| 1. |
- Bräutigam, Marcus, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Swedish winter oat with gene technology and molecular breeding
- 2006
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Ingår i: J. Seed Science. - 0039-6990. ; 116:1-2, s. 12-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, oat (Avena sativa) is only grown as a spring crop. A Swedish winter oat, on the other hand, would give increased yields and would secure oat in Swedish agriculture. During three consecutive winters we performed field trials with oat aiming at identifying potential winter material. More than 300 varieties, originating from breeding programs all over the world, were tested. Plants were rated according to winter survival, vigour and general performance during the following growth season and more than 20 lines were identified that were cold hardier than present commercial oat varieties. In parallel experiments a cDNA library was constructed from cold induced English winter oat (Gerald) and ca 10000 EST sequences were generated. After data mining a UniGene set of 2800 oat genes was obtained. By detailed analysis of microarray data from cold stressed Arabidopsis and by advanced bioinformatics, gene interactions in the complex cold induced signal transduction pathway were deduced. By comparison to the oat UniGene set, several genes potentially involved in the regulation of cold hardiness in oat were identified. An Agrobacterium mediated transformation protocol was developed for one oat genotype. Key regulatory genes in cold acclimation will be introduced to oat by genetic transformation or modified by TILLING. Such genes will be used as molecular markers in intogression of winter hardiness to commercial oat.
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| 2. |
- Tao, Qiang, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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D-A(1)-D-A(2) Copolymers with Extended Donor Segments for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
- 2015
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Ingår i: Macromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5835 .- 0024-9297. ; 48:4, s. 1009-1016
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Typically a donor-acceptor (D-A) design strategy is used for engineering the bandgap of polymers for solar cells. However, in this work, a series of alternating D-A(1-)D-A(2) copolymers PnTQTI(F) were synthesized and characterized with oligothiophenes (nT, n = 1, 2, 3) as the donor and two electron-deficient moieties, quinoxaline and isoindigo, as the acceptors in the repeating unit. We have studied the influence of the donor segments with different numbers of thiophene units and the effect of the addition of fluorine to the quinoxaline unit of the D-A(1)-D-A(2) polymers. The photophysical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the polymers were examined via a range of techniques and related to theoretical simulations. On increasing the length of the donor thiophene units, broader absorption spectra were observed in addition to a sequential increase in HOMO levels, while the LUMO levels displayed very small variations. The addition of fluorine to the quinoxaline unit not only decreased the HOMO levels of the resulting polymers but also enhanced the absorption coefficients. A superior photovoltaic performance was observed for the P3TQTI-F-based device with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.0%, which is the highest efficiency for alternating D-A(1)-D-A(2) polymers reported to date. The structureproperty correlations of the PnTQTI(F) polymers demonstrate that varying of the length of the donor segments is a valuable method for designing high-performance D-A(1)-D-A(2) copolymers and highlight the promising nature of D-A(1)-D-A(2) copolymers for efficient bulk-heterojunction solar cells.
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| 3. |
- Xu, Xiaofeng, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of side chain isomerism on the physical and photovoltaic properties of indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene–quinoxaline copolymers: toward a side chain design for enhanced photovoltaic performance
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry. - 1364-5501 .- 0959-9428. ; 2:44, s. 18988-18997
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four new D–A polymers PIDTT-Q-p, PIDTT-Q-m, PIDTT-QF-p and PIDTT-QF-m, using indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT) as an electron-rich unit and quinoxaline (Q) as an electron-deficient unit, were synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed Stille polymerization. The side chains on the pendant phenyl rings of IDTT were varied from the para- to the meta-position, and the effect of the inclusion of fluorine on the quinoxaline unit was simultaneously investigated. The influence on the optical and electrochemical properties, film topography and photovoltaic properties of the four copolymers were thoroughly examined via a range of techniques. The inductively electron-withdrawing properties of the fluorine atoms result in a decrease of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. The effect of meta-substitution on the PIDTT-Q-m polymer leads to good solubility and in turn higher molecular weight. More importantly, it exhibits optimal morphological properties in the PIDTT-Q-m/PC71BM blends. As a result, the corresponding solar cells (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer:PC71BM/LiF/Al) attain the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.8%. The structure–property correlations demonstrate that the meta-alkyl-phenyl substituted IDTT unit is a promising building block for efficient organic photovoltaic materials. This result also extends our strategy with regards to side chain isomerism of IDTT-based copolymers for enhanced photovoltaic performance.
