| 1. |
- Wittwer, Raphaël A., et al.
(författare)
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Organic and conservation agriculture promote ecosystem multifunctionality
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 7:34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystems provide multiple services to humans. However, agricultural systems are usually evaluated on their productivity and economic performance, and a systematic and quantitative assessment of the multifunctionality of agroecosystems including environmental services is missing. Using a long-term farming system experiment, we evaluated and compared the agronomic, economic, and ecological performance of the most widespread arable cropping systems in Europe: Organic, conservation, and conventional agriculture. We analyzed 43 agroecosystem properties and determined overall agroecosystem multifunctionality. We show that organic and conservation agriculture promoted ecosystem multifunctionality, especially by enhancing regulating and supporting services, including biodiversity preservation, soil and water quality, and climate mitigation. In contrast, conventional cropping showed reduced multifunctionality but delivered highest yield. Organic production resulted in higher economic performance, thanks to higher product prices and additional support payments. Our results demonstrate that different cropping systems provide opposing services, enforcing the productivity-environmental protection dilemma for agroecosystem functioning.
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| 2. |
- Gavito, Mayra, et al.
(författare)
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Temperature constraints on the growth and functioning of root organ cultures with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- 2005
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 1469-8137 .- 0028-646X. ; 168:1, s. 179-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (.) In this study we investigated the effects of temperature on fungal growth and tested whether the differences in fungal growth were related to the effects of temperature on carbon movement to, or within, the fungus. (.) Growth curves and C uptake-transfer-translocation measurements were obtained for three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates cultured within a 6-30 degrees C temperature range. A series of experiments with a model fungal isolate, Glomus intraradices, was used to examine the effects of temperature on lipid body and 33 P movement, and to investigate the role of acclimation and incubation time. (.) Temperature effects on AMF growth were both direct and indirect because, despite clear independent root and AMF growth responses in some cases, the uptake and translocation of 13 C was also affected within the temperature range tested. Root C uptake and, to a lesser extent, C translocation in the fungus, were reduced by low temperatures (< 18 C). Uptake and translocation of 33 P by fungal hyphae were, by contrast, similar between 10 and 25 C. (.) We conclude that temperature, between 6 and 18 C, reduces AMF growth, and that C movement to the fungus is involved in this response.
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| 3. |
- He, Liyuan, et al.
(författare)
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Global biogeography of fungal and bacterial biomass carbon in topsoil
- 2020
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Ingår i: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717. ; 151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacteria and fungi, representing two major soil microorganism groups, play an important role in global nutrient biogeochemistry. Biogeographic patterns of bacterial and fungal biomass are of fundamental importance for mechanistically understanding nutrient cycling. We synthesized 1323 data points of phospholipid fatty acid-derived fungal biomass C (FBC), bacterial biomass C (BBC), and fungi:bacteria (F:B) ratio in topsoil, spanning 11 major biomes. The FBC, BBC, and F:B ratio display clear biogeographic patterns along latitude and environmental gradients including mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, net primary productivity, root C density, soil temperature, soil moisture, and edaphic factors. At the biome level, tundra has the highest FBC and BBC densities at 3684 (95% confidence interval: 1678–8084) mg kg−1 and 428 (237–774) mg kg−1, respectively; desert has the lowest FBC and BBC densities at 16.92 (14.4–19.89) mg kg−1 and 6.83 (6.1–7.65) mg kg−1, respectively. The F:B ratio varies dramatically, ranging from 1.8 (1.6–2.1) in savanna to 8.6 (6.7–11.0) in tundra. An empirical model was developed for the F:B ratio and it is combined with a global dataset of soil microbial biomass C to produce global maps for FBC and BBC in 0–30 cm topsoil. Across the globe, the highest FBC is found in boreal forest and tundra while the highest BBC is in boreal forest and tropical/subtropical forest, the lowest FBC and BBC are in shrub and desert. Global stocks of living microbial biomass C were estimated to be 12.6 (6.6–16.4) Pg C for FBC and 4.3 (0.5–10.3) Pg C for BBC in topsoil. These findings advance our understanding of the global distribution of fungal and bacterial biomass, which facilitates the incorporation of fungi and bacteria into Earth system models. The global maps of bacterial and fungal biomass serve as a benchmark for validating microbial models in simulating the global C cycle under a changing climate.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bahram, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 560:7717, s. 233-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities(1-4). Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially.
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| 6. |
- Barceló, Milagros, et al.
