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1.
  • Bragina, Olga, et al. (författare)
  • Phase I study of 99mTc-ADAPT6, a scaffold protein-based probe for visualization of HER2 expression in breast cancer
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Medicine. - : Society of Nuclear Medicine. - 0161-5505 .- 1535-5667 .- 2159-662X. ; 62:4, s. 493-499
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radionuclide molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor (HER2) expression may be helpful to stratify breast and gastroesophageal cancer patients for HER2-targeting therapies. ADAPTs (albumin-binding domain derived affinity proteins) are a new type of small (46-59 amino acids) proteins useful as probes for molecular imaging. The aim of this first-in-human study was to evaluate biodistribution, dosimetry, and safety of the HER2-specific 99mTc-ADAPT6.METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with primary breast cancerwere included. In 22 patients with HER2-positive (n = 11) or HER2-negative (n = 11) histopathology an intravenous injection with 385±125 MBq 99mTc-ADAPT6 was performed, randomized to an injected protein mass of either 500 µg (n = 11) or 1000 µg (n = 11). Planar scintigraphy followed by SPECT imaging was performed after 2, 4, 6 and 24 h. An additional cohort (n = 7) was injected with 165±29 MBq (injected protein mass 250 µg) and imaging was performed after 2 h only.RESULTS: Injections of 99mTc-ADAPT6 at all injected mass levels were well tolerated and not associated with adverse effects. 99mTc-ADAPT6 cleared rapidly from blood and most other tissues. The normal organs with the highest accumulation were kidney, liver and lung. Effective doses were 0.009±0.002 and 0.010±0.003 mSv/MBq for injected protein masses of 500 and 1000 µg, respectively. Injection of 500 µg resulted in excellent discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-negative tumors already 2 h after injection (tumor-to-contralateral breast ratio was 37±19 vs 5±2, p<0.01). The tumor-to-contralateral breast ratios for HER2-positive tumors were significantly (p<0.05) higher for injected mass of 500 µg than for both 250 and 1000 µg.CONCLUSION: Injections of 99mTc-ADAPT6 are safe and associated with low absorbed and effective doses. Protein dose of 500 µg is preferable for discrimination between tumors with high and low expression of HER2. Further studies are justified to evaluate if 99mTc-ADAPT6 can be used as an imaging probe for stratification of patients for HER2-targeting therapy in the areas where PET imaging is not readily available.
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2.
  • Bragina, Olga, et al. (författare)
  • Phase I Trial of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3, a DARPin-Based Probe for Imaging of HER2 Expression in Breast Cancer
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Medicine. - : Society of Nuclear Medicine. - 0161-5505 .- 1535-5667 .- 2159-662X. ; 63:4, s. 528-535
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radionuclide molecular imaging of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) expression may enable a noninvasive discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-negative breast cancers for stratification of patients for HER2-targeted treatments. DARPin (designed ankyrin repeat proteins) G3 is a small (molecular weight, 14 kDa) scaffold protein with picomolar affinity to HER2. The aim of this first-in-humans study was to evaluate the safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3.Methods: Three cohorts of patients with primary breast cancer (each including at least 4 patients with HER2-negative and 5 patients with HER2-positive tumors) were injected with 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 μg of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 (287 ± 170 MBq). Whole-body planar imaging followed by SPECT was performed at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after injection. Vital signs and possible side effects were monitored during imaging and up to 7 d after injection.Results: All injections were well tolerated. No side effects were observed. The results of blood and urine analyses did not differ before and after studies. 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 cleared rapidly from the blood. The highest uptake was detected in the kidneys and liver followed by the lungs, breasts, and small intestinal content. The hepatic uptake after injection of 2,000 or 3,000 μg was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than the uptake after injection of 1,000 μg. Effective doses did not differ significantly between cohorts (average, 0.011 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq). Tumor–to–contralateral site ratios for HER-positive tumors were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than for HER2-negative at 2 and 4 h after injection.Conclusion: Imaging of HER2 expression using 99mTc-(HE)3-G3 is safe and well tolerated and provides a low absorbed dose burden on patients. This imaging enables discernment of HER2-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. Phase I study data justify further clinical development of 99mTc-(HE)3-G3.
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3.
  • Chernov, Vladimir, et al. (författare)
  • Phase I Trial of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26, a Bombesin Analogue Antagonistic to Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptors (GRPRs), for SPECT Imaging of GRPR Expression in Malignant Tumors
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Cancers. - : MDPI. - 2072-6694. ; 15:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and in hormone-driven breast cancer (BCa). The aim of this phase I clinical trial was to evaluate safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry after the administration of the recently developed GRPR-targeting antagonistic bombesin analogue [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 in PCa and BCa patients. Planar and whole-body SPECT/CT imaging was performed in six PCa patients and seven BCa patients 2, 4, 6, and 24 h post the intravenous administration of 40 mu g of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 (600-700 MBq). No adverse events or pathological changes were observed. The rapid blood clearance of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 was observed with predominantly hepatobiliary excretion. The effective doses were 0.0053 +/- 0.0007 for male patients and 0.008 +/- 0.003 mSv/MBq for female patients. The accumulation of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 in tumors was observed in four out of six PCa and in seven out of seven BCa patients. In four BCa patients, a high uptake of the agent into the axillary lymph nodes was detected. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive GRPR expression in 60% of primary PCa, 71.4% of BCa tumors, and 50% of examined BCa lymph nodes. In conclusion, a single administration of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 was safe and well tolerated. [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 SPECT may be useful for tumor detection in PCa and BCa patients, pending further studies.
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4.
  • Leitao, Charles Dahlsson, et al. (författare)
  • Conditionally activated affibody-based prodrug targeting EGFR demonstrates improved tumor selectivity
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Safety and efficacy of cancer-targeting treatments can be improved by conditional activation conferred by the distinct milieu of the tumour microenvironment. Proteases are intricately involved in tumorigenesis and commonly dysregulated with elevated expression and activity. Design of prodrug molecules with protease-dependent activation has the potential to increase tumor-selective targeting, while decreasing the exposure to healthy tissues, thus improving safety, allowing for administration of higher doses or use of more aggressive treatment options, leading to higher therapeutic efficacy. We have previously performed in vitro characterizations of an affibody-based prodrug approach for protease-mediated targeting of EGFR. In this study we demonstrate the potential for selective tumor-targeting and shielded uptake in healthy tissues in vivo using tumor-bearing mice for an EGFR-targeting affibody prodrug.
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5.
  • Leitao, Charles Dahlsson, 1992-, et al. (författare)
  • Conditionally activated affibody-based prodrug targeting EGFR demonstrates improved tumour selectivity
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Controlled Release. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-3659 .- 1873-4995. ; 357, s. 185-195
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Safety and efficacy of cancer-targeting treatments can be improved by conditional activation enabled by the distinct milieu of the tumour microenvironment. Proteases are intricately involved in tumourigenesis and commonly dysregulated with elevated expression and activity. Design of prodrug molecules with protease -dependent activation has the potential to increase tumour-selective targeting while decreasing exposure to healthy tissues, thus improving the safety profile for patients. Higher selectivity could also allow for adminis-tration of higher doses or use of more aggressive treatment options, leading to higher therapeutic efficacy. We have previously developed an affibody-based prodrug with conditional targeting of EGFR conferred by an anti-idiotypic affibody masking domain (ZB05). We could show that binding to endogenous EGFR on cancer cells in vitro was restored following proteolytic removal of ZB05. In this study we evaluate a novel affibody-based pro -drug design, which incorporates a protease substrate sequence recognized by cancer-associated proteases and demonstrate the potential of this approach for selective tumour-targeting and shielded uptake in healthy tissues in vivo using tumour-bearing mice. This may widen the therapeutic index of cytotoxic EGFR-targeted thera-peutics by decreasing side effects, improving selectivity of drug delivery, and enabling the use of more potent cytotoxic drugs.
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6.
  • Liu, Yongsheng, et al. (författare)
  • Biologic Evaluation of a Heterodimeric HER2-Albumin Targeted Affibody Molecule Produced by Chemo-Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI. - 1999-4923. ; 14:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Targeted molecular radiation therapy is a promising emerging treatment modality in oncology, and peptide synthesis may shorten the time to reach the clinical stage. In this study, we have explored Chemo-Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis, or CEPS, as a new means of producing a therapeutic HER2 targeted Affibody((R)) molecule, comprising a C-terminal albumin binding domain (ABD) for half-life extension and a total length of 108 amino acids. In addition, a DOTA moiety could be incorporated at N-terminus directly during the synthesis step and subsequently utilized for site-specific radiolabeling with the therapeutic radionuclide Lu-177. Retained thermodynamic stability as well as retained binding to both HER2 and albumin was verified. Furthermore, HER2 binding specificity of the radiolabeled Affibody molecule was confirmed by an in vitro saturation assay showing a significantly higher cell-bound activity of SKOV-3 (high HER2 expression) compared with BxPC3 (low HER2 expression), both in the presence and absence of HSA. In vivo evaluation in mice bearing HER2 expressing xenografts also showed specific tumor targeting as well as extended time in circulation and reduced kidney uptake compared with a HER2 targeted Affibody molecule without the ABD moiety. To conclude, we have demonstrated that CEPS can be used for production of Affibody-fusion molecules with retained in vitro and in vivo functionality.
