| 1. |
- Alter, G., et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in mortality
- 2004
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Ingår i: Life under Pressure. - : MIT Press. - 0262025515 ; , s. 327-358
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
- Alter, G., et al.
(författare)
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Gender differences in mortality
- 2004
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Ingår i: Life under Pressure: Mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. - Boston : MIT Press. - 0262025515 ; , s. 327-358
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This highly original book -- the first in a series analyzing historical population behavior in Europe and Asia -- pioneers a new approach to the comparative analysis of societies in the past. Using techniques of event history analysis, the authors examine 100,000 life histories in 100 rural communities in Western Europe and Asia to analyze the demographic response to social and economic pressures. In doing so they challenge the accepted Eurocentric Malthusian view of population processes and demonstrate that population behavior has not been as uniform as previously thought -- that it has often been determined by human agency, particularly social structure and cultural practice.The authors examine the complex relationship between human behavior and social and economic environment, analyzing age, gender, family, kinship, social class and social organization, climate, food prices, and real wages to compare mortality responses to adversity. Their research at the individual, household, and community levels challenges the previously accepted characterizations of social and economic behavior in Europe and Asia in the past. The originality of the analysis as well as the geographic breadth and historical depth of the data make Life Under Pressure a significant advance in the field of historical demography. Its findings will be of interest to scholars in economics, environmental studies, demography, history, and sociology as well as the general reader interested in these subjects.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Lars Fredrik, Docent, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Workplace accidents and workers solidarity: mutual health insurance in early twentieth-century Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economic history review. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0013-0117 .- 1468-0289. ; 75:1, s. 203-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the industrialization period, the rate of workplace-related accidents increased. Because of the lack of public insurance, mutual health insurance societies became the main providers of workplace accident insurance among workers. Due to large differences in accident risk, health insurance societies were potentially exposed to the risk of adverse selection, since they employed equal pricing for all members regardless of risk profile. This article investigates the impact of workplace accident risk on health insurance selection and outcomes. We employ household budget surveys encompassing urban workers in Sweden during the early twentieth century. We find evidence for a redistribution from low- to high-risk-exposed workers, as workplace accident risk had a significant and positive impact on receiving health insurance benefits, also when controlling for a variety of factors. Workers exposed to greater risks in the workplace were more likely to have health insurance but did not pay higher premiums. The redistribution from low- to high-risk-exposed workers was largely accepted and viewed as an act of solidarity between workers. Given that health insurance societies were aware of this redistribution, we argue for the presence of informed, rather than adverse, selection.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bjursell, Cecilia, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Education level explains participation in work and education later in life
- 2017
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Ingår i: Educational gerontology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0360-1277 .- 1521-0472. ; 43:10, s. 511-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A prolonged working life is crucial for sustaining social welfare and fiscal stability for countries facing ageing populations. The group of older adults is not homogeneous; however, differences within the group may affect the propensity to continue working and to participate in continuing education. The aim of this paper is to explore how participation in work and education vary with gender, age, and education level in a sample of older adults. The study was performed in Sweden, a context characterized by high female labour-market-participation rates and a high average retirement age. The participants were 232 members of four of the major senior citizens? organizations. We found no differences in participation in work and education based on gender. People older than 75 years were found to be as active as people 65?75 years old in education, but the older group worked less. There were positive associations between education level and participation in both work and education. Hence, this study implies that socio-economic inequalities along these dimensions are widened later in life. This highlights the importance of engaging workers with lower education levels in educational efforts throughout life. It also emphasizes the need for true lifelong learning in society.