(författare)
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Mycorrhizal tree impacts on topsoil biogeochemical properties in tropical forests
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 110:6, s. 1271-1282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In tropical regions, the patterns of carbon (C) and nutrient properties among ecosystems dominated by distinct mycorrhizal associations are unknown. We aim to reveal whether the dynamics differ and the ecological drivers and ecosystem functioning implications of such differences. Based on a dataset of 97 tropical forest sites, we related EcM trees abundance (as a proxy for the transition from AM to EcM trees dominance) to different topsoil properties, climatic conditions and microbial abundance proxies through Generalized Additive Models. Higher abundances of EcM trees were correlated with higher topsoil concentrations of total nitrogen and C, extractable phosphorus and potassium, δ13C, mean annual temperature, precipitation, microbial (bacterial and fungal) biomass and the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi. Synthesis. Our results reveal consistent differences in carbon and nutrient content between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM-) and EcM-dominated vegetation across the tropical biome, pointing to lower soil fertility and lower rates of C and nutrient transformation processes in EcM-dominated forests. These patterns associate with lower topsoil C accumulation when compared to AM vegetation, which contrasts with patterns reported for temperate forests. We suggest that different mechanisms of soil organic matter accumulation explain the contrasting impacts of EcM dominance on topsoil properties of temperate and tropical biomes. Global vegetation and C models should account for the contrasting impacts of distinct mycorrhizal vegetation in different climatic zones.
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| 7. |
- Camenzind, Tessa, et al.
(författare)
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Increases in soil aggregation following phosphorus additions in a tropical premontane forest are not driven by root and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundances
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Earth Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-6463. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tropical ecosystems have an important role in global change scenarios, in part because they serve as a large terrestrial carbon pool. Carbon protection is mediated by soil aggregation processes, whereby biotic and abiotic factors influence the formation and stability of aggregates. Nutrient additions may affect soil structure indirectly by simultaneous shifts in biotic factors, mainly roots, and fungal hyphae, but also via impacts on abiotic soil properties. Here, we tested the hypothesis that soil aggregation will be affected by nutrient additions primarily via changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae and root length in a pristine tropical forest system. Therefore, the percentage of water-stable macroaggregates (> 250 µm) (WSA) and the soil mean weight diameter (MWD) was analyzed, as well as nutrient contents, pH, root length, and AMF abundance. Phosphorus additions significantly increased the amount of WSA, which was consistent across two different sampling times. Despite a positive effect of phosphorus additions on extra-radical AMF biomass, no relationship between WSA and extra-radical AMF nor roots was revealed by regression analyses, contrary to the proposed hypothesis. These findings emphasize the importance of analyzing soil structure in understudied tropical systems, since it might be affected by increasing nutrient deposition expected in the future.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Måseide, Ragnhild J., et al.
(författare)
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Health-related quality of life and physical activity in Nordic patients with moderate haemophilia A and B (the MoHem study)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Haemophilia. - 1351-8216. ; 30:1, s. 98-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The impact of moderate haemophilia on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and physical activity (PA) is not well known. In previous studies, persons with factor VIII/factor IX activity (FVIII/FIX:C) below 3 IU/dL were associated with a more severe bleeding phenotype than predicted. Aim: To explore HRQoL and PA in patients with moderate haemophilia A (MHA) and B (MHB). Methods: A cross-sectional, multicentre study covering patients with MHA and MHB in Sweden, Finland, and Norway. HRQoL was assessed with the EuroQoL 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) form and PA with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire among participants aged ≥15 years. Results: We report on 104 patients aged 15–84 years from the MoHem study. Overall, EQ-5D utility was.85 (median) (Q1–Q3 0.73–1.0) with corresponding visual analogue scale (VAS) 80 (70–90), which were similar regardless of treatment modality, FVIII/FIX:C, and MHA or MHB. Pain and mobility were most frequently affected dimensions. Utility (r = -.54), VAS (r = -.42), and PA (r = -.32) correlated negatively with arthropathy (HJHS). Only patients aged 41–50 years displayed lower utility (p =.02) and VAS (p <.01) than the Norwegian population norm. Patients on prophylaxis aged 35–54 years reported higher PA than those treated on-demand (p =.01). Conclusion: Haemophilic arthropathy had negative impact on HRQoL and PA in Nordic patients with moderate haemophilia. Middle-aged patients captured lower utility and VAS than observed in the general population. Tailored prophylaxis and improved joint health may influence positively on HRQoL and PA also in moderate haemophilia.
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| 10. |
- Måseide, Ragnhild J., et al.