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7.
  • Rinne, Sara S., et al. (författare)
  • Targeting Tumor Cells Overexpressing the Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 3 with Potent Drug Conjugates Based on Affibody Molecules
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Biomedicines. - : MDPI AG. - 2227-9059. ; 10:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Increasing evidence suggests that therapy targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) could be a viable route for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we studied a novel drug conjugate, ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1, consisting of a HER3-targeting affibody molecule, coupled to the cytotoxic tubulin polymerization inhibitor DM1, and an albumin-binding domain for in vivo half-life extension. ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 showed a strong affinity to the extracellular domain of HER3 (K-D 6 nM), and an even stronger affinity (KD 0.2 nM) to the HER3-overexpressing pancreatic carcinoma cell line, BxPC-3. The drug conjugate showed a potent cytotoxic effect on BxPC-3 cells with an IC50 value of 7 nM. Evaluation of a radiolabeled version, [99mTc]Tc-ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1, showed a relatively high rate of internalization, with a 27% internalized fraction after 8 h. Further in vivo evaluation showed that it could target BxPC-3 (pancreatic carcinoma) and DU145 (prostate carcinoma) xenografts in mice, with an uptake peaking at 6.3 +/- 0.4% IA/g at 6 h post-injection for the BxPC-3 xenografts. The general biodistribution showed uptake in the liver, lung, salivary gland, stomach, and small intestine, organs known to express murine ErbB3 naturally. The results from the study show that ZHER3-ABD-mcDM1 is a highly potent and selective drug conjugate with the ability to specifically target HER3 overexpressing cells. Further pre-clinical and clinical development is discussed.
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8.
  • Tolmachev, Vladimir, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Evaluation of Anti-HER2 Affibody Molecules Labeled with Cu-64 Using NOTA and NODAGA
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging. - : WILEY-HINDAWI. - 1555-4309 .- 1555-4317. ; , s. 1-12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Imaging using affi body molecules enables discrimination between breast cancer metastases with high and low expression of HER2, making appropriate therapy selection possible. This study aimed to evaluate if the longer half-life of Cu-64 (T-1/2 = 12.7h) would make Cu-64 a superior nuclide compared to Ga-68 for PET imaging of HER2 expression using affibody molecules. The synthetic ZHER2: S1 affibody molecule was conjugated with the chelators NOTA or NODAGA and labeled with Cu-64. The tumor-targeting properties of Cu-64-NOTA-ZHER2: S1 and Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 were evaluated and compared with the targeting properties of Ga-68-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 in mice. Both 64 Cu-NOTA-ZHER2: S1 and Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 demonstrated specific targeting of HER2-expressing xenografts. At 2 h after injection of Cu-64-NOTA-ZHER2: S1, Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1, and Ga-68-NODAGAZHER2: S1, tumor uptakes did not differ significantly. Renal uptake of Cu-64-labeled conjugateswas dramatically reduced at 6 and 24 h after injection. Notably, radioactivity uptake concomitantly increased in blood, lung, liver, spleen, and intestines, which resulted in decreased tumor-to-organ ratios compared to 2 h postinjection. Organ uptake was lower for Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1. The most probable explanation for this biodistribution pattern was the release and redistribution of renal radiometabolites. In conclusion, monoamide derivatives of NOTA and NODAGA may be suboptimal chelators for radiocopper labeling of anti-HER2 affibody molecules and, possibly, other scaffold proteins with high renal uptake.
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9.
  • Tolmachev, Vladimir, et al. (författare)
  • Molecular design of radiocopper-labelled Affibody molecules
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cu-CB-TE2A-GEEE-ZHER2:342 was 16 ± 6%ID/g and tumor-to-blood ratio was 181 ± 52. In conclusion, a combination of the cross-bridged CB-TE2A chelator and Gly-Glu-Glu-Glu spacer is preferable for radiocopper labelling of Affibody molecules and, possibly, other scaffold proteins having high renal re-absorption.
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10.
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11.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, et al. (författare)
  • 177Lu-labeled PSMA targeting therapeutic with optimized linker for treatment of disseminated prostate cancer; evaluation of biodistribution and dosimetry
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Oncology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2234-943X. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), highly expressed in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), is an established therapeutic target. Theranostic PSMA-targeting agents are widely used in patient management and has shown improved outcomes for mCRPC patients. Earlier, we optimized a urea-based probe for radionuclide visualization of PSMA-expression in vivo using computer modeling. With the purpose to develop a targeting agent equally suitable for radionuclide imaging and therapy, the agent containing DOTA chelator was designed (BQ7876). The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that Lu-177-labeled BQ7876 possesses target binding and biodistribution properties potentially enabling its use for radiotherapy.Methods: BQ7876 was synthesized and labeled with Lu-177. Specificity and affinity of [Lu-177]Lu-BQ7876 to PSMA-expressing PC3-pip cells was evaluated and its processing after binding to cells was studied. Animal studies in mice were performed to assess its biodistribution in vivo, target specificity and dosimetry. [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA-617 was simultaneously evaluated for comparison.Results: BQ7876 was labeled with Lu-177 with radiochemical yield >99%. Its binding to PSMA was specific in vitro and in vivo when tested in antigen saturation conditions as well as in PSMA-negative PC-3 tumors. The binding of [Lu-177]Lu-BQ7876 to living cells was characterized by rapid association, while the dissociation included a rapid and a slow phase with affinities K-D1 = 3.8 nM and K-D2 = 25 nM. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration for Lu-nat-BQ7876 was 59 nM that is equal to 61 nM for Lu-nat-PSMA-617. Cellular processing of [Lu-177]Lu-BQ7876 was accompanied by slow internalization. [Lu-177]Lu-BQ7876 was cleared from blood and normal tissues rapidly. Initial elevated uptake in kidneys decreased rapidly, and by 3 h post injection, the renal uptake (13 +/- 3%ID/g) did not differ significantly from tumor uptake (9 +/- 3%ID/g). Tumor uptake was stable between 1 and 3 h followed by a slow decline. The highest absorbed dose was in kidneys, followed by organs and tissues in abdomen.Discussion: Biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated that targeting properties of [Lu-177]Lu-BQ7876 are not inferior to properties of [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA-617, but do not offer any decisive advantages.
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12.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, et al. (författare)
  • Preclinical Characterization of a Stabilized Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonist for Targeted Cancer Theranostics
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Biomolecules. - : MDPI. - 2218-273X. ; 13:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radiolabeled gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) antagonists have shown great promise for the theranostics of prostate cancer; however, their suboptimal metabolic stability leaves room for improvements. It was recently shown that the replacement of Gly(11) with Sar(11) in the peptidic [D-Phe(6),Leu(13)-NHEt,des-Met(14)]BBN(6-14) chain stabilized the [Tc-99m]Tc-DB15 radiotracer against neprilysin (NEP). We herein present DOTAGA-PEG(2)-(Sar(11))RM26 (AU-RM26-M1), after Gly(11) to Sar(11)-replacement. The impact of this replacement on the metabolic stability and overall biological performance of [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 was studied using a head-to-head comparison with the unmodified reference [In-111]In-DOTAGA-PEG(2)-RM26. In vitro, the cell uptake of [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 could be significantly reduced in the presence of a high-excess GRPR-blocker that demonstrated its specificity. The cell uptake of both radiolabeled GRPR antagonists increased with time and was superior for [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1. The dissociation constant reflected strong affinities for GRPR (500 pM for [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1). [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 showed significantly higher stability in peripheral mice blood at 5 min pi (88 & PLUSMN; 8% intact) than unmodified [In-111]In-DOTAGA-PEG(2)-RM26 (69 & PLUSMN; 2% intact; p < 0.0001). The administration of a NEP inhibitor had no significant impact on the Sar(11)-compound (91 & PLUSMN; 2% intact; p > 0.05). In vivo, [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 showed high and GRPR-mediated uptake in the PC-3 tumors (7.0 & PLUSMN; 0.7%IA/g vs. 0.9 & PLUSMN; 0.6%IA/g in blocked mice) and pancreas (2.2 & PLUSMN; 0.6%IA/g vs. 0.3 & PLUSMN; 0.2%IA/g in blocked mice) at 1 h pi, with rapid clearance from healthy tissues. The tumor uptake of [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 was higher than for [In-111]In-DOTAGA-PEG(2)-RM26 (at 4 h pi, 5.7 & PLUSMN; 1.8%IA/g vs. 3 & PLUSMN; 1%IA/g), concordant with its higher stability. The implanted PC-3 tumors were visualized with high contrast in mice using [In-111]In-AU-RM26-M1 SPECT/CT. The Gly(11) to Sar(11)-substitution stabilized [In-111]In-DOTAGA-PEG(2)-(Sar(11))RM26 against NEP without negatively affecting other important biological features. These results support the further evaluation of AU-RM26-M1 for prostate cancer theranostics after labeling with clinically relevant radionuclides.