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| 6. |
- Björklund Carlstedt, Anita, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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A scoping review of the incentives for a prolonged work life after pensionable age and the importance of “bridge employment”
- 2018
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Ingår i: Work. - : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 60:2, s. 175-189
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: With a growing share of older people in almost every population, discussions are being held worldwide about how to guarantee welfare in the immediate future. Different solutions are suggested, but in this article the focus is on the need to keep older employees active in the labor market for a prolonged time.Objective: The aim was to find out and describe the incentives at three system levels for older people 1) wanting, 2) being able, and 3) being allowed to work.Material: The literature search embraced articles from the databases Scopus, PsycInfo, Cinahl, AgeLine and Business Source Premier, from May 2004 until May 2016. After the removal of 507 duplicates, the selection and analysis started with the 1331 articles that met the search criteria. Of these, 58 articles corresponded with the research questions.Method: The design was a ‘scoping review’ of the research area bridge employment and prolonged work life.Results: The results show that most investigations are conducted on individual-level predictors, research on organizational-level predictors is more scattered, and societal-level predictor information is scarce.Conclusions: Attitudes and behavior according to a prolonged work life could be summarized as dependent on good health, a financial gain in combination with flexible alternative working conditions.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Björklund Carlstedt, Anita, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Staffing agency : A bridge to working during retirement.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Work. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 1051-9815 .- 1875-9270. ; 72:2, s. 529-537
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The ageing population has initiated a debate about a prolonged working life. There is an interest in finding the pre-retirement predictors of bridge employment and retirement decisions, but the understanding of the experiences of bridge employees is still limited.OBJECTIVES: The aim was to describe the characteristics of the pensioners working for a staffing agency, their motivational aspects, work patterns and types of services they provided.METHODS: This article analyses the results from a Swedish staffing agency's yearly co-worker questionnaire from December 2017. The response rate was 44% (N = 1741). The design is descriptive, with correlation analyses and construction of typical cases.RESULTS: Most study participants were aged 65-74 years. Sixty-five percent were men, 66% were cohabitating/married, dominating education level was secondary school or higher education (79% ). Important incentives for working were the social context and to gain extra income. A majority of the respondents also stated that their work increased their overall well-being. Seventy-eight percent worked 25 hours per month or less, 37% wanted to work more, 3% wanted to work less. Private services dominated with 61% ; most common were gardening (43% ), trades (33%) and cleaning (31% ).CONCLUSIONS: More men than women chose this form of work. While single women need to work out of economic necessity, men, to a larger extent, work for the social context and well-being. The highest work frequency in 2017 (14%) in the population was found for those who retired in 2015, i.e. two years after their retirement year. A majority indicated that the work they were doing was different from earlier in their working life.
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| 9. |
- Bolin, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Investments in social capital - implications of social interactions for the production of health
- 2003
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - 1873-5347 .- 0277-9536. ; 56:12, s. 2379-2390
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a theoretical model of the family as producer of health- and social capital. There are both direct and indirect returns on the production and accumulation of health- and social capital. Direct returns (the consumption motives) result since health and social capital both enhance individual welfare per se. Indirect returns (the investment motives) result since health capital increases the amount of productive time, and social capital improves the efficiency of the production technology used for producing health capital. The main prediction of the theoretical model is that the amount of social capital is positively related to the level of health; individuals with high levels of social capital are healthier than individuals with lower levels of social capital, ceteris paribus. An empirical model is estimated, using a set of individual panel data from three different time periods in Sweden. We find that social capital is positively related to the level of health capital, which supports the theoretical model. Further, we find that the level of social capital (1) declines with age, (2) is lower for those married or cohabiting, and (3) is lower for men than for women. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- De Marchi, Tommaso, et al.
(författare)
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Proteogenomics decodes the evolution of human ipsilateral breast cancer
- 2023
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) is a clinically important event, where an isolated in-breast recurrence is a potentially curable event but associated with an increased risk of distant metastasis and breast cancer death. It remains unclear if IBTRs are associated with molecular changes that can be explored as a resource for precision medicine strategies. Here, we employed proteogenomics to analyze a cohort of 27 primary breast cancers and their matched IBTRs to define proteogenomic determinants of molecular tumor evolution. Our analyses revealed a relationship between hormonal receptors status and proliferation levels resulting in the gain of somatic mutations and copy number. This in turn re-programmed the transcriptome and proteome towards a highly replicating and genomically unstable IBTRs, possibly enhanced by APOBEC3B. In order to investigate the origins of IBTRs, a second analysis that included primaries with no recurrence pinpointed proliferation and immune infiltration as predictive of IBTR. In conclusion, our study shows that breast tumors evolve into different IBTRs depending on hormonal status and proliferation and that immune cell infiltration and Ki-67 are significantly elevated in primary tumors that develop IBTR. These results can serve as a starting point to explore markers to predict IBTR formation and stratify patients for adjuvant therapy.