(författare)
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Joint health and treatment modalities in Nordic patients with moderate haemophilia A and B – The MoHem study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Haemophilia. - : Wiley. - 1351-8216 .- 1365-2516. ; 26:5, s. 891-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The prevalence of arthropathy in moderate haemophilia A (MHA) and B (MHB) is not well known. Aim: We evaluated joint health in Nordic patients in relation to their treatment modality. Methods: A cross-sectional, multicentre study covering MHA and MHB in Sweden, Finland and Norway. Arthropathy was evaluated by ultrasound (HEAD-US) and Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS). Results: We report on 145 patients: median age 28 years (IQR 13-52) and 61% MHA. Baseline factor VIII/factor IX activity (FVIII/FIX:C) was 2 IU/dL (median) (IQR 2-4): lower for MHB (2 IU/dL, IQR 1-2) than MHA (3 IU/dL, IQR 2-4) (P <.01). Eighty-five per cent of MHA and 73% MHB had a history of haemarthrosis (P =.07). Age at first joint bleed was lower for MHA (5 years [median], IQR 3-7) than MHB (7 years, IQR 5-12) (P =.01). Thirty-eight per cent received prophylaxis, started at median 10 years of age (IQR 4-24). Median joint bleeds and serious other bleeds during the last 12 months were both zero (IQR 0-1). Total HEAD-US captured 0/48 points (median) (IQR 0-2) and HJHS 4/120 points (IQR 1-10) with strong correlation between them (r =.72). FVIII/FIX:C ≤ 3 IU/dL was associated with higher HJHS (P =.04). Fifteen per cent had undergone orthopaedic surgery. Conclusion: The current joint health in Nordic moderate haemophilia patients was rather good, but a subgroup had severe arthropathy. FVIII/FIX:C ≤ 3 IU/dL and MHA were associated with a more severe bleeding phenotype. We suggest primary prophylaxis to all patients with FVIII/FIX:C ≤ 3 IU/dL.
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| 11. |
- Olsrud, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Response of ericoid mycorrhizal colonization and functioning to global change factors
- 2004
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 1469-8137 .- 0028-646X. ; 162:2, s. 459-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, we investigated effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration, increased temperatures, and both factors in combination on ericoid mycorrhizal colonization, mycorrhizal functioning and below-ground carbon allocation in a subarctic forest understorey, to evaluate the hypothesis that photosynthesis is a primary driver for mycorrhizal colonization. Treatment effects on ecosystem processes were investigated using C-14-pulse labelling and photosynthesis measurements in combination with analysis of ergosterol content in roots. The effects on delta(15)N in leaves were also studied. Ergosterol content in hair roots was positively correlated with ecosystem photosynthesis and was higher in heat- and CO2-treated plots. Leaves from CO2 Plots tended to be more depleted in N-15 compared with controls both for Vaccinium myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea. Our results suggest that changes in ecosystem photosynthesis, plant carbon (C) Allocation may give rise to changing mycorrhizal colonization under elevated CO2 and temperature. The role of mycorrhizas in ecosystem N-cycling may change on a long-term basis as inorganic N availability declines with increasing levels of atmospheric CO2.
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| 12. |
- Olsson, Pål Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal and fine endophytic fungi in herbaceous vegetation in the Canadian High Arctic
- 2004
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Botany. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 0008-4026. ; 82:11, s. 1547-1556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi was surveyed along a latitudinal gradient in Arctic Canada including Banks Island (73degreesN), Devon Island (74degreesN), Ellesmere Island (76degreesN), and the Magnetic North Pole at Ellef Ringnes Island (78degreesN). At Banks Island, AM fungi were present and colonized at a high intensity in all specimens of Potentilla hookeriana Lehm. - Potentilla pulchella R.Br., Arnica angustifolia Vahl, and Erigeron uniflorus L. ssp. eriocephalus (Vahl ex Hornen.) Cronq. sampled. The soil collected under these plants showed a high inoculum potential when tested at greenhouse conditions using Plantago lanceolata L. as a bait plant. Occasional occurrence of AM fungi was recorded in Festuca hyperborea Holmen ex Frederiksen, Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richt., and Potentilla hookeriana - Potentilla pulchella at Devon Island. Despite the fact that potential AM plants are present, no AM was found at the two most northern sites, Ellesmere Island and Ellef Ringnes Island. There seems to be climatic or dispersal limitations to AM colonization at these northern sites. Fine endophytic fungi, formerly named Glomus tenue (Grenall) I.R. Hall, were recorded at all four sites, but most frequently at Banks Island. We thereby provide further evidence that fine endophytes are more frequent in harsh climatic conditions than AM fungi. There was a relatively high proportion of nonmycorrhizal plant species at all sites, and this proportion increased towards the north.