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13.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, et al. (författare)
  • Preclinical Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled GRPR Antagonists maSSS/SES-PEG2-RM26 for Imaging of Prostate Cancer
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI. - 1999-4923. ; 13:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is an important target for imaging of prostate cancer. The wide availability of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and the generator-produced 99mTc can be utilized to facilitate the use of GRPR-targeting radiotracers for diagnostics of prostate cancers.Methods: Synthetically produced mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Ser-Ser (maSSS)-PEG2-RM26 and mercaptoacetyl-Ser-Glu-Ser (maSES)-PEG2-RM26 (RM26 = d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) were radiolabeled with 99mTc and characterized in vitro using PC-3 cells and in vivo, using NMRI or PC-3 tumor bearing mice. SPECT/CT imaging and dosimetry calculations were performed for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26.Results: Peptides were radiolabeled with high yields (>98%), demonstrating GRPR specific binding and slow internalization in PC-3 cells. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 outperformed [99mTc]Tc-maSES-PEG2-RM26 in terms of GRPR affinity, with a lower dissociation constant (61 pM vs 849 pM) and demonstrating higher tumor uptake. [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 had tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-muscle, and tumor-to-bone ratios of 97 ± 56, 188 ± 32, and 177 ± 79, respectively. SPECT/CT images of [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 clearly visualized the GRPR-overexpressing tumors. The dosimetry estimated for [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 showed the highest absorbed dose in the small intestine (1.65 × 10−3 mGy/MBq), and the effective dose is 3.49 × 10−3 mSv/MBq.Conclusion: The GRPR antagonist maSSS-PEG2-RM26 is a promising GRPR-targeting agent that can be radiolabeled through a single-step with the generator-produced 99mTc and used for imaging of GRPR-expressing prostate cancer.
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14.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, et al. (författare)
  • Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Radio-Iodinated GRPR/PSMA Bispecific Heterodimers for the Theranostics Application in Prostate Cancer
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4923. ; 11:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are overexpressed in most prostate cancers. GRPR expression is higher in early stages while PSMA expression increases with progression. The possibility of targeting both markers with a single theranostics radiotracer could improve patient management. Three GRPR/PSMA-targeting bispecific heterodimers (urea derivative PSMA-617 and bombesin-based antagonist RM26 linked via X-triazolyl-Tyr-PEG2, X = PEG2 (BO530), (CH2)(8) (BO535), none (BO536)) were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Peptides were radio-iodinated and evaluated in vitro for binding specificity, cellular retention, and affinity. In vivo specificity for all heterodimers was studied in PC-3 (GRPR-positive) and LNCaP (PSMA-positive) xenografts. [I-125]I-BO530 was evaluated in PC-3pip (GRPR/PSMA-positive) xenografts. Micro single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (microSPECT/CT) scans were acquired. The heterodimers were radiolabeled with high radiochemical yields, bound specifically to both targets, and demonstrated high degree of activity retention in PC-3pip cells. Only [I-125]I-BO530 demonstrated in vivo specificity to both targets. A biodistribution study of [I-125]I-BO530 in PC-3pip xenografted mice showed high tumor activity uptake (30%-35%ID/g at 3 h post injection (pi)). Activity uptake in tumors was stable and exceeded all other organs 24 h pi. Activity uptake decreased only two-fold 72 h pi. The GRPR/PSMA-targeting heterodimer [I-125]I-BO530 is a promising agent for theranostics application in prostate cancer.
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15.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, et al. (författare)
  • The GRPR Antagonist [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26 towards Phase I Clinical Trial : Kit Preparation, Characterization and Toxicity
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Diagnostics. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4418. ; 13:9, s. 1611-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPRs) are overexpressed in the majority of primary prostate tumors and in prostatic lymph node and bone metastases. Several GRPR antagonists were developed for SPECT and PET imaging of prostate cancer. We previously reported a preclinical evaluation of the GRPR antagonist [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 (based on [D-Phe(6), Sta(13), Leu(14)-NH2]BBN(6-14)) which bound to GRPR with high affinity and had a favorable biodistribution profile in tumor-bearing animal models. In this study, we aimed to prepare and test kits for prospective use in an early-phase clinical study. The kits were prepared to allow for a one-pot single-step radiolabeling with technetium-99m pertechnetate. The kit vials were tested for sterility and labeling efficacy. The radiolabeled by using the kit GRPR antagonist was evaluated in vitro for binding specificity to GRPR on PC-3 cells (GRPR-positive). In vivo, the toxicity of the kit constituents was evaluated in rats. The labeling efficacy of the kits stored at 4 degrees C was monitored for 18 months. The biological properties of [Tc-99m]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26, which were obtained after this period, were examined both in vitro and in vivo. The one-pot (gluconic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, stannous chloride, and maSSS-PEG(2)-RM26) single-step radiolabeling with technetium-99m was successful with high radiochemical yields (>97%) and high molar activities (16-24 MBq/nmol). The radiolabeled peptide maintained its binding properties to GRPR. The kit constituents were sterile and non-toxic when tested in living subjects. In conclusion, the prepared kit is considered safe in animal models and can be further evaluated for use in clinics.
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16.
  • Abouzayed, Ayman, 1992- (författare)
  • Theranostic Targeting of GRPR and PSMA in Prostate Cancer
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This thesis is based on five original articles that investigated the theranostics of prostate cancer by gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting. GRPR and PSMA are two extensively evaluated prostate cancer cell markers due to their overexpression in the majority of prostate cancer samples. Theranostic targeting of GRPR and PSMA is an attractive strategy to improve the management of prostate cancer patients.Papers I and II focused on the dual targeting of GRPR and PSMA. The effect of linker modification on the affinity for GRPR and PSMA and the pharmacokinetic profile was evaluated. In Paper III, the effect of the GRPR antagonist RM26 conjugation to an albumin-binding domain on the pharmacokinetic profile and its potential use in therapy was investigated. Paper IV focused on developing a GRPR antagonist that was suitable for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using technetium-99m. In Paper V, the GRPR antagonist developed in Paper IV was translated into a phase I clinical trial to assess safety and dosimetry.Modifying the linkers in GRPR and PSMA heterodimers can largely impact the affinity for both targets. This modification influenced the in vivo targeting specificity and biodistribution, with [125I]I-BO530 in Paper I and [111In]In-BQ7812 in Paper II outperforming other analogues. Our findings in Paper III indicated that the conjugation of an albumin-binding domain to RM26 increased the blood concentration of the radiotracer. This increase led to elevated and stable tumour uptake of [111In]In-DOTA-ABD-RM26 after several days of injection. However, [111In]In-DOTA-ABD-RM26 was also increasingly taken up by various healthy organs. The GRPR antagonist [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26, studied in Paper IV, showed high specificity and affinity for GRPR. This resulted in elevated GRPR-mediated uptake. Additionally, maSSS-PEG2-RM26 could be radiolabelled via a straightforward radiolabelling protocol. Clinical evaluation of [99mTc]Tc-maSSS-PEG2-RM26 in prostate and breast cancer patients (Paper V) demonstrated the safety and tolerability of the radiotracer, with favourable dosimetry and no side effects.In conclusion, this thesis evaluated different tools for the theranostic targeting of GRPR and PSMA. The findings warrant further investigation to optimise the reported radiotracers.
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17.
