| 1. |
- Fossum, Birgitta, 1969-
(författare)
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Förfädernas land : en arkeologisk studie av rituella lämningar i Sápmi, 300 f. Kr-1600 e. Kr
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this thesis has been to study the ritual remains from the Sámi region, over an extended period of time. An analysis of when and why they first appeared, followed by a discussion of the changes and the continuity that occurs during this period of time which then is placed in relation to other social, economical and political processes that took place in northern Fenno Scandinavia during the iron age. The archaeological remains included in this study are Scree graves, lake graves, sacrificial sites, silver hoards and dwellings. Ring-shaped sacrificial sites and labyrinths are also discussed to some extent. The remains are firstly discussed on an individual basis and then in relation to each other and various other dimensions of community development in northern Scandinavia. From 300 BC – 400 AD, several of the ritual remains associated with developing Sámi identities appear for the first time, followed by a period with few discovered sites. There is an increase of archaeological finds from the Viking and Early Middle Ages, including many new ritual forms which can be linked to neighbouring societies increased economic interests in the region. There is a decrease in the number of sites from the 12th century AD and imported metal disappears from the ritual context. During the 14th century AD there is once again an increase in ritual activity, primarily in northern Norway, that appears to have moved to locations in the vicinity of dwelling sites. During the 17th century AD the ritual remains decrease over large parts of northern Scandinavia. One exception is the southern Sámi area, where numbers of characteristic Sámi ritual remains are seen to increase. Bear graves from as late as the 19th century AD have been found. The results demonstrate how rituals have been an important tool in not only creating and maintaining social and ethnical identities, uniting societies, creating opposition and causing change but also establishing bonds with other cultures or communities. Many of the changes that have taken place in the different ritual activities in the Sámi area have occurred at similar periods of time in other geographical regions of Sápmi.
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| 2. |
- Grabowski, Radoslaw, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Teillager 6 Sværholt : The Archaeology of a World War II Prisoner of War Camp in Finnmark, Arctic Norway
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fennoscandia Archaeologica. - 0781-7126. ; 31, s. 3-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the results of fieldwork undertaken over the last four summers at a World War II prisoner of war camp at Sværholt in northernmost Norway. The labour camp for Soviet prisoners was established in 1942 as part of the construction of the German coastal battery at Sværholt, a fortification within the Atlantic Wall. In late fall 1944 the camp, the coastal fort, and the local Norwegian hamlet were abandoned and destroyed in step with the massive and abrupt German retreat from this northern region. This paper describes the remains of the camp and the coastal fort, as still manifest in the barren landscape, and presents in detail the findings of excavations and associated investigations conducted in the camp area. Analysing these findings, particular emphasis is placed on the question of what an archaeological approach can divulge concerning the camp, its construction and conditions, and the ‘trivial’ details of everyday life often passed over by historical accounts. Ultimately, we suggest that the things found challenge our common assumptions about the relationship between prisoners, guards, and locals, and further discuss to what extent the forced encounter at Sværholt also may have included some measures of sympathy within the yet hostile context of war and occupation.
