| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bergh, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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An application of pain rating scales in geriatric patients
- 2000
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Ingår i: Aging Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Elsevier. - 1594-0667 .- 1720-8319. ; 12:5, s. 380-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the applicability of three different pain rating scales, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), in geriatric patients. Data collection was performed in a geriatric clinic at a university hospital. A structured interview was conducted with 167 patients (mean age = 80.5 years). Patients rated their current experience of pain twice with a 5-minute pause in-between on the VAS, GRS and NRS, and were then asked if they experienced pain, ache or hurt (PAH) or other symptoms. The correlations were high and significant both between the ratings of the VAS, GRS and NRS (r = 0.78-0.92; p < 0.001) (alternative-forms reliability), and between the test and retesting (r = 0.75-r = 0.83; p < 0.001) (test-retest reliability). A logistic regression analysis showed that the probability to accomplish a rating on the pain scales decreased with advancing age of the patient, and this was especially marked for the VAS. The probability of agreement between the patients' ratings of pain and the verbal report of PAH tended to decrease with advancing age; this was especially so for the VAS. Patients who verbally denied PAH but reported pain on the scales rated it significant lower (p < 0.001) than those who verbally reported PAH and rated the pain as well. Eighteen percent of patients who denied pain but rated a pain experience verbally expressed suffering or distress. The study suggests that pain rating scales such as the VAS, GRS and NRS can be used to evaluate pain experience in geriatric patients. However, agreement between verbally expressed experience of PAH, and the rated experience of pain tended to decrease with advancing age. This indicates that the pain-evaluating process will be substantially improved by an additional penetration supported by a wide variety of expression of hurt, ache, pain, discomfort and distress.
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| 3. |
- Bergh, Ingrid, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing pain and pain relief in geriatric patients with non-pathological fractures with different rating scales.
- 2001
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Ingår i: Aging (Milan, Italy). - : Kurtis. - 0394-9532. ; 13:5, s. 355-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although pain is a frequent problem among elderly patients, they are often omitted in clinical trials and few studies have focused on assessing pain relief in this population. The aim of this study was to compare geriatric patients' verbally reported effect of analgesics with changes in pain experience rated with four different rating scales: the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Graphic Rating Scale (GRS), the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and the Pain Relief Scale (PRS). Altogether 53 geriatric patients (mean=82 yrs) with non-pathological fractures in 4 geriatric units at a large university hospital were selected. In connection with the administration of analgesics, the patients were asked to "Mark the point that corresponds to your experience of pain just now at rest" on the VAS, GRS and NRS. This was repeated after 1.5-2 hours, and a direct question was asked about whether the analgesic medication given in connection with the initial assessment had had any pain-alleviation effect. Two comparisons were conducted with each patient. The results show that the probability of accomplishing a rating on the VAS, GRS, NRS, and PRS was lower with advancing age in these elderly fracture patients. The correlations between the ratings of the VAS, GRS and NRS were strong and significant (r=0.80-0.95; p<0.001) both at the initial assessments and at the re-assessments. However, the verbally reported effects of the analgesics were often directly opposite to the changes in rated pain. Therefore, application of the VAS, NRS, GRS and PRS for the purpose of assessing pain relief must be combined with supplementary questions that allow the patient to verbally describe possible experience of pain relief.