  • Altai, Mohamed, et al. (författare)
  • Affibody-derived drug conjugates : Potent cytotoxic molecules for treatment of HER2 over-expressing tumors
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Controlled Release. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0168-3659 .- 1873-4995. ; 288, s. 84-95
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Patients with HER2-positive tumors often suffer resistance to therapy, warranting development of novel treatment modalities. Affibody molecules are small affinity proteins which can be engineered to bind to desired targets. They have in recent years been found to allow precise targeting of cancer specific molecular signatures such as the HER2 receptor. In this study, we have investigated the potential of an affibody molecule targeting HER2, ZHER2:2891, conjugated with the cytotoxic maytansine derivate MC-DM1, for targeted cancer therapy. ZHER2:2891 was expressed as a monomer (ZHER2:2891), dimer ((ZHER2:2891)2) and dimer with an albumin binding domain (ABD) for half-life extension ((ZHER2:2891)2-ABD). All proteins had a unique C-terminal cysteine that could be used for efficient and site-specific conjugation with MC-DM1. The resulting affibody drug conjugates were potent cytotoxic molecules for human cells over-expressing HER2, with sub-nanomolar IC50-values similar to trastuzumab emtansine, and did not affect cells with low HER2 expression. A biodistribution study of a radiolabeled version of (ZHER2:2891)2-ABD-MC-DM1, showed that it was taken up by the tumor. The major site of off-target uptake was the kidneys and to some extent the liver. (ZHER2:2891)2-ABD-MC-DM1 was found to have a half-life in circulation of 14 h. The compound was tolerated well by mice at 8.5 mg/kg and was shown to extend survival of mice bearing HER2 over-expressing tumors. The findings in this study show that affibody molecules are a promising class of engineered affinity proteins to specifically deliver small molecular drugs to cancer cells and that such conjugates are potential candidates for clinical evaluation on HER2-overexpressing cancers. 
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18.
  • Altai, Mohamed, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of Molecular Design on the Targeting Properties of ABD-Fused Mono- and Bi-Valent Anti-HER3 Affibody Therapeutic Constructs
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Cells. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4409. ; 7:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 3 (HER3) is associated with tumour cell resistance to HER-targeted therapies. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting HER3 are currently being investigated for treatment of various types of cancers. Cumulative evidence suggests that affibody molecules may be appropriate alternatives to mAbs. We previously reported a fusion construct (3A3) containing two HER3-targeting affibody molecules flanking an engineered albumin-binding domain (ABD 035) included for the extension of half-life in circulation. The 3A3 fusion protein (19.7 kDa) was shown to delay tumour growth in mice bearing HER3-expressing xenografts and was equipotent to the mAb seribantumab. Here, we have designed and explored a series of novel formats of anti-HER3 affibody molecules fused to the ABD in different orientations. All constructs inhibited heregulin-induced phosphorylation in HER3-expressing BxPC-3 and DU-145 cell lines. Biodistribution studies demonstrated extended the half-life of all ABD-fused constructs, although at different levels. The capacity of our ABD-fused proteins to accumulate in HER3-expressing tumours was demonstrated in nude mice bearing BxPC-3 xenografts. Formats where the ABD was located on the C-terminus of affibody binding domains (3A, 33A, and 3A3) provided the best tumour targeting properties in vivo. Further development of these promising candidates for treatment of HER3-overexpressing tumours is therefore justified.
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19.
  • Andersson, Jennie, et al. (författare)
  • In Vitro Therapy Modeling of HER2 Targeting Therapy in Disseminated Prostate Cancer
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 45:5, s. 2153-2158
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer type among men. Treatments against advanced PCa are limited and in many cases only palliative. In a later, androgent independent, stage of PCa androgen receptors can be activated without interaction with ligand, i.e., by receptors of tyrosine kinase (RTK) family in the outlaw pathway. Human epidermal growth factor receptors HER2 and EGFR belong to RTK-family. HER2 is one of the main actors in the outlaw pathway with EGFR as the preferable heterodimerizing partner. We hypothesized that information on HER2 expression in advanced PCa could be useful for selection of patients for anti-RTK therapy and monitoring of therapy response. A panel of PCa cell lines (LNCap, PC3, DU-145) was subjected to a 8-week treatment using drugs influencing the RTK: trastuzumab (anti‑HER2), 17-DMAG (Hsp90 inhibitor), alone or in combination, and their HER2 and EGFR expressions were compared with non-treated cells. Treatment with trastuzumab decreased proliferation of LNCap and DU-145 cell lines, while 17-DMAG and trastuzumab/17‑DMAG combination affected all three cell lines. HER2 expression was significantly increased in PC3 cells, the most resistant cell line. On the contrary, in responding cells (LNCap and DU-145) HER2 expression decreased, accompanied by increased EGFR expression. However, additional treatment of cells with cetuximab (anti‑EGFR) did not give any additive effect to trastuzumab. In this study the response to anti-RTK therapy proved to vary between different PCa cell lines. We have demonstrated that RTK targeting treatments may affect the phenotypic profile of PCa tumor cells that correlates with therapy outcome. Observation of such changes during treatment could be used for monitoring and an improved therapy outcome.
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20.
  • Baun, Christina, et al. (författare)
  • Preclinical Evaluation of the Copper-64 Labeled GRPR-Antagonist RM26 in Comparison with the Cobalt-55 Labeled Counterpart for PET-Imaging of Prostate Cancer
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 25:24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in the majority of prostate cancers. This study aimed to investigate the potential of 64Cu (radionuclide for late time-point PET-imaging) for imaging of GRPR expression using NOTA-PEG2-RM26 and NODAGA-PEG2-RM26. Methods: NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 were labeled with 64Cu and evaluated in GRPR-expressing PC-3 cells. Biodistribution of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 was studied in PC-3 xenografted mice and compared to the biodistribution of [57Co]Co-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 at 3 and 24 h p.i. Preclinical PET/CT imaging was performed in tumor-bearing mice. NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 were stably labeled with 64Cu with quantitative yields. In vitro, binding of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 was rapid and GRPR-specific with slow internalization. In vivo, [64Cu]Cu-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 bound specifically to GRPR-expressing tumors with fast clearance from blood and normal organs and displayed generally comparable biodistribution profiles to [57Co]Co-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26; tumor uptake exceeded normal tissue uptake 3 h p.i.. Tumor-to-organ ratios did not increase significantly with time. [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-PEG2-RM26 had a significantly higher liver and pancreas uptake compared to other agents. 57Co-labeled radioconjugates showed overall higher tumor-to-non-tumor ratios, compared to the 64Cu-labeled counterparts. [64Cu]Cu-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 was able to visualize GRPR-expression in a murine PC model using PET. However, [55/57Co]Co-NOTA/NODAGA-PEG2-RM26 provided better in vivo stability and overall higher tumor-to-non-tumor ratios compared with the 64Cu-labeled conjugates.
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21.
  • Bezverkhniaia, Ekaterina, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of Molecular Design on the Tumor Targeting and Biodistribution of PSMA-Binding Tracers Labeled with Technetium-99m
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 25:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Previously, we designed the EuK-based PSMA ligand BQ0413 with an maE3 chelator for labeling with technetium-99m. It showed efficient tumor targeting, but our preclinical data and preliminary clinical results indicated that the renal excretion levels need to be decreased. We hypothesized that this could be achieved by a decrease in the ligand's total negative charge, achieved by substituting negatively charged glutamate residues in the chelator with glycine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tumor targeting and biodistribution of two new PSMA inhibitors, BQ0411 and BQ0412, compared to BQ0413. Conjugates were radiolabeled with Tc-99m and characterized in vitro, using PC3-pip cells, and in vivo, using NMRI and PC3-pip tumor-bearing mice. [99mTc]Tc-BQ0411 and [99mTc]Tc-BQ0412 demonstrated PSMA-specific binding to PC3-pip cells with picomolar affinity. The biodistribution pattern for the new conjugates was characterized by rapid excretion. The tumor uptake for [99mTc]Tc-BQ0411 was 1.6-fold higher compared to [99mTc]Tc-BQ0412 and [99mTc]Tc-BQ0413. [99mTc]Tc-BQ0413 has demonstrated predominantly renal excretion, while the new conjugates underwent both renal and hepatobiliary excretion. In this study, we have demonstrated that in such small targeting ligands as PSMA-binding EuK-based pseudopeptides, the structural blocks that do not participate in binding could have a crucial role in tumor targeting and biodistribution. The presence of a glycine-based coupling linker in BQ0411 and BQ0413 seems to optimize biodistribution. In conclusion, the substitution of amino acids in the chelating sequence is a promising method to alter the biodistribution of [99mTc]Tc-labeled small-molecule PSMA inhibitors. Further improvement of the biodistribution properties of BQ0413 is needed.
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22.
