number of ectomycorrhizal root tips, and the mycelia production of fungi in mesh bags, relative to the C treatment, but the C and A treatments induced no significant changes in these variables. Fine root length production in the C, A and SR plots amounted to 94, 87 and 70 turn tube(-1) during the 2003 growing season, respectively. Fine root mortality in treated plots did not change over the course of the study. We suggest that leaving logging residues on fertile sites may result in nitrogen mineralisation, which may in turn induce reductions in root biomass, and both root and mycelium production, and consequently affect nutrient uptake and the accumulation of organic carbon in soil derived from roots and mycorrhizae.
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| 3. |
- Majdi, Hooshang, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring Fine Root Turnover in Forest Ecosystems
- 2005
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 276:1-2, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Development of direct and indirect methods for measuring root turnover and the status of knowledge on fine root turnover in forest ecosystems are discussed. While soil and ingrowth cores give estimates of standing root biomass and relative growth, respectively, minirhizotrons provide estimates of median root longevity (turnover time) i.e., the time by which 50% of the roots are dead. Advanced minirhizotron and carbon tracer studies combined with demographic statistical methods and new models hold the promise of improving our fundamental understanding of the factors controlling root turnover. Using minirhizotron data, fine root turnover (y−1) can be estimated in two ways: as the ratio of annual root length production to average live root length observed and as the inverse of median root longevity. Fine root production and mortality can be estimated by combining data from minirhizotrons and soil cores, provided that these data are based on roots of the same diameter class (e.g., < 1 mm in diameter) and changes in the same time steps. Fluxes of carbon and nutrients via fine root mortality can then be estimated by multiplying the amount of carbon and nutrients in fine root biomass by fine root turnover. It is suggested that the minirhizotron method is suitable for estimating median fine root longevity. In comparison to the minirhizotron method, the radio carbon technique favor larger fine roots that are less dynamics. We need to reconcile and improve both methods to develop a more complete understanding of root turnover.
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| 4. |
- Majdi, Hooshang, et al.
(författare)
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Root respiration data and minirhizotron observations conflict with root turnover estimates from sequential soil coring
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 22:4, s. 299-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The turnover of fine roots in northern coniferous forests has conventionally been assumed to be rapid, in line with results from sequential coring in the late 1970s in a Swedish Scots pine stand (SWECON project) where a rate of 7.4 year(-1) was estimated. New quantifications of the root respiration in other stands motivated a recalculation of the SWECON data; an indirect estimation of the turnover rate was much slower, about 2.1 year(-1). As a consequence, fine-root production is considered to be much lower than in previous estimates. Furthermore, direct observations of Norway spruce fine roots (< 1 mm) from minirhizotrons in Sweden, including a site close to the SWECON site, indicated a slower estimate, with fine-root turnover rate of 0.9 year
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| 5. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Cleavage in the understanding of sustainability: Sustainable pulp industry versus sustained local livelihood
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 27, s. 229-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- "Sustainability" is used as a catchword, with different meanings depending on the actor. This paper examines how the term "sustainability" is used by the Brazilian pulp maker Veracel Cellulose, and other major cellulose pulp producers in South America, and the cleavage between the companies and the local communities in their understanding of the term sustainability. The analysis was based on annual or sustainability reports from companies in Brazil (Aracruz, Fibria, Suzano and Veracel) and Chile (Arauco and CPMC), and Nordic Stora Enso and UPM. The main emphasis is on Veracel for 2008 and 2009, which is contrasted with a letter to the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) from the local Bahian NGO, CEPEDES. Although the companies use "sustainability" as a catchword, in the actual reporting the wording "environmental and social responsibility" is preferred. A new reporting standard, GRI, encourages a narrower focus on selected business-related indicators, rather than a broader view in accordance with the Brundtland and Rio definitions. The cleavage between business-and a livelihood-oriented understanding of "sustainability" reflects a difference in understanding of the underlying concept of "development". To ensure long-term sustainability of company operations, sustainable business development of the pulp and paper industry should include local livelihood perspectives to a greater extent than at present.