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| 4. |
- Bergh, Ingrid, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Descriptions of pain in elderly patients following orthopaedic surgery.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. - : Wiley. - 0283-9318 .- 1471-6712. ; 19:2, s. 110-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of this study were to investigate what words elderly patients, who had undergone hip surgery, used to describe their experience of pain in spoken language and to compare these words with those used in the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and Pain-O-Meter (POM). The study was carried out at two orthopaedic and two geriatric clinical departments at a large university hospital in Sweden. Altogether, 60 patients (mean age =77) who had undergone orthopaedic surgery took part in the study. A face-to-face interview was conducted with each patient on the second day after the operation. This was divided into two parts, one tape-recorded and semi-structured in character and one structured interview. The results show that a majority of the elderly patients who participated in this study verbally stated pain and spontaneously used a majority of the words found in the SF-MPQ and in the POM. The patients also used a number of additional words not found in the SF-MPQ or the POM. Among those patients who did not use any of the words in the SF-MPQ and the POM, the use of the three additional words 'stel' (stiff), 'hemsk' (awful) and 'rad(d)(sla)' (afraid/fear) were especially marked. The patients also combined the words with a negation to describe what pain was not. To achieve a more balanced and nuanced description of the patient's pain and to make it easier for the patients to talk about their pain, there is a need for access to a set of predefined words that describe pain from a more multidimensional perspective than just intensity. If the elderly patient is allowed, and finds it necessary, to use his/her own words to describe what pain is but also to describe what pain is not, by combining the words with a negation, then the risk of the patient being forced to choose words that do not fully correspond to their pain can be reduced. If so, pain scales such as the SF-MPQ and the POM can create a communicative bridge between the elderly patient and health care professionals in the pain evaluation process.
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| 5. |
- Bergh, Ingrid, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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Pain and its relation to cognitive function and depressive symptoms: a Swedish population study of 70-year-old men and women.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of pain and symptom management. - : Elsevier. - 0885-3924 .- 1873-6513. ; 26:4, s. 903-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pain and its characteristics, and to examine the association of pain with cognitive function and depressive symptoms, in a representative sample of 70-year-old men and women. Data were collected within the gerontological and geriatric population studies in G?teborg, Sweden (H-70). A sample of 124 men and 117 women living in the community took part in the study. A questionnaire was applied which included four different aspects of pain experience: prevalence, frequency of episodes of pain, duration and number of locations. In close connection to this, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The prevalence of pain during the last 14 days was higher in women (79%; n=91) than in men (53%; n=65) (P<0.001). Women (68%; n=78) also reported pain that had lasted for >6 months to a greater extent than men (38%; n=46) (P<0.001). The frequency of episodes of pain was also higher among women, 64% (n=74) reporting daily pain or pain several days during the last 14 days while 37% of the men (n=45) did so (P<0.001). Women (33%, n=38) also reported pain experience from >/=3 locations more often than men (11%; n=13) (P<0.001). On the other hand, the association between depressive symptoms and pain experience was more evident in men than in women. Women were taking significantly more antidepressants compared to men (P<0.03). The results show that pain is common in 70-year-old people and especially in women. However, associations between depressive symptoms and the four aspects of pain experience were more pronounced among men.
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| 6. |
- Grauers, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Malawi efter Banda : förändringar i landet där tystnad rådde
- 1997
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Malawi är ett av de fattigaste länderna i världen, och styrdes med järnhand av Dr Hastings Banda i 30 år. Denna skrift ger en beskrivning av Malawi under Bandas styre och redovisar den ekonomiska och politiska utvecklingen sedan den nya regimen tillträdde efter flerpartivalet 1994.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Gustafsson, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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South African minerals : an analysis of Western dependence
- 1990
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study examines the thesis about Western dependency on South african minerals. An analysis of world production, trade and consumption patterns leads to conclusions about South Africa's role as supplier, and possible alternatives in southern Africa and elsewhere. The study gives an up-to-date picture of the South African role as minerals supplier in the southern Africa region, and is at the same time an insightful review of one key element of the sanctions debate of the last decade.
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| 9. |
- Hermele, Kenneth, et al.
(författare)
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Sanction dilemmas : some implications of economic sanctions against South Africa
- 1988
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper discusses some of the arguments in the debate on economic sanctions against South Africa and why this debate at times is confused. Taking its point of departure in recent literature on sanctions, it elaborates some of the main issues: The example of Rhodesia, sanctions and the structural weaknesses of the South African economy, repercussions on the front line states, and effects of "disinvestment" by the transnational companies.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
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Namibia and external resources : the case of Swedish development assistance
- 1994
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- What is the role of international development assistance in a newly independent country such as Namibia? The two studies in this report give some inputs to the discussion on the benefits and problems of aid. One focuses on macro-economics, resource distribution and effects of international development assistance in general. The other is an analysis of the impact of Swedish development assistance.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939
(författare)
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New regionalism in southern Africa: Part of or alternative to the globalization of the world economy?