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| 4. |
- Xu, Xiaofeng, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline-6,8-dione-based conjugated copolymers for bulk heterojunction solar cells with high photovoltages
- 2015
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Ingår i: Polymer Chemistry. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1759-9954 .- 1759-9962. ; 6:25, s. 4624-4633
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new electron-deficient building block 5,9-di(thiophen-2-yl)-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-g]quinoxaline-6,8(7H)-dione (PQD) was synthesized via functionalizing the 6- and 7-positions of quinoxaline (Qx) with a dicarboxylic imide moiety. Side chain substitution on the PQD unit leads to good solubility which enables very high molecular weight copolymers to be attained. The fusion of two strong electron-withdrawing groups (Qx and dicarboxylic imide) makes the PQD unit a stronger electron-deficient moiety than if the unit had just one electron-withdrawing group, thus enhancing the intramolecular charge transfer between electron-rich and deficient units of the copolymer. Four PQD-based polymers were synthesized which feature deep-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels and bathochromic absorption spectra when compared to PBDT-Qx and PBDT-TPD analogues. The copolymers incorporated with benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene (BDT) units show that the 1D and 2D structural variations of the side groups on the BDT unit are correlated with the device performance. As a result, the corresponding solar cells (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer: PC71BM/LiF/Al) based on the four copolymers feature very high open-circuit voltages (V-oc) of around 1.0 V. The copolymer PBDT-PQD1 attains the best power conversion efficiency of 4.9%, owing to its relatively high absorption intensity and suitable film morphology. The structure-property correlation demonstrates that the new PQD unit is a promising electron-deficient building block for efficient photovoltaic materials with high V-oc.
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| 5. |
- Bergqvist, J., et al.
(författare)
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Sub-glass transition annealing enhances polymer solar cell performance
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 2:17, s. 6146-6152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermal annealing of non-crystalline polymer:fullerene blends typically results in a drastic decrease in solar cell performance. In particular aggressive annealing above the glass transition temperature results in a detrimental coarsening of the blend nanostructure. We demonstrate that mild annealing below the glass transition temperature is a viable avenue to control the nanostructure of a non-crystalline thiophene–quinoxaline copolymer:fullerene blend. Direct imaging methods indicate that coarsening of the blend nanostructure can be avoided. However, a combination of absorption and luminescence spectroscopy reveals that local changes in the polymer conformation as well as limited fullerene aggregation are permitted to occur. As a result, we are able to optimise the solar cell performance evenly across different positions of the coated area, which is a necessary criterion for large-scale, high throughput production.
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| 6. |
- Bäcke, Olof, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced thermal stability of a polymer solar cell blend induced by electron beam irradiation in the transmission electron microscope
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ultramicroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2723 .- 0304-3991. ; 173, s. 16-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show by in situ microscopy that the effects of electron beam irradiation during transmission electron microscopy can be used to lock microstructural features and enhance the structural thermal stability of a nanostructured polymer:fullerene blend. Polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunction thin films show great promise for use as active layers in organic solar cells but their low thermal stability is a hindrance. Lack of thermal stability complicates manufacturing and influences the lifetime of devices. To investigate how electron irradiation affects the thermal stability of polymer:fullerene films, a model bulk-heterojunction film based on a thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer and a fullerene derivative was heat-treated in-situ in a transmission electron microscope. In areas of the film that exposed to the electron beam the nanostructure of the film remained stable, while the nanostructure in areas not exposed to the electron beam underwent large phase separation and nucleation of fullerene crystals. UV–vis spectroscopy shows that the polymer:fullerene films are stable for electron doses up to 2000 kGy.
