| 1. |
- Abbadessa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Two Novel Bio-based Materials from Pulping Process Side Streams : Ecohelix and CleanFlow Black Lignin
- 2018
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT WOOD & PAPER SCI. - 1930-2126. ; 13:4, s. 7606-7627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The characteristics of two novel types of technical lignin, namely Ecohelix (EH) and CleanFlow black lignin (CFBL), isolated from two different pulping process side streams, were analyzed. EH and CFBL were analyzed in terms of general composition, chemical functionalities, molar mass distribution, and thermal stability. For comparison, two relevant types of commercially available lignosulfonate and kraft lignin were used. The results showed that EH contains a large amount of sulfonated lignin, together with carbohydrates and ash. As such, it can be considered a lignin-carbohydrate hybrid molecule. CFBL was found to contain 91.5% Klason lignin and the lowest amount of carbohydrates (0.3%). EH showed the highest content of aliphatic OH groups (5.44 mmol/g) and CFBL a high content of phenols (4.73 mmol/g). EH had a molecular weight of 31.4 kDa and a sufficient thermal stability. CFBL had the lowest molecular weight (M-w = 2.0 kDa) and thermal stability of all kraft lignins analyzed in this study. These properties highlighted that EH is a suitable building block for material development and that CFBL is a promising material for the production of biofuel and biochemicals.
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| 2. |
- Abbadessa, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Layer-by-layer assembly of sustainable lignin-based coatings for food packaging applications
- 2023
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Ingår i: Progress in organic coatings. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-9440 .- 1873-331X. ; 182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Packaging plays a critical role in ensuring food safety and shelf life by protecting against e.g., moisture, gases, and light. Polyethylene (PE) is widely used in food packaging, but it is mainly produced from non-renewable resources and it is an inefficient oxygen and light barrier. In this study, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of a sustainably produced lignin-based polymer (EH) with polyethylenimine (PEI) or chitosan (CH) was used to fabricate (partially or fully) bio-based coatings with the aim of improving barrier properties of PE films. The charge density of EH was calculated using a polyelectrolyte titration method and the hydrodynamic diameters of EH, PEI and CH were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). LbL assembly was monitored in situ via Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) and Stagnation Point Adsorption Reflectometry (SPAR). PE films were coated with a variable number of PEI/EH or CH/EH bilayers (BL) using an immersive LbL assembly method. Coated films were studied in terms of light-blocking ability, wettability, thermal behaviour, surface structure, as well as oxygen and water vapor barrier properties. QCM-D and SPAR data showed a stepwise multilayer formation and strong interactions between the oppositely charged polymers, with PEI/EH coating having a greater amount of deposited polymer compared to CH/EH coating at the same number of BL. Overall, light barrier properties and wettability of the coated films increased with the number of deposited bilayers. Coated PE films maintained the overall thermal behaviour of PE. A number of BL of 20 was found to be the most promising based on the studied properties. Selected samples showed improved oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, with PEI/EH coating performing better than CH/EH coating. Taken altogether, we demonstrated that a novel and sustainable lignin-based polymer can be combined with PEI or CH to fabricate (partially or fully) bio-based coatings for food packaging.
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| 3. |
- Bi, Ran, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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A Method for Studying Effects on Lignin-Polysaccharide Networks during Biological Degradation and Technical Processes of Wood
- 2016
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV. - 1930-2126. ; 11:1, s. 1307-1318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Woody tissues consist primarily of a mixture of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Covalent bonds between lignin and polysaccharides likely play a central role in determining the mechanical and physical properties of wood. Intact and defined lignin-polysaccharide networks have not been isolated in large quantities because of the recalcitrance of lignin, which demands harsh chemical treatments that alter its structure. This report presents a method for preparing large quantities of lignin-polysaccharide networks similar to those naturally present in wood based on the enzymatic oxidation of hemicellulose from Norway spruce. Fungal enzymes produced from various carbon sources were used to depolymerize these networks. The method was used for simulating "enzyme mining" - a concept in biorefineries, giving a possible explanation for its mechanisms.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Krawczyk, Holger, et al.