  • Bezverkhniaia, Ekaterina, et al. (författare)
  • Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel High-Affinity Radioligand [99mTc]Tc-BQ0413 Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 24:24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radionuclide imaging using radiolabeled inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) can be used for the staging of prostate cancer. Previously, we optimized the Glu-urea-Lys binding moiety using a linker structure containing 2-napththyl-L-alanine and L-tyrosine. We have now designed a molecule that contains mercaptoacetyl-triglutamate chelator for labeling with Tc-99m (designated as BQ0413). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the imaging properties of [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413. PSMA-transfected PC3-pip cells were used to evaluate the specificity and affinity of [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413 binding in vitro. PC3-pip tumor-bearing BALB/C nu/nu mice were used as an in vivo model. [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413 bound specifically to PC3-pip cells with an affinity of 33 +/- 15 pM. In tumor-bearing mice, the tumor uptake of [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413 (38 +/- 6 %IA/g in PC3-pip 3 h after the injection of 40 pmol) was dependent on PSMA expression (3 +/- 2 %IA/g and 0.9 +/- 0.3 %IA/g in PSMA-negative PC-3 and SKOV-3 tumors, respectively). We show that both unlabeled BQ0413 and the commonly used binder PSMA-11 enable the blocking of [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413 uptake in normal PSMA-expressing tissues without blocking the uptake in tumors. This resulted in an appreciable increase in tumor-to-organ ratios. At the same injected mass (5 nmol), the use of BQ0413 was more efficient in suppressing renal uptake than the use of PSMA-11. In conclusion, [Tc-99m]Tc-BQ0413 is a promising probe for the visualization of PSMA-positive lesions using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
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23.
  • Bragina, O. D., et al. (författare)
  • Possibilities of radionuclide diagnostics of Her2-positive breast cancer using technetium-99m-labeled target molecules : the first experience of clinical use
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Bûlleten' sibirskoj mediciny. - : Siberian State Medical University. - 1682-0363 .- 1819-3684. ; 20:1, s. 23-30
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background. The main purpose of the Her2/neu status determination in clinical practice is to determine the indications for the appointment of targeted therapy. The main methods for detecting the Her2/neu status are the immunohistochemical method (IHC) and the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); however, despite their widespread use, they have a number of significant disadvantages. Over the past few years, radionuclide diagnostics using a new class of alternative scaffold proteins that meet all the requirements for optimal delivery of radionuclides to tumor cells has become widespread.Aim. To study the possibility of clinical use of a radiopharmaceutical based on technetium-99m-labeled target molecules for the diagnosis of breast cancer with the Her2/neu overexpression in humans.Materials and methods. The study included 11 patients with breast cancer (T1–4N0–2M0) before systemic therapy: 5 with Her2/neu overexpression; expression of the marker was not detected in 6. In all cases, morphologicaland immunohistochemical studies were performed. In case of Her2/neu 2+, FISH analysis was performed. The radiopharmaceutical was prepared immediately before administration, after which it was slowly injected intravenously into the patient. Scintigraphic studies in the “WholeBody”  mode and SPECT of the chest organs were performed 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after injection.Results. Radiochemical yield, radiochemical purity and activity before administration were (80 ± 4)%, (98 ± 1)% and (434 ± 19.5) MBq, respectively. The greatest uptake by normal organs was observed at a time interval of 6 hours in the kidneys and at a moderate activity in the liver and lungs at the same time interval. The organ with the highest absorbed dose was the  kidneys; significant accumulation was also detected in the adrenal glands,  gallbladder, liver, pancreas and spleen. The smallest accu mulation of the  studied drug was observed in the brain (0.001 ± 0.000) mGy and skin (0.001  ± 0.000) mGy. The effective dose was (0.009 ± 0.002) mGy. The difference between tumors with positive and negative Her2-neu expression was found at all time points. In this case, the best indicator was determined after 2 hours of drug injection (р < 0.05).Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, it can be indicated that the investigated radiopharmaceutical can be considered as a new additional method for the diagnosis of Her2-positive breast tumors.
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24.
  • Bragina, Olga, et al. (författare)
  • Phase I clinical evaluation of 99mTc-labeled Affibody molecule for imaging HER2 expression in breast cancer
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Theranostics. - : Ivyspring International Publisher. - 1838-7640. ; 13:14, s. 4858-4871
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The determination of tumor human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) status is of increasing importance with the recent approval of more efficacious HER2-targeted treatments. There is a lack of suitable methods for clinical in vivo HER2 expression assessment. Affibody molecules are small affinity proteins ideal for imaging detection of receptors, which are engineered using a small (molecular weight 6.5 kDa) nonimmunoglobulin scaffold. Labeling of Affibody molecules with positron emitters enabled the development of sensitive and specific agents for molecular imaging. The development of probes for SPECT would permit the use of Affibody-based imaging in regions where PET is not available. In this first-in-human study, we evaluated the safety, biodistribution, and dosimetry of the Tc-99m-ZHER2:41071 Affibody molecule developed for SPECT/CT imaging of HER2 expression.Methods: Thirty-one patients with primary breast cancer were enrolled and divided into three cohorts (injected with 500, 1000, or 1500 mu g ZHER2:41071) comprising at least five patients with high (positive) HER2 tumor expression (IHC score 3+ or 2+ and ISH positive) and five patients with low (IHC score 2+ or 1+ and ISH negative) or absent HER2 tumor expression. Patients were injected with 451 +/- 71 MBq Tc-99m-ZHER2:4107. Planar scintigraphy was performed after 2, 4, 6 and 24 h, and SPECT/CT imaging followed planar imaging 2, 4 and 6 h after injection.Results: Injections of Tc-99m-ZHER2:41071 were well tolerated and not associated with adverse events. Normal organs with the highest accumulation were the kidney and liver. The effective dose was 0.019 +/- 0.004 mSv/MBq. Injection of 1000 mu g provided the best standard discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-low or HER2-negative tumors 2 h after injection (SUVmax 16.9 +/- 7.6 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.4, p < 0.005). The Tc-99m-ZHER2:41071 uptake in HER2-positive lymph node metastases (SUVmax 6.9 +/- 2.4, n = 5) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in HER2-low/negative lymph nodes (SUVmax 3.5 +/- 1.2, n = 4). Tc-99m-ZHER2:41071 visualized hepatic metastases in a patient with liver involvement.Conclusions: Injections of Tc-99m-ZHER2:41071 appear safe and exhibit favorable dosimetry. The protein dose of 1000 mu g provides the best discrimination between HER2-positive and HER2-low/negative expression of HER2 according to the definition used for current HER2-targeting drugs.
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25.
  • Dahlsson Leitao, Charles, et al. (författare)
  • Molecular Design of HER3-Targeting Affibody Molecules : Influence of Chelator and Presence of HEHEHE-Tag on Biodistribution of 68Ga-Labeled Tracers
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 20:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Affibody-based imaging of HER3 is a promising approach for patient stratification. We investigated the influence of a hydrophilic HEHEHE-tag ((HE)3-tag) and two different gallium-68/chelator-complexes on the biodistribution of Z08698 with the aim to improve the tracer for PET imaging. Affibody molecules (HE)3-Z08698-X and Z08698-X (X = NOTA, NODAGA) were produced and labeled with gallium-68. Binding specificity and cellular processing were studied in HER3-expressing human cancer cell lines BxPC-3 and DU145. Biodistribution was studied 3 h p.i. in Balb/c nu/nu mice bearing BxPC-3 xenografts. Mice were imaged 3 h p.i. using microPET/CT. Conjugates were stably labeled with gallium-68 and bound specifically to HER3 in vitro and in vivo. Association to cells was rapid but internalization was slow. Uptake in tissues, including tumors, was lower for (HE)3-Z08698-X than for non-tagged variants. The neutral [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA complex reduced the hepatic uptake of Z08698 compared to positively charged [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-conjugated variants. The influence of the chelator was more pronounced in variants without (HE)3-tag. In conclusion, hydrophilic (HE)3-tag and neutral charge of the [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA complex promoted blood clearance and lowered hepatic uptake of Z08698. [68Ga]Ga-(HE)3-Z08698-NODAGA was considered most promising, providing the lowest blood and hepatic uptake and the best imaging contrast among the tested variants.
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26.
  • Deyev, S., et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Evaluation of Two DARPin Variants : Effect of Affinity, Size, and Label on Tumor Targeting Properties
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Molecular Pharmaceutics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1543-8384 .- 1543-8392. ; 16:3, s. 995-1008
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are small engineered scaffold proteins that can be selected for binding to desirable molecular targets. High affinity and small size of DARPins render them promising probes for radionuclide molecular imaging. However, detailed knowledge on many factors influencing their imaging properties is still lacking. We have evaluated two human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-specific DARPins with different size and binding properties. DARPins 9-29-H 6 and G3-H 6 were radiolabeled with iodine-125 and tricarbonyl technetium-99m and evaluated in vitro. A side-by-side comparison of biodistribution and tumor targeting was performed. HER2-specific tumor accumulation of G3-H 6 was demonstrated. A combination of smaller size and higher affinity resulted in a higher tumor uptake of G3-H 6 in comparison to 9-29-H 6 . Technetium-99m labeled G3-H 6 demonstrated a better biodistribution profile than 9-29-H 6 , with several-fold lower uptake in liver. Radioiodinated G3-H 6 showed the best tumor-to-organ ratios. The combined effect of affinity, molecular weight, scaffold composition, and nonresidualizing properties of iodine label provided radioiodinated G3-H 6 with high clinical potential for imaging of HER2.