- 1999
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Ingår i: B. Hettne, A. Inotai, O. Sunkel (eds.), Globalism and the new regionalism. - Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9780333687086
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- (The book:) This is the first of five volumes reporting on the UNU-WIDER study on New Regionalism. It deals with the conceptions and meanings of two processes which probably will have a crucial influence on the shape of the 'new world order' - globalization and regionalization. These studies relate to each other as challenge to response, globalization being the challenge of economic and cultural homogenization of the world and regionalization being a social and political reaction. The leading writers in the field contribute thought-provoking and fascinating articles to this volume.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Perpspectives 1. Svenskt bistånd i ett internationellt perspektiv
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Liksom alla andra politikområden följer biståndet trender, och Sverige skiljer sig inte nämnvärt från andra stora givarländer inom OECD. Detta gäller särskilt de s.k. likasinnade länderna (de nordiska länderna, Nederländerna, Irland och på senare tid England). Sverige har dock skilt sig tilläckligt mycket framför allt vad gäller frågan att sätta samarbetslandets ansvar högt på dagordningen att Sverige fått beteckningen mjuk givare (Danielsson och Wohlgemuth, 2005). Frågan är dock hur mycket som Sverige de facto skiljer sig från andra givare även i denna fråga. Vi skall nedan diskutera svenskt bistånd och den politik som styr denna.
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| 16. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Policy coherence vital for global development : (Perspectives No 5)
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to summarise some major issues regarding the concept of policy coherence for development, its international context and some of the major challenges to the Swedish coherence policy as part of Sweden’s Policy for Global Development. Part A of the paper starts with an introduction of the concept of coherence and its international context. Then follows a brief presentation of the Swedish policy and the importance of coherence as part of this policy, and a section on coherence at the DAC and EU level. A few examples from various policy areas are included, focused on the Swedish policy for global development. Part B takes up some of the challenges for coherence policy for development in general and the Swedish one in particular.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
-
Sudans ekonomi
- 1969
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 20. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Svensk biståndspolitik i ett internationellt perspektiv : (Perspectives No 1)
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi skall nedan diskutera svenskt bistånd och den politik som styr denna. Först skall vi dock som bakgrund teckna den senaste internationella utvecklingen vad gäller bistånd generellt. Som alltid färgas den nationella utvecklingen av den internationella, liksom Sverige i sin tur påverkar denna. Därefter vill vi ge en historisk beskrivning av biståndet, eftersom vi anser iden att man bör lära sig av det förflutna när man går vidare framåt. Mycket av det som är aktuellt idag har diskuterats och även testats tidigare och genom att studera vad som gick fel tidigare kan man lättare undvika att göra om samma misstag. Därefter presenterar vi den nya politiken och gör en granskning av den.
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| 21. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish development cooperation policy in an international perspective : (Perspectives No 9)
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish aid policy has changed surprisingly little over the years. The main perspectives in the Government Bill 100 from 1962, often referred to as the Swedish “bible for development cooperation”, have to a large extent been retained in later studies and policy documents. Poverty alleviation, support for human rights, justice and equality and ownership have all formed important parts of Swedish development cooperation over the years – all issues deeply rooted in the Swedish society and driven by the Swedish civil society but also strongly supported by the political parties. Recent changes seem to follow similar patterns. We will discuss here the Swedish development cooperation and its policies. We will start by drawing a background picture of the recent international developments within the area. The national developments here, as elsewhere, follow the international one. This will be followed by a short historical presentation as we are convinced that much can be learned from the past when going into the future. Many issues of today have been discussed and tested before and by studying mistakes in the past it is possible to avoid repeating them. However, it must be emphasized that we do not have the ambition to give a full historical account, only present enough information to form a background to the present politics. Finally we present and analyse the present policies and implementation thereof.