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| 3. |
- Jerand, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial Perspectives on Hearth Row Site Organisation in Northern Fennoscandia Through the Analysis of Soil Phosphate Content
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier. - 2352-409X .- 2352-4103. ; 5, s. 361-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of this paper is to present new perspectives on the social and cultural aspects on spatial organisation of so called 'hearth rows' in Northern Fennoscandia. Previous studies have shown, based on geographical distribution and finds, that these sites are associated with native Sámi settlements and consist of linearly organised hearths dated to 800 - 1300 AD. In order to provide a deeper understanding of spatial behaviour and waste dispersal in hearth row settlements, information and data from three excavated sites is compiled, together with 14C analysis (bone and charcoal), detailed sampling and mapping of citric soluble soil phosphate, to enable a spatial analytical approach. On the basis of repeated spatial patterns observed in excavated and analysed data the authors provide new insights on the spatial organisation of these Sámi dwellings. Also, a generally accepted ethnographic model on how these dwellings and hearth areas were spatially organised is challenged.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Nina, 1973-
(författare)
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Bosättning och resursutnyttjande : miljöarkeologiska studier av boplatser med härdar från perioden 600-1900 e. Kr inom skogssamiskt område
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on dwelling sites with hearths dating from the period 600-1900 AD, located in the coniferous forest areas of Northern Sweden. The term dwelling sites with hearths refers to sites where stone-lined hearths occur. These hearths are of a type that became very common in Northern Sweden during the first millennium after the birth of Christ.The main aim of this study is to apply environmental archaeological methods to the investigation of dwelling sites with hearths in order to attain new information on the organisation and use of these sites, as well as to discuss and evaluate earlier strategies of settlement and subsistence. For this study, soil chemical survey and pollen analysis methods are used. Soil chemical surveys have been conducted at a total of 13 sites from the period 1000/1100-1900 AD at locations in the inland areas of the counties of Norrbotten, Västerbotten and Jämtland, while pollen analyses have been conducted at 4 sites located in the county of Norrbotten.Interpretations of the results are related to previous archaeological research, surveys and excavations. In addition, historical and ethnographical documentation as well as historical research concerning the conditions in the area during later periods are considered.The results show that environmental archaeological methods can provide information about settlements with hearths that is not normally possible to discern through archaeological surveys or excavations. Regarding the environmental impact at the settlement areas, there are clear differences between different dwelling sites with hearths. These differences seem to be independent of the number of hearths at the sites. Thus, it is not possible to make interpretations regarding these dwelling sites based purely on the number of hearths at the sites. The results also imply that these sites have been part of a settlement system where different types of dwelling sites were in use for shorter periods of time, for different purposes, and by a limited number of people. With the exception of the 17th century church and market place in Arvidsjaur, none of the examined dwelling sites could be interpreted as being a gathering site for a large number of people. Compared to descriptions of the conditions in the Sami area (Sa. Sápmi) during historical periods, this type of settlement pattern is comparable to the Forest Sami settlement pattern of late historical times. Moreover, soil chemical surveys conducted in areas adjacent to a number of hearths show similarities to the Sami hut (Sw. kåta). To sum up, the use of dwelling sites with hearths shows continuity from the 7th century settlements to Sami settlements of the 20th century, with respect to the environmental impact at the dwelling sites. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a settlement pattern and subsistence similar to that of the Forest Sami economy and settlement of late historical times are characteristic for settlements with hearths and may have occurred as early as 600 AD.
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| 6. |
- Olsen, Björnar, et al.
(författare)
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After Discourse : An Introduction
- 2020
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Ingår i: After Discourse. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 9780429200014 ; , s. 1-17
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- After Discourse is an interdisciplinary response to the recent trend away from linguistic and textual approaches and towards things and their affects.The new millennium brought about serious changes to the intellectual landscape.Favoured approaches associated with the linguistic and the textual lost some oftheir currency, and were followed by a new curiosity and concern for things andtheir natures. Gathering contributions from archaeology, heritage studies, history,geography, literature, and philosophy, After Discourse offers a range of reflections on what things are, how we become affected by them, and the ethical concernsthey give rise to. Through a varied constellation of case studies, it explores ways of dealing with matters which fall outside, become othered from, or simply cannot begrasped through perspectives derived solely from language and discourse.After Discourse provides challenging new perspectives for scholars and studentsinterested in other-than-textual encounters between people and the objects withwhich we share the world.