(författare)
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Combined membrane filtration and enzymatic treatment for recovery of high molecular mass hemicelluloses from chemithermomechanical pulp process water
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier. - 1385-8947 .- 1873-3212. ; 225, s. 292-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemicelluloses with high molecular mass are needed for the manufacture of value added products such as food packaging barrier films. In this work such molecules were recovered from chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) process water using an innovative three-stage process comprising membrane separation and enzymatic treatment with laccase. Microfiltration followed by ultrafiltration was found to be a suitable combination in the first stage, providing a concentrated and purified hemicellulose fraction suitable for enzymatic treatment. In both membrane processes a high average flux (260 and 115 l/m(2) h) and a low fouling tendency were observed. A marked increase in the average molecular mass of hemicelluloses with bound lignin moieties was achieved by laccase treatment in the second stage. The enzymatically crosslinked hemicelluloses were finally recovered in the third stage using ultrafiltration. In the final high molecular mass solution the hemicellulose concentration was 54 g/l, the contribution of hemicelluloses to the total solids content 43%, and the viscosity of the solution 27 mPa s. The results demonstrate that a hemicellulose fraction of high quality can be produced from CTMP process water, and that this could constitute a suitable feedstock for the production of, for example, barrier films for renewable packaging.
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| 6. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, et al.
(författare)
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The Development of a Wood-based Materials-biorefinery
- 2017
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 12:4, s. 9152-9182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several different methods for the extraction, separation, and purification of wood constituents were combined in this work as a unified process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilization. This study aimed to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator biorefinery that illustrated how the different wood constituents could be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of new bio-based materials and chemicals by combining several approaches. This study builds on several publications and ongoing activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) in Sweden on the theme "From wood to material components." Combining the approaches developed in these WWSC projects - including mild steam explosion, membrane and chromatographic separation, enzymatic treatment and leaching, ionic liquid extraction, and fractionation together with Kraft pulping - formed an outline for a complete materials-biorefinery. The process steps involved were tested as integral steps in a linked process. The scale of operations ranged from the kilogram-scale to the gram-scale. The feasibility and efficiency of these process steps in a biorefinery system were assessed, based on the data, beginning with whole wood.
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| 7. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The Development of a Wood-based Materials-biorefinery
- 2017
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 12:4, s. 9152-9182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several different methods for the extraction, separation, and purification of wood constituents were combined in this work as a unified process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilization. This study aimed to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator biorefinery that illustrated how the different wood constituents could be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of new bio-based materials and chemicals by combining several approaches. This study builds on several publications and ongoing activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) in Sweden on the theme "From wood to material components." Combining the approaches developed in these WWSC projects - including mild steam explosion, membrane and chromatographic separation, enzymatic treatment and leaching, ionic liquid extraction, and fractionation together with Kraft pulping - formed an outline for a complete materials-biorefinery. The process steps involved were tested as integral steps in a linked process. The scale of operations ranged from the kilogram-scale to the gram-scale. The feasibility and efficiency of these process steps in a biorefinery system were assessed, based on the data, beginning with whole wood.
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| 8. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a wood based material biorefinery - A demonstrator
- 2015
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Ingår i: 6th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference, NWBC 2015. - : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. - 9789513883539 ; , s. 92-101
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood, the most abundant ligno-cellulosic raw material available, is a key potential feedstock for production of more sustainable alternatives to fossil-based materials. However advances within the fields of extraction and treatment processes within what is often referred to as the biorefinery concept is essential to allow for such transition. In this study, several different methods for the extraction and separation of wood constituents have been combined in a single process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilisation. The work builds on several activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC). The aim is to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator that illustrates how the different constituents can be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of bio-based materials and chemicals. The process steps involved have been tested as integral steps in a linked process for a scale of operations that range from the kilogram-scale down to the gram-scale. Industrially chipped softwood, containing mainly spruce with some pine, was used as raw material.
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| 9. |
- Oinonen, Petri, 1978-
(författare)
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A biomimicking approach for hemicellulose processing
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Lignocellulose can become the best opportunity for the society to reduce its dependency on the harmful petroleum based products as well as to produce clean energy. In each part of the production cycle, biomass based products have a better environmental profiles than their petroleum based counterparts. Woody biomass has a vast availability, but it suffers from recalcitrance that is mostly caused by lignin that is functioning as a matrix, surrounding and binding the carbohydrates that are currently the most valuable of the wood components.Lignin-carbohydrate (LC) bonds are believed to be a key element in this recalcitrance and research has shown that these types of bonds are common in wood. These bonds are important in an economical point of view as well, as e.g. residual lignin structures in pulp (lignins bonded to the cellulose and hemicelluloses) require expensive bleaching sequences for their removal.The LC-structures can also be exploited technically as we now have demonstrated. We developed a method that utilizes phenolic end groups that are bonded to different hemicelluloses for cross-linking. The enzyme laccase was used for the cross-linking to create a cost-efficient processing scheme to both isolate and increase the molecular weight of the hemicelluloses. Membrane filtration was used as the key separation technique, which enables the establishment of industrial scale production. The final product had improved mechanical and thermal properties and could be used e.g. as barrier film component in renewable packaging. Nanocomposite formation with nanofibrillated cellulose was also studied. This improved the film properties further. The complexes are also possible to use as model compounds for lignin-carbohydrate complexes in wood.This technique can also be seen to mimick the lignification and lignin-carbohydrate network formation phenomena in plants enabling the formation of entire networks of wood components. Our results suggests that the side chains of hemicellulose might play an important role in network formation and that hemicellulose molecules can carry more than one lignin phenolic end group to fulfill this capability.