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| 7. |
- Bäcke, Olof, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced thermal stability of a polymer solar cell blend induced by electron beam irradiation in the transmission electron microscope
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Ultramicroscopy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2723 .- 0304-3991. ; 176:Spec. Issue, s. 23-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show by in situ microscopy that the effects of electron beam irradiation during transmission electron microscopy can be used to lock microstructural features and enhance the structural thermal stability of a nanostructured polymer:fullerene blend. Polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunction thin films show great promise for use as active layers in organic solar cells but their low thermal stability is a hindrance. Lack of thermal stability complicates manufacturing and influences the lifetime of devices. To investigate how electron irradiation affects the thermal stability of polymer:fullerene films, a model bulk-heterojunction film based on a thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer and a fullerene derivative was heat-treated in-situ in a transmission electron microscope. In areas of the film that exposed to the electron beam the nanostructure of the film remained stable, while the nanostructure in areas not exposed to the electron beam underwent large phase separation and nucleation of fullerene crystals. UV–vis spectroscopy shows that the polymer:fullerene films are stable for electron doses up to 2000 kGy.
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| 8. |
- Bäcke, Olof, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping fullerene crystallization in a photovoltaic blend: an electron tomography study
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2040-3372 .- 2040-3364. ; 7:18, s. 8451-8456
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of fullerene crystals represents a major degradation pathway of polymer/fullerene bulk-heterojunction thin films that inexorably deteriorates their photovoltaic performance. Currently no tools exist that reveal the origin of fullerene crystal formation vertically through the film. Here, we show that electron tomography can be used to study nucleation and growth of fullerene crystals. A model bulk-heterojunction blend based on a thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer and a fullerene derivative is examined after controlled annealing above the glass transition temperature. We image a number of fullerene nanocrystals, ranging in size from 70 to 400 nanometers, and observe that their center is located close to the free-surface of spin-coated films. The results show that the nucleation of fullerene crystals predominately occurs in the upper part of the films. Moreover, electron tomography reveals that the nucleation is preceded by more pronounced phase separation of the blend components.
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| 9. |
- Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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NEW SOLAR HEATED RESIDENTIAL AREA IN VALLDA HEBERG - INITIAL EXPERIENCES RELATED TO SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Proceedings 2nd Solar District Heating Conference (IEE EC-project).
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper describes a new residential building area with a solar assisted block heating plant. The building area comprises 26 single family buildings, four small multifamily buildings, 6 row houses and a nursing home for elderly people with 64 apartments. All buildings are designed for a low heat demand (
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| 10. |
- Diaz de Zerio Mendaza, Amaia, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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A Fullerene Alloy Based Photovoltaic Blend with a Glass Transition Temperature above 200 °C
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 5:8, s. 4156-4162
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic solar cells with a high degree of thermal stability require bulk-heterojunction blends that feature a high glass transition, which must occur considerably above the temperatures encountered during device fabrication and operation. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a polymer : fullerene blend with a glass transition temperature above 200 °C, which we determine by plasmonic nanospectroscopy. We achieve this strong tendency for glass formation through the use of an alloy of neat, unsubstituted C60 and C70, which we combine with the fluorothieno-benzodithiophene copolymer PTB7. A stable photovoltaic performance of PTB7 : C60 : C70 ternary blends is preserved despite annealing the active layer at up to 180 °C, which coincides with the onset of the glass transition. Rapid deterioration of the power conversion efficiency from initially above 5% only occurs upon exceeding the glass transition temperature of 224 °C of the ternary blend.