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| 11. |
- Dozet, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Health care for the elderly: two cases of technology diffusion.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - 1873-5347 .- 0277-9536. ; 54:1, s. 49-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diffusion of medical technology and the growing proportion of elderly people in the population are generally regarded as major contributors to the increasing health care expenditure in the industrialised world. This study explores the importance of one specific factor in this process, the change in the use of technology among elderly patients. In some instances, a new technology is first used among younger patients and then gradually extended to the elderly. Two such cases are studied, both representing costly procedures: coronary bypass surgery (treatment of coronary heart disease) and dialysis (treatment of uraemia). In both cases, we demonstrate significant diffusion to older age groups. It is also tentatively concluded that the diffusion of technology could have an important effect on per capita health care expenditure among the oldest of the old.
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| 12. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Age Homogamy, Gender, and Earnings : Sweden 1990-2009
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 96:1, s. 239-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown considerable marriage premiums in earnings for men, but often penalties for women of being in a union. In this study we extend this research by analyzing how the age difference between spouses affects the earnings profiles by gender. As we follow people over time in advance as well as within their marriage, we can separate premarital from postmarital earnings movements. The data consist of information on annual earnings 1990-2009 for all Swedes born 1960-1974 (N = 926,219). The results indicate that age homogamy is related to higher earnings for both men and women, and that larger age differences are generally associated with lower union premiums, quite independently of which spouse is older. However, most of these results are explained by assortative mating, in which men and women with greater earnings potentials find partners of a similar age. Overall, the age difference between spouses seems to have a limited causal effect, if any, on individual earnings.
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| 13. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Educational Homogamy and Gender-Specific Earnings: Sweden, 1990-2009
- 2013
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 50:4, s. 1197-1216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several studies have shown strong educational homogamy in most Western societies, although the trends over time differ across countries. In this article, we study the connection between educational assortative mating and gender-specific earnings in a sample containing the entire Swedish population born 1960-1974; we follow this sample from 1990 to 2009. Our empirical strategy exploits a longitudinal design, using distributed fixed-effects models capturing the impact of partner education on postmarital earnings, relating it to the income development before union formation. We find that being partnered with someone with more education (hypergamy) is associated with higher earnings, while partnering someone with less education (hypogamy) is associated with lower earnings. However, most of these differences in earnings emerge prior to the time of marriage, implying that the effect is explained by marital selection processes rather than by partner education affecting earnings. The exception is hypogamy among the highly educated, for which there are strong indications that in comparison with homogamy and hypergamy, earnings grow slower after union formation.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Information, trust and diffusion of smallpox vaccination : the case of Scania, Sweden 1802-1835
- 2002
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study deals with the diffusion of a new medical technology — vaccination against smallpox — in nineteenth-century Scania in Sweden. Using an aggregated sample of parishes as well as a micro-level dataset for four parishes, we investigate the socioeconomic as well as the geographical patterns of diffusion of vaccination in the province. We also relate the adoption of vaccination across geographical areas, as well as across social groups, to the availability of information, ability to acquire and process this information, and to levels of social capital and trust in society. Our results point to the conclusion that while vaccination spread very quickly geographically after its introduction, there were considerable differences between social groups. The better situated, betted educated, landholding peasants were more ready to adopt the new technology of smallpox vaccination. This had little to do with better access to economic resources as vaccination in general was provided free of charge. Instead we hypothesize that it was related to a higher ability to acquire and utilize the information available, and/or a higher level of trust in the authorities among these peasants.