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| 22. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
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Sydafrika i södra Afrika
- 1985
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En redovisning av och diskussion om 1980-talets ekonomiska struktur i södra Afrika och Sydafrikas dominans både ekonomiskt och militärt över grannstaterna.
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| 23. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
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Sydafrika i södra Afrika
- 1988
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En redovisning av och diskussion om 1980-talets ekonomiska struktur i södra Afrika och Sydafrikas dominans både ekonomiskt och militärt över grannstaterna.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
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Södra Afrikas ekonomi : regionalisering och polarisering
- 1998
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Södra Afrika är den region i Afrika som anses ha bäst förutsättning för en snabb utveckling. Samtidigt bromsar arvet från apartheidtiden den politiska stabiliteten och den ekonomiska tillväxten. Syftet med denna skrift är att beskriva södra Afrikas regionala struktur och några av de viktigaste aktörerna som påverkar denna struktur, med fokusering på Sydafrikas överlägsna kapacitet på många områden.
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| 26. |
- Odén, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Tanzania
- 1972
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 27. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939-
(författare)
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The Africa policies of Nordic countries and the erosion of the Nordic aid model : a comparative study
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aid policies of the Nordic countries – Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden – once had so many distinctive characteristics in common they were sometimes referred to as the “Nordic model”. Now, however, this model has all but disappeared. This paper explores how this came about and examines the current development cooperation policies of the Nordic countries in Africa. In this respect, Nordic countries are now moving along divergent trajectories and becoming part of new donor constellations. This paper is based on a content analysis of official documents and face-to-face interviews with policy makers and key opinion shapers in the four countries. In addition to discussing the aim and role of current Nordic Africa policies and strategies, the paper provides an historical overview of Nordic cooperation with Africa and compares the Africa policy documents of the four Nordic countries. Finally, some suggestions regarding the scope for future Nordic cooperation are presented.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Odén, Bertil
(författare)
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The South African tripod : studies on economics, politics and conflict
- 1994
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In November 1993 the interim constitution was signed for a new South Africa without racially defined rights, without bantustans, and with universal suffrage for all adults. But what South Africa is emerging? What are the chances for peaceful transition and economic development, and who are the actors in the process? This book gives a well-documented and up-to-date background and analysis of the crucial tripod of peace and conflict, economics, and the political path to democracy.
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| 31. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939
(författare)
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The southern Africa region and the regional hegemon
- 2000
-
Ingår i: B. Hettne, A. Inotai, O. Sunkel (eds.), National perspectives on the new regionalism in the third world. - Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9780333687123
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- (The book:) This volume presents various national perspectives on the process of regionalization for a more concrete understanding of its dynamics. It is dedicated to country studies from the South and explores to what extent the New Regionalism can provide solutions to the challenges of globalization faced by the region. This is the third volume in the New Regionalism Series.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Odén, Bertil, 1939, et al.
(författare)
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Where is Swedish aid heading?
- 2009
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Center for African Studies (CAS) at the School of Global Studies at the University of Gothenburg has in recent years added international development cooperation to its sphere of teaching as well as research. Special emphasis has been given the development of teaching materials with special relevance for Swedish and European development policies which are not readily available to the extent required. The work has now resulted in this book on recent developments of Swedish international development cooperation seen from an international perspective. We have looked into some of the most important areas of change during the past years including an introductory chapter on the international framework and the main features of trends in the Swedish Policy for global Development.
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| 34. |
- Ohlson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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South Africa: A Conflict Study
- 1994
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Ingår i: The South African Tripod: Studies on Economics, Politics and Conflict. - : Nordic Africa Institute: Uppsala. - 9171063412 ; , s. 281-
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 35. |
-
Regional cooperation in Southern Africa : a post-apartheid perspective
- 1989
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The essays in this volume cover a wide range of topics, from regional cooperation in the field of information and the role of Non-Governmental Organizations, to shipping structures, industrial development and the regional policy of South Africa.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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