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| 11. |
- Diaz de Zerio Mendaza, Amaia, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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High-Entropy Mixtures of Pristine Fullerenes for Solution-Processed Transistors and Solar Cells
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 27:45, s. 7325-7331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The solubility of pristine fullerenes can be enhanced by mixing C60 and C70 due to the associated increase in configurational entropy. This "entropic dissolution" allows the preparation of field-effect transistors with an electron mobility of 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and polymer solar cells with a highly reproducible power-conversion efficiency of 6%, as well as a thermally stable active layer.
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| 12. |
- Diaz de Zerio Mendaza, Amaia, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Neat C60:C70 buckminsterfullerene mixtures enhance polymer solar cell performance
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 2:35, s. 14354-14359
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate that bulk-heterojunction blends based on neat, unsubstituted buckminsterfullerenes (C60, C70) and a thiophene–quinoxaline copolymer (TQ1) can be readily processed from solution. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopy as well as photoluminescence spectroscopy reveal that thin films with a fine-grained nanostructure can be spin-coated, which display a good photovoltaic performance. Replacement of substituted fullerenes with C60 or C70 only results in a small drop in open-circuit voltage from 0.9 V to about 0.8 V. Thus, a power conversion efficiency of up to 2.9% can be maintained if C70 is used as the acceptor material. Further improvement in photovoltaic performance to 3.6% is achieved, accompanied by a high internal quantum efficiency of 75%, if a 1 : 1 C60:C70 mixture is used as the acceptor material, due to its improved solubility in ortho-dichlorobenzene.
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| 13. |
- Eriksson, Louise, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Recreation in different forest settings : a scene preference study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Forests. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4907. ; 3:4, s. 923-943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recreation activity preferences in forest settings were explored in a scene preference study. The importance of type of human intervention and the level of biodiversity for preference and intention to engage in recreation activities were examined in a sample of forestry and social science students in Sweden. Results showed that forestry students displayed an almost equally strong preference for natural-looking scenes as for scenes with traces of recreation (e.g., paths), whereas social science students preferred recreational scenes the most. Least preferred were scenes with traces of forest management. Different forest settings were furthermore preferred for different recreation activities. Recreational settings were favored for walking and going on outings, and natural-looking settings were more appreciated for picking berries or mushrooms. Respondents displayed a stronger intention to study plants and animals in high biodiversity settings and the intention to exercise was stronger in low biodiversity settings. Implications for future land use planning and forest management are discussed.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Lars-Olof, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Deactivating economic motives in green consumption through social and moral salience
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Consumer Marketing. - : Emerald. - 0736-3761. ; 37:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This paper aims to examine how social and moral salience influences the activation/deactivation of consumer motives and how this in turn affects costly pro-environmental consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach In two experiments involving real purchases, it was tested whether social salience (private vs public choice) and moral salience (recall of neutral vs immoral action) lead to the activation of normative motives, and/or the deactivation of economic motives, and whether this facilitated the purchase of a costlier green product. Findings Participants were motivated by both economic and normative motives, and they actively made trade-offs between these motives as the choice environment changed. Green consumption was positively influenced by social and moral salience but only when both salience conditions were present simultaneously. However, salience did not lead to the activation of normative motives, as was expected, but to a deactivation of the motive to save money. This may suggest that while the importance of norms was not altered by salience, the perceived value of the green option likely changed in such a way that participants became more inclined to choose the costlier green option. Originality/value The present research sheds light on how and why social and moral salience influences green consumption. It was demonstrated that social and moral salience influences the tendency to purchase costlier green products, however, only when both are combined. Also, the effects of social and moral salience may not rely on the activation of facilitating social and moral motives but rather on the deactivation of conflicting economic motives.