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| 18. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Information, trust and the diffusion of smallpox vaccination : The Case of Scania in Sweden, 1802–1835
- 2003
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Economic History Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0358-5522 .- 1750-2837. ; 51:1, s. 9-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study deals with the diffusion of a new medical technology — vaccination against smallpox — in nineteenth-century Scania in Sweden. Using an aggregated sample of parishes as well as a micro-level dataset for four parishes, we investigate the socioeconomic as well as the geographical patterns of diffusion of vaccination in the province. We also relate the adoption of vaccination across geographical areas, as well as across social groups, to the availability of information, ability to acquire and process this information, and to levels of social capital and trust in society. Our results point to the conclusion that while vaccination spread very quickly geographically after its introduction, there were considerable differences between social groups. The better situated, betted educated, landholding peasants were more ready to adopt the new technology of smallpox vaccination. This had little to do with better access to economic resources as vaccination in general was provided free of charge. Instead we hypothesize that it was related to a higher ability to acquire and utilize the information available, and/or a higher level of trust in the authorities among these peasants.
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| 19. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Is there an intermarriage premium for male immigrants? Exogamy and earnings in Sweden 1990–2009
- 2015
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Ingår i: The international migration review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 49:1, s. 3-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the impact of intermarriage on the economic integration of immigrants in Sweden, measured by annual earnings. We use longitudinal register data for the period 1990–2009 for the total population of immigrant men born 1960–1974. The results reveal large intermarriage premiums, but overall this seems to be a result of selection effects as most of the premium is visible already at the time of marriage. For the most economically marginalized immigrants, however, an intermarriage premium arises within marriage implying that forming a union with a native triggers a more rapid earnings growth among them.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Widowhood strategies in preindustrial society
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. - : MIT Press - Journals. - 0022-1953 .- 1530-9169. ; 38:2, s. 207-232
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 22. |
- Eklund, Kajsa, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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A cost-effectiveness analysis of a health education programme for elderly persons with age-related macular degeneration: a longitudinal study.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Disability and rehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-8288 .- 1464-5165. ; 27:20, s. 1203-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: To analyse the cost-effectiveness of the activity-based Health Education Programme 'Discovering New Ways' versus a standard Individual Programme. METHOD: Two-hundred and twenty-nine persons were randomized to either the Health Education Programme or an Individual Programme. The present study is based on 131 persons who participated in the 28-month follow-up. Costs for the low vision clinic were documented prospectively along with external costs. A cost-effectiveness analysis was done using cases with an improved level of perceived security in daily activities as the effectiveness measure. RESULTS: The Health Education Programme led to significantly more cases with an improved level of perceived security (45 vs. 10%, CI 95%: 21-49, p value < 0.001) and the total social cost per treatment was lower (28,004 vs. 36,341 SEK). Taken separately the low vision clinic costs were slightly higher due to a higher prescription of assistive devices, but external costs were lower for the Health Education Programme compared to the Individual Programme, though neither of these differences was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that replacing the standard Individual Programme with the Health Education Programme 'Discovering New Ways' is cost-effective as more persons experience increased security to a lesser total cost.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Fristedt, Sofi, et al.