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| 10. |
- Oinonen, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Bioinspired composites from cross-linked galactoglucomannan and microfibrillated cellulose : Thermal, mechanical and oxygen barrier properties
- 2016
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 136, s. 146-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, new wood-inspired films were developed from microfibrillated cellulose and galactoglucomannan-lignin networks isolated from chemothermomechanical pulping side streams and cross-linked using laccase enzymes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that cross-linked galactoglucomannan-lignin networks have been used for the potential development of composite films inspired by woody-cell wall formation. Their capability as polymeric matrices was assessed based on thermal, structural, mechanical and oxygen permeability analyses. The addition of different amounts of microfibrillated cellulose as a reinforcing agent and glycerol as a plasticizer on the film performances was evaluated. In general, an increase in microfibrillated cellulose resulted in a film with better thermal, mechanical and oxygen barrier performance. However, the presence of glycerol decreased the thermal stability, stiffness and oxygen barrier properties of the films but improved their elongation. Therefore, depending on the application, the film properties can be tailored by adjusting the amounts of reinforcing agent and plasticizer in the film formulation.
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| 11. |
- Oinonen, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Enzyme catalyzed cross-linking of spruce galactoglucomannan improves its applicability in barrier films
- 2013
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 95:2, s. 690-696
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemicelluloses are one of the main constituents of plant cell walls and thereby one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. They can be obtained as by-products from different wood based processes, most importantly from the mechanical pulping. Hemicelluloses have interesting properties in e.g. barrier film applications. However, their relatively low molecular weight after isolation and co-extraction with lignin has limited their use. In this work, we present a novel technique for increasing the molecular weight of different wood hemicelluloses from mechanical pulping process waters as well as from pre-hydrolysis extracts. This is achieved by enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking of aromatic moieties bound to the hemicelluloses. The cross-linking treatment resulted in significantly improved mechanical properties in barrier films made with spruce galactoglucomannan. To our knowledge, this is the first time that wood hemicelluloses have been cross-linked by utilizing the bound aromatic moieties and creates new possibilities for utilizing this raw material source.
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| 12. |
- Oinonen, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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On the formation of lignin polysaccharide networks in Norway spruce
- 2015
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Ingår i: Phytochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9422 .- 1873-3700. ; 111, s. 177-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we were mirroring suggested in vivo phenomena of lignin-hemicellulose complex formation in vitro, by cross-linking Norway spruce (Picea abies) galactoglucomannans, xylans and lignin moieties to high molecular weight complexes by laccase treatment. We were able to observe the oxidation and cross-linking of non-condensed guaiacyl-type phenolic moieties attached to both of the hemicelluloses by P-31 NMR and size-exclusion chromatography. We suggest that hemicelluloses-lignin complexes form covalently linked structural units during the early stages of lignification via radical enzymatic cross-linking catalyzed by laccase. This work shows that the hemicellulose molecules in wood are covalently linked to two or more lignin units thereby making them suited for forming network structures.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Thuvander, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Enzymatic treatment of hemicelluloses and lignin isolated from thermomechanical pulp mill process water
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947. ; 296, s. 141-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemicelluloses dissolved in thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mill process streams can be used to manufacture high-value-added products. The molecular mass of the dissolved hemicelluloses is about 10 kDa. In some applications, it would be beneficial with larger molecules. It was therefore investigated whether it is possible to increase the size of hemicelluloses isolated by microfiltration and ultrafiltration from TMP process water using enzymatic treatment with laccase. No significant increase of the size of hemicelluloses was achieved, probably due to only a small percentage of lignin carbohydrate complexes in the process water. The molecular mass of lignin increased however markedly from a peak molecular mass of 1 kDa to about 60 kDa. Diafiltration was used to purify large molecules after the enzymatic treatment. Low-molecular-mass sugar and lignin molecules in the diafiltration permeate were concentrated by nanofiltration. The retention of sugars and lignin was about 98% during nanofiltration to a volume reduction of 80%. Average flux during nanofiltration was 49 l/m2 h.
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