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| 16. |
- Kroon, Renee, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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A New Tetracyclic Lactam Building Block for Thick, Broad-Bandgap Photovoltaics
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society. - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 136:33, s. 11578-11581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new tetracyclic lactam building block for polymer semiconductors is reported that was designed to combine the many favorable properties that larger fused and/or amide-containing building blocks can induce, including improved solid-state packing, high charge carrier mobility, and improved charge separation. Copolymerization with thiophene resulted in a semicrystalline conjugated polymer, PTNT, with a broad bandgap of 2.2 eV. Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering of PTNT thin films revealed a strong tendency for face-on pi-stacking of the polymer backbone, which was retained in PTNT:firllerene blends. Corresponding solar cells featured a high open-circuit voltage of 0.9 V, a fill factor around 0.6, and a power conversion efficiency as high as 596 for greater than200 nm thick active layers, regardless of variations in blend stoichiometry and nanostructure. Moreover, efficiencies of greater than4% could be retained when thick active layers of similar to 400 rim were employed. Overall, these values are the highest reported for a conjugated polymer with such a broad bandgap and are unprecedented in materials for tandem and particularly ternary blend photovoltaics. Hence, the newly developed tetracyclic lactam unit has significant potential as a conjugated building block in future organic electronic materials.
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| 17. |
- Lindqvist, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Fullerene mixtures enhance the thermal stability of a non-crystalline polymer solar cell blend
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 104:15, s. 153301-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Printing of polymer: fullerene solar cells at high speed requires annealing at temperatures up to 140 degrees C. However, bulk-heterojunction blends that comprise a non-crystalline donor polymer often suffer from insufficient thermal stability and hence rapidly coarsen upon annealing above the glass transition temperature of the blend. In addition, micrometer-sized fullerene crystals grow, which are detrimental for the solar cell performance. In this manuscript, we present a strategy to limit fullerene crystallization, which is based on the use of fullerene mixtures of the two most common derivatives, PC61BM and PC71BM, as the acceptor material. Blends of this fullerene mixture and a non-crystalline thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer display considerably enhanced thermal stability and largely retain their photovoltaic performance upon annealing at elevated temperatures as high as 170 degrees C.
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| 18. |
- Lindqvist, Camilla, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Fullerene Nucleating Agents: A Route Towards Thermally Stable Photovoltaic Blends
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley. - 1614-6840 .- 1614-6832. ; 4:9, s. 1301437-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bulk-heterojunction nanostructure of non-crystalline polymer: fullerene blends has the tendency to rapidly coarsen when heated above its glass transition temperature, which represents an important degradation mechanism. We demonstrate that fullerene nucleating agents can be used to thermally arrest the nanostructure of photovoltaic blends that comprise a non-crystalline thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer and the widely used fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). To this end, C-60 fullerene is employed to efficiently nucleate PCBM crystallization. Sub-micrometer-sized fullerene crystals are formed when as little as 2 wt% C-60 with respect to PCBM is added to the blend. These reach an average size of only 200 nanometers upon introduction of more than 8 wt% C-60. Solar cells based on C-60-nucleated blends indicate significantly improved thermal stability of the bulk-heterojunction nanostructure even after annealing at an elevated temperature of 130 degrees C, which lies above the glass transition temperature of the blend. Moreover, we find that various other compounds, including C-70 fullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and sodium benzoate, as well as a number of commercial nucleating agents-commonly used to clarify isotactic polypropylene-permit to control crystallization of the fullerene phase.
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| 19. |
- Lindqvist, Camilla, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Nucleation-limited fullerene crystallisation in a polymer–fullerene bulk-heterojunction blend
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 1:24, s. 7174-7180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nucleation and growth kinetics of fullerene crystals in thin films of a polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunction blend are investigated. We find that both processes are strongly diffusion-limited at 100–110 °C due to the proximity to the glass transition temperatures of the blend components. Whereas the growth rate exponentially increases with temperature up to 230 °C, the nucleation rate displays a broad maximum around 150–170 °C, which coincides with the highest rate of fullerene crystallisation. A time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram reveals that across the investigated range of temperatures the low rate of nucleation is responsible for the formation of micrometre-sized crystals, which can be detrimental for polymer solar cells. Thus, we identify the lack of sufficient nucleation, which predominantly occurs on the substrate interface, as the origin of this important degradation mechanism.