(författare)
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Mobile geriatric teams – A cost-effective way of improving patient safety and reducing traditional healthcare utilization among the frail elderly? A randomized controlled trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical Interventions in Aging. - : Dove Medical Press. - 1176-9092 .- 1178-1998. ; 14, s. 1911-1924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Demographic changes combined with costly technological progress put a financial strain on the healthcare sector in the industrialized world. Hence, there is a constant need to develop new cost-effective treatment procedures in order to optimize the use of available resources. As a response, the concept of a Mobile Geriatric Team (MGT) has emerged not only nationally but also internationally during the last decade; however, scientific evaluation of this initiative has been very scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to perform a mixed methods analysis, including a prospective, controlled and randomized quantitative evaluation, in combination with an interview-based qualitative assessment, to measure the effectiveness and user satisfaction of MGT. Materials and methods: Community-dwelling, frail elderly people were randomized to an intervention group (n=31, mean age 84) and a control group (n=31, mean age 86). A twoyear retrospective quantitative data collection and a prospective one-year follow-up on healthcare utilization were combined with qualitative interviews. Non-parametric statistics and difference-in-difference (DiD) analyses were applied to the quantitative data. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: No significant group differences in healthcare utilization were found before inclusion. Post intervention, primary care contact (includingMGTs) increased for theMGT group. Inpatient care decreased dramatically for both groups. Hence, the increase in primary care contact forMGT patients was not accompanied by a reduction in inpatient care compared to the control group. Utilization of non-primary care was lower (p< 0.01) post-intervention in both groups. Conclusion: There appears to be a “natural” variation in healthcare needs over time among frail elderly people. Hence, it is vital to perform open, controlled clinical studies in tandem with the implementation of new caregiving strategies. The MGT initiative was clearly appreciated but did not fully achieve the desired reduction in healthcare utilization in this study.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf-G, et al.
(författare)
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Do Socioeconomic Factors Really Explain Income-Related Inequalities in Health? : Applying a Twin Design to Standard Decomposition Analysis
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concentration index and decomposition analysis are commonly used in economics to measure and explain socioeconomic inequalities in health. Such analysis builds on the strong assumption that a health production function can be estimated without substantial bias implying that health is caused by socioeconomic outcomes, which is hard to prove. This article contributes to the decomposition literature by applying a twin design to standard decomposition analysis of socioeconomic health inequalities in Sweden. The twin-based decomposition estimates, which control for unobserved endowments at the twin-pair level, are much lower in magnitude than estimates obtained via typical OLS on the same sample. This demonstrates that OLS-based decompositions are severely upward biased due to underlying confounders, exaggerating the contribution of income and education to health inequality, which in turn limits the usefulness of such decompositions for policy purposes.
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| 28. |
- Hansen, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Rävsax - underskatta inte fotbollens samhällsnytta
- 2023
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Ingår i: Värnamo Nyheter. ; 17 juni, s. 13-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ingress: Värnamo kommun har hamnat i en rävsax till följd av de krav Svenska Fotbollsförbundet (SvFF) ställer på arenor för föreningar som når svensk elitfotboll. Antingen beslutar man om att starta arenabygget eller väljer att skjuta upp detta byggande tre år.
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| 29. |
- Hasson, Henna, 1974-
(författare)
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Nursing Staff Competence, Psychosocial Work Environment and Quality of Elderly Care: Impact of an Educational Intervention
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Insufficient competence among nursing staff is a major concern in elderly care worldwide as the healthcare needs of the elderly become increasingly complex. In previous research, insufficient competence has been associated with work dissatisfaction and stress among elderly care nurses, and with lower quality of care. This thesis describes the development, implementation and evaluation of an educational intervention for nursing staff in elderly care. In a prospective, controlled study, evaluation of the educational toolbox was based on nursing staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, as well as on care recipients’ and family relatives’ ratings of the quality of elderly care.Paper I validated a questionnaire measuring care recipient relatives’ perceptions of quality of care. Paper II compared self-rated competence, work strain, stress, and work satisfaction between staff working in home-based care and nursing homes. Papers III and IV evaluated the impact of the educational intervention on staff perceptions of their competence and psychosocial work environment (Paper III) and on care recipients’ and relatives’ perceptions of the quality of care (Paper IV).The results showed that staff ratings of their competence and psychosocial work environment, including work satisfaction and work stress, improved significantly over time in the intervention municipality, compared to the reference group. Neither care recipients’ nor relatives’ ratings of the quality of care changed significantly over time in the intervention organization. Furthermore, there were no significant interaction effects over time between the intervention and reference groups for quality ratings. These results indicate that an educational toolbox that can be used according to local workplace needs may be an effective and sustainable intervention for improving staff competence and the psychosocial work environment. However, further studies are needed to investigate whether, and under what conditions, improved staff competence and work environment have an impact on quality of care.