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| 7. |
- Olsen, Bjørnar
(författare)
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Forhistoriske hus i Nord-Norge
- 1997
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Ingår i: Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift. - : Föreningen Bebyggelsehistorisk tidskrift. - 0349-2834 .- 2002-3812. ; :33, s. 185-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Olsen, Bjørnar
(författare)
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Språk og retorikk i arkeologien
- 1990
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Ingår i: Fornvännen. - 0015-7813 .- 1404-9430. ; 85, s. 115-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Siapkas, Johannes, 1969-
(författare)
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Heterological Ethnicity : Conceptualizing Identities in Ancient Greece
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In accordance with the heterological tradition, this study emphasises the determining effect of theoretical assumptions on our conceptualizations of the past. This study scrutinises how classical archaeologists and ancient historians have conceptualized ethnic groups, in particular the Messenians.Ethnic groups have traditionally been regarded as static with clear-cut boundaries. Each group has also been attributed with certain essential characteristics. According to this view, the Messenian ethnic identity was preserved during the period of Spartan occupation. This view is facilitated by a passive perspective, which regards evidence as reflections of reality and emphasises continuity. This culture historical perspective, which gives precedence to literary evidence and reduces archaeology to a handmaiden of history, has prevailed in classics from the 19th century until today. It can be juxtaposed with perspectives, discernable in classics from the 1960s onwards, which maintain that various parts of culture are manipulated in accordance with contemporaneous socio-political needs. These active perspectives — ranging from systems theoretical, functionalistic to processual models — resemble the instrumentalist model in anthropology which regards ethnicity as a dynamic and flexible strategy. Nevertheless, the instrumentalist redefinition of ethnicity did not influence classics until the late 1990s. According to the instrumentalist perspective, the Messenian ethnic identity emerged as a strategy of distinction in opposition to the Spartans. Despite the variations, these perspectives can be regarded as part of a dogmatic tradition. Scholars within the dogmatic tradition tend to focus on the evidence and neglect the influence of the scholarly discourse on the conceptualizations of the past. This study, which is influenced by Michel de Certeau’s critique of the dogmatic tradition, elaborates on the discursive constraints of classical archaeology and ancient history.
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| 11. |
- Spangen, Marte, 1977-
(författare)
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Circling Concepts : A Critical Archaeological Analysis of the Notion of Stone Circles as Sami Offering Sites
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis discusses a category of cultural heritage that has been labelled "Sami circular offering sites", aiming to establish some basic facts about their origin, distribution and use, as well as their cultural and socio-political context and influence. The stone enclosures in question have been interpreted as Sami offering sites since the mid-19th century, but a discourse analysis of the research history indicates that this may have been based on a scholarly hypothesis rather than ethnographic or archaeological evidence. Furthermore it is questioned if all the structures that are currently included in this category are in fact remains of the same cultural practice. This is investigated through surveys of 81 suggested circular offering sites in Norway, two excavations and analyses of the find material. The large stone enclosures in counties Finnmark and Troms that were first categorised in this way prove to have quite consistent builds and measurements and a find material mainly dating between the 13th and 17th centuries. These structures are here labelled type 1. In contrast, constructions that have later been added to the category, particularly in other areas, have other and less consistent characteristics and seem to include remains of a range of different activities. They are here divided into two generic types 2 and 3. The thesis further discusses alternative interpretations for the type 1 structures, concluding that their materiality, construction, location, topography and finds are consistent with archaeological, historical and ethnographic evidence for wolf traps. Their distribution indicates a regional Sami cultural practice related to inland winter habitation and travel routes, while also apparently coinciding with the Russian/Karelian taxation area in northern Norway in the Middle Ages. Thus the builds may have been inspired by the fur trade or other activities of the latter groups. It is uncertain when exactly the installations fell into disuse, as datings are calibrated to AD 1450-1650. The abandonment could be related to the decline of Novgorod as a fur trade centre, Russian loss of taxation rights in northern Norway, increased Swedish impact in the inland areas and Norwegian activity along the coasts, which all led to changes in administration, taxation, trade patterns and demand for furs. The contemporary decimation of the wild reindeer population, increased reindeer herding and introduction of new weapons like crossbows, guns and foothold traps, may all have made permanent trapping installations less useful. The sites may, however, have gone out of use at different times. Certain finds of marrow split bones, very recent coins and other objects suggest a later reconceptualisation of some structures as offering sites, whether as a local explanation or inspired by the later scholarly definition. Throughout the thesis, the construction and distribution of the archaeological category and the preference for the ritual or religious interpretation are discussed as results of specific socio-political contexts, where stereotypical notions about Sami identity and culture have had a strong impact. The thesis explores how academic and other narratives influence each other within certain discourses of power and indigenous "rights and rites", and the continuous mutual impact on individual actions and emotions through networks of people, power and things. The present reinterpretation challenges existing academic and local narratives. It is based on the materiality of the structures, but the offering site explanation is not positively refuted. Yet, as part of an authorised heritage discourse, the present statement is more likely to impact future categorisation and practices than other narratives within other discourses, expressing a persistent and inherent power inequality. This may be ethically problematic in the context of an indigenous minority, but it may also be argued that the role of the archaeologist expert is precisely to expose the insisting materiality of the past and the power/knowledge networks that promote specific narratives about it.
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| 12. |
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