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| 20. |
- Olsson, Olof, 1984-
(författare)
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Out of the wild : studies on the forest as a recreational resource for urban residents
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores and analyzes the demand for and supply of forests in and near urban areas from a social perspective. Specific focus is directed towards recreational qualities of forests located just outside urban borders, that is, urban fringe forests. To this end, the thesis is based on four empirical research papers. Papers I and II explore the demand component, while Paper III focuses on the supply component. Finally, Paper IV integrates issues of both demand and supply. In Paper I, a survey directed to the general public in urban areas is used to address differences between public attitudes to the forest in general and to the urban fringe forest more specifically. Paper II builds upon interviews with municipal planners with responsibility for green space issues in nine Swedish cities. In Paper III, spatial forest data is analyzed in a GIS to examine how urbanization and population developments influence the supply of urban fringe forests over time. Spatial analysis is further used in Paper IV to quantify forest attractiveness and accessibility in a single measure of urban fringe forest demand and supply.In Paper I it is shown that urban residents associate the urban fringe forest with a variety of design characteristics, as people’s opinions do not solely concern social qualities but also ecological and functional qualities. It is concluded that the overall influence of socioeconomic and demographic attributes is modest in comparison to the basic values and beliefs people hold about life, the environment, and the forest in general. In Paper II it is demonstrated that it is imperative for municipalities to own forest, since this allows them to secure sufficient provisions of recreational forests for future residents and from urban land developments. However, as private citizens do generally not take part of local planning and management decision-making there is an obvious risk for decisions biased towards the interests of social organizations, with specific activity and structural demands that do not necessarily reflect the interests of the general public. From Paper III it is evident that urbanization and population developments do not necessarily lead to a reduced supply of urban fringe forests over time; forest management practices are equally important to consider with regards to people’s opportunities to visit attractive forests for recreation. Finally, in Paper IV it is shown that more attractive forests are generally less accessible to urban residents, regardless of mode of transportation, and that the accessibility to urban fringe forests is generally lower in more deprived neighborhoods.
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| 21. |
- Olsson, Olof, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The role of public requirements in urban forest decision-making : a case study of nine Swedish cities
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forests within and adjacent to cities and urban areas are used by local residents and members of social organizations (e.g., sports and outdoor associations) with multiple and diverse activity requirements. This case study provides interview-based evidence from nine Swedish cities on how municipal planners with responsibility for green space issues evaluate and integrate public requirements in decision-making concerning municipality-owned urban forests. In most cases, to include people in forest decision-making the planners rely on traditional tools and methods, such as outdoor information signs, forest walks, and surveys. All of the interviewed planners identified a general lack of interest among the public in participating in meetings that do not concern trees or scrub in their immediate living environment. Participants in more comprehensive planning and management projects usually represent some social organization with specific activity requirements, which the members have discussed internally before meeting with the planners. The planners argued that the use of representatives makes the decision-making process more efficient, and that the concept should be expanded to also include representatives of the general public in local planning groups. However, there was little evidence of any formalized strategies for increasing participation and, in consequence, generating more informed decisions.
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| 22. |
- Sun, Jie, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Direct Chemical Vapor Deposition of Large-Area Carbon Thin Films on Gallium Nitride for Transparent Electrodes: A First Attempt
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0894-6507 .- 1558-2345. ; 25:3, s. 494-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Direct formation of large-area carbon thin films on gallium nitride by chemical vapor deposition without metallic catalysts is demonstrated. A high flow of ammonia is used to stabilize the surface of the GaN (0001)/sapphire substrate during the deposition at 950 degrees C. Various characterization methods verify that the synthesized thin films are largely sp(2) bonded, macroscopically uniform, and electrically conducting. The carbon thin films possess optical transparencies comparable to that of exfoliated graphene. This paper offers a viable route toward the use of carbon-based materials for future transparent electrodes in III-nitride optoelectronics, such as GaN-based light emitting diodes and laser diodes.
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