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| 30. |
- Holm, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Collective Trust Behavior
- 2010
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Ingår i: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 112:1, s. 25-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates trust behavior in situations where decision-makers are large groups and the decision mechanism is collective. Theories from behavioral economics and psychology suggest that trust in such situations may differ from interindividual trust. The experimental results here reveal a large difference in trust but not in trustworthiness between the individual and collective setting. Furthermore, a field experiment captures the determinants of collective trust behavior among two Swedish cohorts. Beliefs about the other group and ones own group are strongly associated with collective trustworthiness and trust behavior.
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| 31. |
- Holm, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Intra-generational trust - A semi-experimental study of trust among different generations
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 58:3, s. 403-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From a public database in Sweden we obtained a subject pool consisting of one group of 20 years old and another group exactly 50 years older. The groups participated in a mail-based trust game, in which the young cohort exhibited more trust than the older one. Subjects significantly preferred to place trust in co-players of their own cohort and of the female sex. When amounts sent and proportions returned in the mail-based game are compared with other trust games conducted in standard laboratory environments, it is found that the mail-based game does not seem to generate extreme distributions. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Holm, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Trust in surveys and games - A methodological contribution on the influence of money and location
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7719 .- 0167-4870. ; 29:4, s. 522-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores methods to study trust. In a variety of settings, answers to survey questions and choices in a trust game are obtained from student sample pools. Some subjects are approached by mail and execute their task at home whereas others participate in classroom experiments. No differences between the results obtained by these methods are observed. Furthermore, one additional group plays the trust game with purely hypothetical payments, and another receives random lottery payments. This changes trust behavior dramatically, whereas trustworthiness is unaffected. Subjects without any financial incentives exhibit less trust and their trust choices are significantly correlated with survey trust answers. There is no such correlation for the corresponding choices with real payments. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 35. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Body Size, Skills, and Income : Evidence From 150,000 Teenage Siblings
- 2014
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Duke University Press. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 51:5, s. 1573-1596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we provide the first evidence of a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight or obese as a teenager. Second, we replicate this result using data from the United States and the United Kingdom. Third, we note a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size and cognitive skills/noncognitive skills. Fourth, a large part of the estimated body-size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. Taken together, these results reinforce the importance of policy combating early-life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
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| 36. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Body size, skills, and income : Evidence from 150,000 teenage siblings
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the widely described consequences of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity the economics literature to date has almost exclusively focused on the relationship between body size and earnings among adults. We provide new evidence on the long-run labor market penalty of teenage overweight and obesity using unique and large-scale data on 150,000 male siblings from the Swedish military enlistment. Our empirical analysis provides four important results. First, we show for the first time that there is a large adult male labor market penalty for being overweight and obese as a teenager. Second, we show that this result can be replicated using data from the USA and the UK. Third, we show a strikingly strong within-family relationship between body size, on the one hand, and cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills, on the other hand. Fourth, we show that a large part of the estimated body size penalty reflects lower skill acquisition among overweight and obese teenagers. All of these results hint at the importance of policy combating early life obesity in order to reduce healthcare expenditures as well as poverty and inequalities later in life.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:2, s. 235-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms - biological, environmental and behavioural - behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborg et al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Getting ready for the marriage market? The association between divorce risks and investments in attractive body mass among married Europeans
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 39:4, s. 531-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores to what extent married middle-aged individuals in Europe are governed by the risk of experiencing divorce, when shaping their physical appearance. The main result is that divorce risks, proxied by national divorce rates, are negatively connected to body mass index (BMI) among married individuals but unrelated to BMI among singles. Hence, it seems that married people in societies where divorce risks are high are more inclined to invest in their outer appearance. One interpretation is that high divorce rates make married people prepare for a potential divorce and future return to the marriage market. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.