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| 13. |
- Olsson, Pål Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Lipid and fatty acid composition of hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at different growth stages
- 2000
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Ingår i: Mycological Research. - 0953-7562. ; 104:4, s. 429-434
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The lipid and fatty acid compositions of Glomus intraradices and G. claroideum mycelia, extracted from quartz sand in a compartmentalized growth system, were analysed. The fungi were grown in association with Cucumis sativus and Trifolium subterraneum, respectively. For both fungi, the fatty acids 16:1 omega 5 and 16:0 dominated in the neutral lipid fraction, and 18:1 omega 7 made up a significant part of the phospholipids. The fatty acids were used as estimators of the amount of neutral lipids and phospholipids of AM fungi as well as to calculate the biomass of different parts of their mycelium. The phospholipid content was higher in hyphae than in spores, whereas the opposite was observed for neutral lipids. In 3-mo-old G. intraradices mycelium, spores accounted for 90% of the external biomass, and calculations indicated that about 20% of the spore biomass consisted of neutral lipids. In both fungi the fatty acid compositions of hyphae and spores were similar regardless of the age of the mycelium. Using the signature fatty acid 16:1 omega 5 to calculate the distribution of AM biomass for a 2-mo-old mycelium of G. claroideum, we found that the fungal biomass was equally distributed between the external mycelium and the internal mycelium in the host root.
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| 14. |
- Olsson, Pål Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorus effects on metabolic processes in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures
- 2002
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Ingår i: Plant Physiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1532-2548 .- 0032-0889. ; 130:3, s. 1162-1171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of external phosphorus (P) on carbon (C) allocation and metabolism as well as processes related to P metabolism was studied in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures of carrot (Daucus carota). Fungal hyphae of Glomus intraradices proliferated from the solid minimal medium containing the colonized roots into C-free liquid minimal medium with different P treatments. The fungus formed around three times higher biomass in P-free liquid medium than in medium with 2.5 mM inorganic P (high-P). Mycelium in the second experiment was harvested at an earlier growth stag to study metabolic processes when the mycelium was actively growing. P treatment influenced the root P content and [C-13]glucose administered to the roots 7 d before harvest gave a negative correlation between root P content and C-13 enrichment in arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal storage lipids in the extraradical hyphae. Eighteen percent of the enriched C-13 in extraradical hyphae was recovered in the fatty acid 16:1omega5 from neutral lipids. Polyphosphate accumulated in hyphae even in P-free medium. No influence of P treatment on fungal acid phosphatase activity was observed, whereas the proportion of alkaline-phosphatase-active hyphae was highest in high-P medium. We demonstrated the presence of a motile tubular vacuolar system in G. intraradices. This system was rarely seen in hyphae subjected to the highest P treatment. We concluded that the direct responses of the extraradical hyphae to the P concentration in the medium are limited. The effects found in hyphae seemed instead to be related to increased availability of P to the host root.
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| 15. |
- Szanto, Timea, et al.
(författare)
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Platelet function testing : Current practice among clinical centres in Northern Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Haemophilia. - : Wiley. - 1351-8216 .- 1365-2516. ; 28:4, s. 642-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Platelet function tests are used to screen and diagnose patients with possible inherited platelet function defects (IPFD). Some acquired platelet dysfunction may be caused by certain drugs or comorbidities, which need to be excluded before testing. Aims: To identify current practice among centres performing platelet function tests in Northern Europe. Methods: A total of 14 clinical centres from Sweden (six), Finland (two), Denmark (two), Norway (one), Estonia (two) and Iceland (one) completed the survey questionnaire, the population capture area of about 29.5 million. Results: Six of the 14 (42.8%) centres providing platelet function assessment represent comprehensive treatment centres (EUHANET status). A Bleeding score (BS) or ISTH bleeding assessment tool (ISTH BAT score) is evaluated in 11/14 (78.6%) centres and family history in all. Five/14 centres (35.7%) use structured preanalytical patient instructions, and 10/14 (71.4%) recorded questionnaire on the preassessment of avoidance of any drugs or natural products affecting platelet functions. Preliminary investigations of screening tests of coagulation are performed in 10/14 (71.4%), while in 4/14 (28.6%), the diagnostic work-up of IPFD and von Willebrand disease (VWD) is performed simultaneously. The work-up of IPFD includes peripheral blood smear in 10/14 (71.4%), platelet aggregometry in all, flow cytometry in 10/14 (71.4%) and Platelet Function Analysis (PFA) in 3/11 (28.6%). Molecular genetic diagnosis is available in 7/14 (50%) centres. Conclusions: The considerable variability in the current practice illustrates the need for harmonization between the Northern European centres according to the international registers (i.e. EUHASS) and IPFD guidelines (ISTH, EHA).
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