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27.
  • Deyev, Sergey M., et al. (författare)
  • Effect of a radiolabel biochemical nature on tumor-targeting properties of EpCAM-binding engineered scaffold protein DARPin Ec1
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : ELSEVIER. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 145, s. 216-225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radionuclide-based imaging of molecular therapeutic targets might facilitate stratifying patients for specific biotherapeutics. New type of imaging probes, based on designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), have demonstrated excellent contrast of imaging of human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) expression in preclinical models. We hypothesized that labeling approaches, which result in lipophilic radiometabolites (non-residualizing labels), would provide the best imaging contrast for DARPins that internalize slowly after binding to cancer cells. The hypothesis was tested using DARPin Ec1 that binds to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). EpCAM is a promising therapeutic target. Ec1 was labeled with I-125 using two methods to obtain the non-residualizing labels, while residualizing labels were obtained by labeling it with Tc-99m. All labeled Ec1 variants preserved target specificity and picomolar binding affinity to EpCAM-expressing pancreatic adenocarcinoma BxPC-3 cells. In murine models, all the variants provided similar tumor uptake. However, I-125-PIB-H-6-Ec1 had noticeably lower retention in normal tissues, which provided appreciably higher tumor-to-organ ratios. Furthermore, I-125-PIB-H-6-Ec1 demonstrated the highest imaging contrast in preclinical models than any other EpCAM-imaging agent tested so far. In conclusion, DARPin Ec1 in combination with a non-residualizing label is a promising probe for imaging EpCAM expression a few hours after injection.
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28.
  • Deyev, Sergey M., et al. (författare)
  • Influence of the Position and Composition of Radiometals and Radioiodine Labels on Imaging of Epcam Expression in Prostate Cancer Model Using the DARPin Ec1
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Cancers. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6694. ; 13:14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Simple Summary Metastasis-targeting therapy might improve outcomes in oligometastatic prostate cancer. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is overexpressed in 40-60% of prostate cancer cases and might be used as a target for specific delivery of toxins and drugs. Radionuclide molecular imaging could enable non-invasive detection of EpCAM and stratification of patients for targeted therapy. Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are scaffold proteins, which can be selected for specific binding to different targets. The DARPin Ec1 binds strongly to EpCAM. To determine an optimal design of Ec1-based probes, we labeled Ec1 at two different positions with four different nuclides (Ga-68, In-111, Co-57 and I-125) and investigated the impact on Ec1 biodistribution. We found that the C-terminus is the best position for labeling and that In-111 and I-125 provide the best imaging contrast. This study might be helpful for scientists developing imaging probes based on scaffold proteins. The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is intensively overexpressed in 40-60% of prostate cancer (PCa) cases and can be used as a target for the delivery of drugs and toxins. The designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) Ec1 has a high affinity to EpCAM (68 pM) and a small size (18 kDa). Radiolabeled Ec1 might be used as a companion diagnostic for the selection of PCa patients for therapy. The study aimed to investigate the influence of radiolabel position (N- or C-terminal) and composition on the targeting and imaging properties of Ec1. Two variants, having an N- or C-terminal cysteine, were produced, site-specifically conjugated to a DOTA chelator and labeled with cobalt-57, gallium-68 or indium-111. Site-specific radioiodination was performed using ((4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethyl)maleimide (HPEM). Biodistribution of eight radiolabeled Ec1-probes was measured in nude mice bearing PCa DU145 xenografts. In all cases, positioning of a label at the C-terminus provided the best tumor-to-organ ratios. The non-residualizing [I-125]I-HPEM label provided the highest tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-bone ratios and is more suitable for EpCAM imaging in early-stage PCa. Among the radiometals, indium-111 provided the highest tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-lung and tumor-to-liver ratios and could be used at late-stage PCa. In conclusion, label position and composition are important for the DARPin Ec1.
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29.
  • Ding, Haozhong, et al. (författare)
  • Incorporation of a Hydrophilic Spacer Reduces Hepatic Uptake of HER2-Targeting Affibody-DM1 Drug Conjugates
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Cancers. - : MDPI. - 2072-6694. ; 11:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Affibody molecules are small affinity-engineered scaffold proteins which can be engineered to bind to desired targets. The therapeutic potential of using an affibody molecule targeting HER2, fused to an albumin-binding domain (ABD) and conjugated with the cytotoxic maytansine derivate MC-DM1 (AffiDC), has been validated. Biodistribution studies in mice revealed an elevated hepatic uptake of the AffiDC, but histopathological examination of livers showed no major signs of toxicity. However, previous clinical experience with antibody drug conjugates have revealed a moderateto high-grade hepatotoxicity in treated patients, which merits efforts to also minimize hepatic uptake of the AffiDCs. In this study, the aim was to reduce the hepatic uptake of AffiDCs and optimize their in vivo targeting properties. We have investigated if incorporation of hydrophilic glutamate-based spacers adjacent to MC-DM1 in the AffiDC, (Z(HER2:2891))(2) -ABD-MC-DM1, would counteract the hydrophobic nature of MC-DM1 and, hence, reduce hepatic uptake. Two new AffiDCs including either a triglutamate-spacer-, (Z(HER2:2891))(2)-ABD-E-3-MC-DM1, or a hexaglutamate-spacer-, (Z(HER2:2891))(2)-ABD-E-6-MC-DM1 next to the site of MC-DM1 conjugation were designed. We radiolabeled the hydrophilized AffiDCs and compared them, both in vitro and in vivo, with the previously investigated (Z(HER2:2891))(2)-ABD-MC-DM1 drug conjugate containing no glutamate spacer. All three AffiDCs demonstrated specific binding to HER2 and comparable in vitro cytotoxicity. A comparative biodistribution study of the three radiolabeled AffiDCs showed that the addition of glutamates reduced drug accumulation in the liver while preserving the tumor uptake. These results confirmed the relation between DM1 hydrophobicity and liver accumulation. We believe that the drug development approach described here may also be useful for other affinity protein-based drug conjugates to further improve their in vivo properties and facilitate their clinical translatability.
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30.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative evaluation of dimeric and monomeric forms of ADAPT scaffold protein for targeting of HER2-expressing tumours
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0939-6411 .- 1873-3441. ; 134, s. 37-48
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ADAPTs are small engineered non-immunoglobulin scaffold proteins, which have demonstrated very promising features as vectors for radionuclide tumour targeting. Radionuclide imaging of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression in vivo might be used for stratification of patients for HER2-targeting therapies. ADAPT6, which specifically binds to HER2, has earlier been shown to have very promising features for in vivo targeting of HER2 expressing tumours. In this study we tested the hypothesis that dimerization of ADAPT6 would increase the apparent affinity to HER2 and accordingly improve tumour targeting. To find an optimal molecular design of dimers, a series of ADAPT dimers with different linkers, -SSSG- (DiADAPT6L1), -(SSSG)(2)- (DiADAPT6L2), and -(SSSG)(3)- (DiADAPT6L3) was evaluated. Dimers in combination with optimal linker lengths demonstrated increased apparent affinity to HER2. The best variants, DiADAPT6L2 and DiADAPT6L3 were site-specifically labelled with In-111 and I-125, and compared with a monomeric ADAPT6 in mice bearing HER2-expressing tumours. Despite higher affinity, both dimers had lower tumour uptake and lower tumour-to-organ ratios compared to the monomer. We conclude that improved affinity of a dimeric form of ADAPT does not compensate the disadvantage of increased size. Therefore, increase of affinity should be obtained by affinity maturation and not by dimerization.
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31.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative evaluation of tumor targeting using the anti-HER2 ADAPT scaffold protein labeled at the C-terminus with indium-111 or technetium-99m
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ABD-Derived Affinity Proteins (ADAPTs) is a novel class of engineered scaffold proteins derived from an albumin-binding domain of protein G. The use of ADAPT6 derivatives as targeting moiety have provided excellent preclinical radionuclide imaging of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) tumor xenografts. Previous studies have demonstrated that selection of nuclide and chelator for its conjugation has an appreciable effect on imaging properties of scaffold proteins. In this study we performed a comparative evaluation of the anti-HER2 ADAPT having an aspartate-glutamate-alanine-valine-aspartate-alanine-asparagine-serine (DEAVDANS) N-terminal sequence and labeled at C-terminus with (99)mTc using a cysteine-containing peptide based chelator, glycine-serine-serine-cysteine (GSSC), and a similar variant labeled with In-111 using a maleimido derivative of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator. Both (99)mTc-DEAVDANS-ADAPT6-GSSC and In-111-DEAVDANS-ADAPT6-GSSC-DOTA accumulated specifically in HER2-expressing SKOV3 xenografts. The tumor uptake of both variants did not differ significantly and average values were in the range of 19-21% ID/g. However, there was an appreciable variation in uptake of conjugates in normal tissues that resulted in a notable difference in the tumor-to-organ ratios. The In-111-DOTA label provided 2-6 fold higher tumor-to-organ ratios than (99)mTc-GSSC and is therefore the preferable label for ADAPTs.