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| 41. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Height and Earnings: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 49:1, s. 141-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18, and a subsample of 150,000 siblings, to examine why tall people earn more. We show the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills, as well as family background and muscular strength for the height-earnings relationship. In addition, we show that a substantial height premium remains after these factors have been accounted for, which originates from very short people having low earnings. This is mostly explained by the sorting of short people into low-paid occupations, which may indicate discrimination by stature.
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| 42. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Schooling on Mortality : New Evidence From 50,000 Swedish Twins
- 2016
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Ingår i: Demography. - : Duke University Press. - 0070-3370 .- 1533-7790. ; 53:4, s. 1135-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By using historical data on about 50,000 twins born in Sweden during 1886–1958, we demonstrate a positive and statistically significant relationship between years of schooling and longevity. This relation remains almost unchanged when exploiting a twin fixed-effects design to control for the influence of genetics and shared family background. This result is robust to controlling for within-twin-pair differences in early-life health and cognitive ability, as proxied by birth weight and height, as well as to restricting the sample to MZ twins. The relationship is fairly constant over time but becomes weaker with age. Literally, our results suggest that compared with low levels of schooling (less than 10 years), high levels of schooling (at least 13 years of schooling) are associated with about three years longer life expectancy at age 60 for the considered birth cohorts. The real societal value of schooling may hence extend beyond pure labor market and economic growth returns. From a policy perspective, schooling may therefore be a vehicle for improving longevity and health, as well as equality along these dimensions.
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| 43. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Pre-Market Skills in Explaining the Height Premium in Earnings
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study attempts to improve our understanding of the height premium by using large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18. With detailed data on cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills, as well as adult earnings, we show that each type of skill explain similar fractions of the height premium. This result holds when exploiting within-family variation in height and skills among 150,000 siblings. We also estimate models with centimeter fixed effects and find that the remaining height premium mainly originates from very short people having low earnings.
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| 44. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(författare)
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Unga feta mäns magra inkomster − vad vet vi om orsakerna?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 39:4, s. 44-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna artikel visar att män som var feta redan som tonåringar har betydligt lägre inkomster än normalviktiga. Detta gäller såväl i Sverige som i USA och Storbritannien. Familjespecifika faktorer under uppväxten utgör en viktig förklaring till detta fenomen. Unga feta mäns sämre fysiska kapacitet, vilket kan länkas till deras hälsostatus, verkar också vara betydelsefull i sammanhanget. Sammantaget understryker detta vikten av att motverka uppkomsten av barn- och ungdomsfetma, vilken således inte bara har betydande återverkningar på hälsa utan även på framgången på arbetsmarknaden långt senare i livet.
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| 45. |
- Lång, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Blowing up money? The earnings penalty of smoking in the 1970s and the 21st century
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Health Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0167-6296 .- 1879-1646. ; 60, s. 39-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the earnings penalty of smoking among Swedish twins in two social contexts: the 1970s, when smoking was common and widely accepted and when there were relatively few tobacco laws aiming to reduce smoking; and the 2000s, when smoking had become more expensive, stigmatizing and less common, and when tobacco laws and regulations had intensified. The results show that the short-term earnings penalty of smoking was much higher in the 21st century than in the 1970s for men. For women, smokers had on average higher annual earnings compared to nonsmokers in the 1970s, but lower annual earnings in the 2000s. In the long run, there was an earnings gap for men between never-smokers and continuous smokers, whereas there was a pronounced earnings ‘bonus’ of smoking cessation for women. The results emphasize the importance of social context and the long-term horizon when evaluating the consequences of smoking for earnings.