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| 6. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Cost and value of forest legislation
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Well-meaning legislation, aiming at protecting natural forest or other forest values, may imply costs to the owners causing them to change to other forms of land use, or to seemingly irrational or illegal behaviour. The issue is illustrated by examples from 17th century Sweden, Costa Rica in the 1990s, and Argentina's pending legal revision. If legislation is to be efficient, the total regulative and supportive packet has to be advantageous to the owners
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Forestry legislation in Sweden
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper is a review of Swedish forest policy and legislation over four centuries, using mainly Swedish language literature, including Government and Forest Authority print. - Government policies during the 17th and 18th centuries favoured mining and Navy interests, restricting the rural population’s use of the forest commons. The commons and the Crown lands were largely privatised around 1800, and the ensuing philosophy of economic liberalism was against any restrictions on ownership right. Thus, modern legislation was introduced as late as in 1903, in spite of the ambitions of several generations of foresters inspired by the emerging forestry thinking on the Continent, aiming at sustainable timber production. From that year, legislation and institutions were developed gradually striving to utilise the full timber producing potential of Sweden’s forestland. From 1979, this policy reached a climax, with far-going state control of forest management while retaining formal ownership rights. The forests were restocked the forests but environment had been steamrolled – at least, a growing opinion saw it like that. After 1990, the policy was reoriented towards more broadly understood sustainability and multifunctionality. This most notably was achieved through the 1993 Forestry Act, but also through new environmental legislation, taxation and property legislation and institutional change, in parallel with similar developments in a majority of European countries. The change can be seen as a transition from state-formulated policy to forest governance where several actors compete for influence. - Policy development over the four centuries is seen as a result of political and economic forces. During the 17th century, Sweden was in many respects a military state where the Crown and the Nobility shared economic interests, while the Estate of Peasants (the peasants never lost their political freedom in Sweden) struggled to defend its land rights. During the last decades of the 18th century, the Crown aligned itself with the Peasants, curbing the former elite, preparing for the Napoleonic era (~1800). This was marked by a transition towards political and economic liberalism, privatisation of commons as well as of public land, and an ascendancy of both peasants and urban entrepreneurs. Towards the end of the 19th century, forest industry became an important actor, while the state wanted to ensure social stability by safeguarding farmer interests. After 1950, industry and the trade union interests dictated the policy, while traditional farming-with-forestry was transformed, losing political leverage. At the end of the 20th century, increasingly urban middle-class values came to dominate the ideational landscape, paving the way for present policies
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| 9. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Ius naturalis: Debating sustainability and conservation, can ethics based on evolutionary arguments provide a platform of mutual understanding?
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since the collapse of 19th century idealism, it has been considered bad taste in axiology and moral philosophy to refer to Nature as providing guidance to normative ethics. Only the Catholic Church has insisted on Natural Law as a moral principle, as developed on an Aristotelian base by St Thomas Aquinas, and valid for believers and non-believers alike. However, that line of thought presupposes some kind of purposeful Creative Power or Intelligence, albeit not necessarily the God of the monotheistic religions. Much of he environmental movement - including inspiring profiles such as Aldo Leopold and Arne Naess - seems to argue in line with deontological idealism, even if an effort is made at defending the 'survival value' of their eco- or biocentric world views. Logical positivism, - an example being the Uppsala school of ' value nihilism' - reduces their fundamental values to subjective opinions. It seems as if purely deductive moral philosophy is leading to a dead end. Yet, evolutionary biology and etology ('sociobiology' in Wilson's sense) give biologists courage to claim what last generations of moral philosphers have been lacking: certain moral behavioural patterns have a positive selection value among highly social vertebrates, including humans, and human moral capabilities and even values may be based in genetically condittioned mental patterns, just as language capability seems to envolve mental structures and not only anatomical facilities for speech. In a notable installation lecture, the new incumbent on Uppsala University's ancient Chair of Theoretical Philosphy, Folke Tersman, presented his predecessor Hägerström’s influential school while opening up for a new synthesis of life sciences and traditional philosophy. The present presentation will explore some lines of thought with reference on environmental and forestry ethics, without making any claims on original ethical theory development
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| 10. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Swedish forest policy since 1990 : reforms and consequences
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Similar to many other countries, particularly in Europe, Sweden has revised much of its legislation relating to forestry and environment since 1990. Of immediate relevance to the forest sector are the 1993 Forestry Act and consequent ordnances and regulations, and to forest property acquisition, forest income taxation, and the function of the Swedish Forest Agency. New environmental legislation has consequences for forest policy making, and voluntary certification was introduced The effects of these changes have been examined and analysed, the latest in a Government forest policy proposition to the Parliament in 2008. The present paper reviews the revised legislation and its consequences
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| 11. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik
(författare)
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Swedish forest policy since 1990 : reforms and consequences
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Similar to many other countries, particularly in Europe, Sweden has revised much of its legislation relating to forestry and environment since 1990. Of immediate relevance to the forest sector are the 1993 Forestry Act and consequent ordnances and regulations, and to forest property acquisition, forest income taxation, and the function of the Swedish Forest Agency. New environmental legislation has consequences for forest policy making, and voluntary certification was introduced The effects of these changes have been examined and analysed, the latest in a Government forest policy proposition to the Parliament in 2008. The present paper reviews the revised legislation and its consequences
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| 12. |
- Nylund, Jan-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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The conflict over Veracel pulpwood plantations in Brazil — Application of Ethical Analysis
- 2012
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Ingår i: Forest Policy and Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1389-9341 .- 1872-7050. ; 14, s. 74-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The large-scale pulp investment model, with its pressure on land, has created conflict and caused major disagreements and open hostility amongst the social movement and NGO networks, state actors, and the pulp and paper companies in Brazil. In this article, Ethical Analysis was applied in the assessment of the dynamics and possibilities of conflict resolution related to the expansion of pulpwood plantations in Brazil's Bahia State, particularly near Veracel Celulose. Ethical Analysis as a tool identifies the complex dynamics of contention through identifying bridges and rifts in the social, ecological and economic viewpoints of the main actors. The analysis was based on field research, interviews, and a review of existing literature. The results indicated that the conflict is marked by politics of power, and as long as this stage continues, the politics of cooperation and conflict resolution would be hard to achieve. The key actors have diverging interests, values and principles, and different ways of presenting their viewpoints. The current investment context is economically and institutionally peripheral and socially weak. Without a radical rethinking and emphasis on ethical and structural reworking of the investment model, the conflict will likely continue to deepen, aggravating investment risk for large-scale business and industrial forestry. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
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