  •  
32.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental HER2-Targeted Therapy Using ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1 in Mice Bearing SKOV3 Ovarian Cancer Xenografts : Efficacy and Selection of Companion Imaging Counterpart
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI. - 1999-4923. ; 14:8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast and gastric cancer is exploited for targeted therapy using monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates. Small engineered scaffold proteins, such as the albumin binding domain (ABD) derived affinity proteins (ADAPTs), are a promising new format of targeting probes for development of drug conjugates with well-defined structure and tunable pharmacokinetics. Radiolabeled ADAPT6 has shown excellent tumor-targeting properties in clinical trials. Recently, we developed a drug conjugate based on the HER2-targeting ADAPT6 fused to an albumin binding domain (ABD) for increased bioavailability and conjugated to DM1 for cytotoxic action, designated as ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of this conjugate in mice bearing HER2-expressing SKOV3 ovarian cancer xenografts. A secondary aim was to evaluate several formats of imaging probes for visualization of HER2 expression in tumors. Administration of ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1 provided a significant delay of tumor growth and increased the median survival of the mice, in comparison with both a non-targeting homologous construct (ADAPT(Neg)-ABD-mcDM1) and the vehicle-treated groups, without inducing toxicity to liver or kidneys. Moreover, the evaluation of imaging probes showed that small scaffold proteins, such as Tc-99m(CO)(3)-ADAPT6 or the affibody molecule Tc-99m-Z(HER2:41071), are well suited as diagnostic companions for potential stratification of patients for ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1-based therapy.
  •  
33.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Imaging using radiolabelled targeted proteins : radioimmunodetection and beyond.
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2365-421X. ; 5:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of radiolabelled antibodies was proposed in 1970s for staging of malignant tumours. Intensive research established chemistry for radiolabelling of proteins and understanding of factors determining biodistribution and targeting properties. The use of radioimmunodetection for staging of cancer was not established as common practice due to approval and widespread use of [18F]-FDG, which provided a more general diagnostic use than antibodies or their fragments. Expanded application of antibody-based therapeutics renewed the interest in radiolabelled antibodies. RadioimmunoPET emerged as a powerful tool for evaluation of pharmacokinetics of and target engagement by biotherapeutics. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, new radiolabelled engineered proteins have recently appeared, offering high-contrast imaging of expression of therapeutic molecular targets in tumours shortly after injection. This creates preconditions for noninvasive determination of a target expression level and stratification of patients for targeted therapies. Radiolabelled proteins hold great promise to play an important role in development and implementation of personalised targeted treatment of malignant tumours. This article provides an overview of biodistribution and tumour-seeking features of major classes of targeting proteins currently utilized for molecular imaging. Such information might be useful for researchers entering the field of the protein-based radionuclide molecular imaging.
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34.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Radionuclide therapy using ABD-fused ADAPT scaffold protein : Proof of Principle
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Biomaterials. - : Elsevier. - 0142-9612 .- 1878-5905. ; 266
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Molecular recognition in targeted therapeutics is typically based on immunoglobulins. Development of engineered scaffold proteins (ESPs) has provided additional opportunities for the development of targeted therapies. ESPs offer inexpensive production in prokaryotic hosts, high stability and convenient approaches to modify their biodistribution. In this study, we demonstrated successful modification of the biodistribution of an ESP known as ADAPT (Albumin-binding domain Derived Affinity ProTein). ADAPTs are selected from a library based on the scaffold of ABD (Albumin Binding Domain) of protein G. A particular ADAPT, the ADAPT6, binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) with high affinity. Preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated that radiolabeled ADAPT6 can image HER2-expression in tumors with high contrast. However, its rapid glomerular filtration and high renal reabsorption have prevented its use in radionuclide therapy. To modify the biodistribution, ADAPT6 was genetically fused to an ABD. The non-covalent binding to the host's albumin resulted in a 14-fold reduction of renal uptake and appreciable increase of tumor uptake for the best variant, 177Lu-DOTA-ADAPT6-ABD035. Experimental therapy in mice bearing HER2-expressing xenografts demonstrated more than two-fold increase of median survival even after a single injection of 18 MBq 177Lu-DOTA-ADAPT6-ABD035. Thus, a fusion with ABD and optimization of the molecular design provides ADAPT derivatives with attractive targeting properties for radionuclide therapy.
  •  
35.
  •  
36.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • Targeting HER2 Expressing Tumors with a Potent Drug Conjugate Based on an Albumin Binding Domain-Derived Affinity Protein
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4923. ; 13:11, s. 1847-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Albumin binding domain derived affinity proteins (ADAPTs) are a class of small and folded engineered scaffold proteins that holds great promise for targeting cancer tumors. Here, we have extended the in vivo half-life of an ADAPT, targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) by fusion with an albumin binding domain (ABD), and armed it with the highly cytotoxic payload mertansine (DM1) for an investigation of its properties in vitro and in vivo. The resulting drug conjugate, ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1, retained binding to its intended targets, namely HER2 and serum albumins. Further, it was able to specifically bind to cells with high HER2 expression, get internalized, and showed potent toxicity, with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 80 nM. Conversely, no toxic effect was found for cells with low HER2 expression. In vivo, ADAPT6-ABD-mcDM1, radiolabeled with Tc-99m, was characterized by low uptake in most normal organs, and the main excretion route was shown to be through the kidneys. The tumor uptake was 5.5% ID/g after 24 h, which was higher than the uptake in all normal organs at this time point except for the kidneys. The uptake in the tumors was blockable by pre-injection of an excess of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (having an overlapping epitope on the HER2 receptor). In conclusion, half-life extended drug conjugates based on the ADAPT platform of affinity proteins holds promise for further development towards targeted cancer therapy.
  •  
37.
  • Garousi, Javad, et al. (författare)
  • The use of radiocobalt as a label improves imaging of EGFR using DOTA-conjugated Affibody molecule
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Several anti-cancer therapies target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Radionuclide imaging of EGFR expression in tumours may aid in selection of optimal cancer therapy. The In-111-labelled DOTA-conjugated Z(EGFR:2377) Affibody molecule was successfully used for imaging of EGFR-expressing xenografts in mice. An optimal combination of radionuclide, chelator and targeting protein may further improve the contrast of radionuclide imaging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the targeting properties of radiocobalt-labelled DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377). DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) was labelled with Co-57 (T-1/2 = 271.8 d), Co-55 (T-1/2 = 17.5 h), and, for comparison, with the positron-emitting radionuclide Ga-68 (T-1/2 = 67.6 min) with preserved specificity of binding to EGFR-expressing A431 cells. The long-lived cobalt radioisotope Co-57 was used in animal studies. Both Co-57-DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) and Ga-68-DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) demonstrated EGFR-specific accumulation in A431 xenografts and EGFR-expressing tissues in mice. Tumour-to-organ ratios for the radiocobalt-labelled DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) were significantly higher than for the gallium-labelled counterpart already at 3 h after injection. Importantly, Co-57-DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) demonstrated a tumour-to-liver ratio of 3, which is 7-fold higher than the tumour-to-liver ratio for (68)GaDOTA-Z(EGFR:2377). The results of this study suggest that the positron-emitting cobalt isotope 55Co would be an optimal label for DOTA-Z(EGFR:2377) and further development should concentrate on this radionuclide as a label.
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38.
  • Güler, Rezan, et al. (författare)
  • Increasing thermal stability and improving biodistribution of VEGFR2-binding affibody molecules by a combination of in silico and directed evolution approaches
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Research. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The family of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligands and their interactions with VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) play important roles in both pathological and physiological angiogenesis. Hence, agonistic and antagonistic ligands targeting this signaling pathway have potential for both studies on fundamental biology and for development of therapies and diagnostics. Here, we engineer VEGFR2-binding affibody molecules for increased thermostability, refolding and improved biodistribution. We designed libraries based on the original monomeric binders with the intention of reducing hydrophobicity, while retaining high affinity for VEGFR2. Libraries were displayed on bacteria and binders were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In parallel, we used an automated sequence- and structure-based in silico algorithm to identify potentially stabilizing mutations. Monomeric variants isolated from the screening and the in silico approach, respectively, were characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy and biosensor assays. The most promising mutations were combined into new monomeric constructs which were finally fused into a dimeric construct, resulting in a 15 degrees C increase in melting temperature, complete refolding capability after heat-induced denaturation, retained low picomolar affinity and improved biodistribution profile in an in vivo mouse model. These VEGFR2-binding affibody molecules show promise as candidates for further in vivo studies to assess their suitability as molecular imaging and therapeutic agents.