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| 46. |
- Lång, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Does tallness pay off in the long run? Height and earnings over the life cycle
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data on approximately 30,000 dizygotic and monozygotic twins born in Sweden 1918-58, we analyze how the height premium in earnings develops over the adult lifespan. Overall, the unconditional estimated premium increases with age for men and decreases for women. For men, within twin-pair fixed effects (WTP) estimates are on average about 40 percent lower than the corresponding unconditional OLS estimates. Including years of schooling as an explanatory variable induces a similar reduction (about 40 percent) of the estimated OLS height premium, but has no effect whatsoever on the WTP estimates, implying that the OLS and WTP estimates tend to coincide. Hence, it seems as if schooling mediates the association between height and earnings among unrelated male individuals but not among twins. For women, the estimations are less precise, but limiting the sample to those with earnings above a threshold level mirroring half time earnings at a very low wage level, the estimated OLS and WTP premiums are rather constant with age. This indicates that, for women, the unconditional premiums may well be influenced by height-related variation in labor market participation. Overall, the height premium patterns do not vary substantially between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences affect earning levels similarly.
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| 47. |
- Lång, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Learning For Life? The Effects of Schooling on Earnings and Health- Related Behavior Over the Life Cycle
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We analyze how education is associated with earnings and health-related behaviors (HRBs) over the adult life cycle using a sample of 18,000 twins. The underlying motive is to improve the understanding of to what extent schooling may contribute to increased human welfare over time and age through the intermediaries of earnings and HRBs. We find that one additional year of schooling is associated with around 5-6 percent higher earnings at ages 35-75 and generally improved HRBs for both men and women. Much of the estimated relationships between schooling, earnings and HRBs can be traced back to genetic inheritance. Controlling for such inheritance, the remaining education -earnings premium is non-linear and increasing with educational level, and the education premium in HRBs is mainly concentrated to smoking habits.
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| 48. |
- Lång, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Two by Two, Inch by Inch : Height as an Indicator of Environmental Conditions during Childhood and its Influence on Earnings over the Life Cycle among Twins
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economics and Human Biology. - : Elsevier. - 1570-677X .- 1873-6130. ; 28, s. 53-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adult height is a function of genetic predispositions and environmental influences during childhood. Hence, any variation in height among monozygotic twins, who share genetic predispositions, is bound to reflect differences in their environmental exposure. Therefore, a height premium in earnings among monozygotic twins also reflects such exposure. In this study, we analyze the height premium over the life cycle among Swedish twins, 10,000 of whom are monozygotic. The premium is relatively constant over the life cycle, amounting to 5–6% higher earnings per decimeter for men and less for women, suggesting that environmental conditions in childhood and youth affect earnings over most of the adult life course. The premium is larger below median height for men and above median height for young women. The estimates are similar for monozygotic and dizygotic twins, indicating that environmentally and genetically induced height differences are similarly associated with earnings.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Malisa, Amedeus
(författare)
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Pensions, retirement behaviour and financial fraud victimisation
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four articles that explore pension investments and retirement behaviour.The first article investigates how pension communication affects the trading behaviour among pension savers. By using geographical variation in the timing of the distribution of information letters sent from the Swedish Pension Agency to savers, I show that pension information statistically significantly affects investors’ trading activity. Still, the letters’ economic relevance is limited due to low general engagement among the savers—however, those who respond to the letters by reallocating their portfolios benefit by having better portfolio performance and lower fees in the upcoming years.The second paper (co-authored with Johannes Hagen) studies exposure and reaction to financial fraud in one of the largest Swedish pension scandals, the Allra case. The third paper (co-authored with Johannes Hagen and Paul Nystedt) analyses the relationship between intelligence and fraud victimisation among investors in the six companies who have been thrown out of the Swedish Premium Pension System by the authorities for not acting in their clients’ best interest. The results of these two articles show that while individuals who end up in the fraudulent companies are not socioeconomically different from others, they are more likely to work with financial advisers, some of which steered them into these funds. More intelligent people are less inclined to invest in fund firms that turn out to be fraudulent, and if they do, they are more likely to divest from them after, but not before, the fraud has been revealed.Finally, the last paper addresses how grandparenthood shapes the labour supply for people who are close to retirement and its effect on the mobility of households. The results show a significant increase in the retirement of similar magnitude for both grandmothers and grandfathers when their first grandchild is born. Moreover, people who have a child become significantly more likely to move closer to their parents (i.e., the child’s grandparents).
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