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39.
  • Hasnowo, Lutfi A., et al. (författare)
  • Synthesis, I-123-Radiolabeling Optimization, and Initial Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Urea-Based PSMA Inhibitors with a Tributylstannyl Prosthetic Group in Their Structures
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 24:15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been identified as a target for the development of theranostic agents. In our current work, we describe the design and synthesis of novel N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-(S)-L-lysine (DCL) urea-based PSMA inhibitors with a chlorine-substituted aromatic fragment at the lysine & epsilon;-nitrogen atom, a dipeptide including two phenylalanine residues in the L-configuration as the peptide fragment of the linker, and 3- or 4-(tributylstannyl)benzoic acid as a prosthetic group in their structures for radiolabeling. The standard compounds [I-127]PSMA-m-IB and [I-127]PSMA-p-IB for comparative and characterization studies were first synthesized using two alternative synthetic approaches. An important advantage of the alternative synthetic approach, in which the prosthetic group (NHS-activated esters of compounds) is first conjugated with the polypeptide sequence followed by replacement of the Sn(Bu)(3) group with radioiodine, is that the radionuclide is introduced in the final step of synthesis, thereby minimizing operating time with iodine-123 during the radiolabeling process. The obtained DCL urea-based PSMA inhibitors were radiolabeled with iodine-123. The radiolabeling optimization results showed that the radiochemical yield of [I-123]PSMA-p-IB was higher than that of [I-123]PSMA-m-IB, which were 74.9 & PLUSMN; 1.0% and 49.4 & PLUSMN; 1.2%, respectively. The radiochemical purity of [I-123]PSMA-p-IB after purification was greater than 99.50%. The initial preclinical evaluation of [I-123]PSMA-p-IB demonstrated a considerable affinity and specific binding to PC-3 PIP (PSMA-expressing cells) in vitro. The in vivo biodistribution of this new radioligand [I-123]PSMA-p-IB showed less accumulation than [Lu-177]Lu-PSMA-617 in several normal organs (liver, kidney, and bone). These results warrant further preclinical development, including toxicology evaluation and experiments in tumor-bearing mice.
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40.
  • Honarvar, Hadis, 1984-, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of HER2-specific peptide ligand for its employment as radiolabeled imaging probe
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • HER2 transmembrane receptor is an important target in immunotherapy treatment of breast and gastroesophageal cancer. Molecular imaging of HER2 expression may provide essential prognostic and predictive information concerning disseminated cancer and aid in selection of an optimal therapy. Radiolabeled low molecular weight peptide ligands are particularly attractive as probes for molecular imaging, since they reach and bind to the target and clear from non-target organs and blood stream faster than bulky antibodies. In this study, we evaluated a potential HER2-imaging probe, an A9 nonapeptide, derived from the trastuzumab-Fab portion. Its cellular uptake was investigated by mass spectrometry analysis of the cytoplasmic cellular extracts. Moreover, based on in-silico modeling, DTPA chelator was conjugated to N-terminus of A9. In-111-labeled A9 demonstrated nanomolar affinity to HER2-expressing BT474 cells and favorable biodistribution profile in NMRI mice. This study suggests that the peptide A9 represents a good lead candidate for development of molecular probe, to be used for imaging purposes and for the delivery of cytotoxic agents.
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41.
  • Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis, et al. (författare)
  • Preclinical evaluation of new GRPR-antagonists with improved metabolic stability for radiotheranostic use in oncology
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry. - : Springer Nature. - 2365-421X. ; 9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) has been extensively studied as a biomolecular target for peptide-based radiotheranostics. However, the lack of metabolic stability and the rapid clearance of peptide radioligands, including radiolabeled GRPR-antagonists, often impede clinical application. Aiming at circumventing these drawbacks, we have designed three new GRPR-antagonist radioligands using [99mTc]Tc-DB15 ([99mTc]Tc-N4-AMA-DIG-DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Sar-His-Leu-NHEt; AMA: p-aminomethylaniline; DIG: diglycolate) as a motif, due to its high GRPR-affinity and stability to neprilysin (NEP). The new analogues carry the DOTAGA-chelator (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-glutaric acid-4,7,10-triacetic acid) through different linkers at the N-terminus to allow for labeling with the theranostic radionuclide pair In-111/Lu-177. After labeling with In-111 the following radioligands were evaluated: (i) [111In]In-AU-SAR-M1 ([111In]In-DOTAGA-AMA-DIG-DPhe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Sar-His-Leu-NHEt), (ii) [111In]In-AU-SAR-M2 ([111In]In-[DOTAGA-Arg]AU-SAR-M1) and (iii) [111In]In-AU-SAR-M3 ([111In]In-[DOTAGA-DArg]AU-SAR-M1).Results: These radioligands were compared in a series of in vitro assays using prostate adenocarcinoma PC-3 cells and in murine models. They all displayed high and GRPR-specific uptake in PC-3 cells. Analysis of mice blood collected 5 min post-injection (pi) revealed similar or even higher metabolic stability of the new radioligands compared with [99mTc]Tc-DB15. The stability could be further increased when the mice were treated with Entresto (R) to in situ induce NEP-inhibition. In PC-3 xenograft-bearing mice, [111In]In-AU-SAR-M1 displayed the most favourable biodistribution profile, combining a good tumor retention with the highest tumor-to-organ ratios, with the kidneys as the dose-limiting organ.Conclusions: These findings strongly point at AU-SAR-M1 as a promising radiotherapeutic candidate when labeled with Lu-177, or other medically appealing therapeutic radiometals, especially when combined with in situ NEP-inhibition. To this goal further investigations are currently pursued.
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42.
  • Kanellopoulos, Panagiotis, et al. (författare)
  • Two Novel [68Ga]Ga-Labeled Radiotracers Based on Metabolically Stable [Sar11]RM26 Antagonistic Peptide for Diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of GRPR-Positive Prostate Cancer
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 9:16, s. 18608-18616
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC-3) and can be used for diagnostic purposes. We herein present the design and preclinical evaluation of two novel NOTA/NODAGA-containing peptides suitable for labeling with the positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide Ga-68. These analogs are based on the previously reported GRPR-antagonist DOTAGA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26, developed for targeted radiotheraostic applications. Both NOTA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 and NODAGA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 were successfully labeled with Ga-68 and evaluated in vitro and in vivo using PC-3 cell models. Both, [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 and [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 displayed high metal-chelate stability in phosphate buffered saline and against the EDTA-challenge. The two [68Ga]Ga-labeled conjugates demonstrated highly GRPR-mediated uptake in vitro and in vivo and exhibited a slow internalization over time, typical for radioantagonistis. The [natGa]Ga-loaded peptides displayed affinity in the low nanomole range for GRPR in competition binding experiments. The new radiotracers demonstrated biodistribution profiles suitable for diagnostic imaging shortly after administration with fast background clearance. Their high tumor uptake (13 ± 1 and 15 ± 3% IA/g for NOTA and NODAGA conjugates, respectively) and high tumor-to-blood ratios (60 ± 10 and 220 ± 70, respectively) 3 h pi renders them promising PET tracers for use in patients. Tumor-to-normal organ ratios were higher for [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 than for the NOTA-containing counterpart. The performance of the two radiopeptides was further supported with the PET/CT images. In conclusion, [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-PEG2-[Sar11]RM26 is a promising PET imaging tracer for visualization of GRPR-expressing lesions with high imaging contrast shortly after administration.
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43.
  • Krasniqi, Ahmet, et al. (författare)
  • Same-day imaging using small proteins : Clinical experience and translational prospects in oncology.
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Medicine. - : Society of Nuclear Medicine. - 0161-5505 .- 1535-5667 .- 2159-662X. ; 59:6, s. 885-891
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Imaging of expression of therapeutic targets may enable patients' stratification for targeted treatments. The use of small radiolabeled probes based on the heavy-chain variable region of heavy-chain-only immunoglobulins or non-immunoglobulin scaffolds permits rapid localization of radiotracers in tumors and rapid clearance from normal tissues. This makes high-contrast imaging possible on the day of injection. This mini-review focuses on small proteins for radionuclide-based imaging that would allow same-day imaging, with the emphasis on clinical applications and promising preclinical developments within the field of oncology.
  •  
44.
  • Larkina, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Preclinical Evaluation of HYNIC-Modified Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins G3 for the 99mTc-Based Imaging of HER2-Expressing Malignant Tumors
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Molecular Pharmaceutics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1543-8384 .- 1543-8392. ; 21:4, s. 1919-1932
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • HER2 status determination is a necessary step for the proper choice of therapy and selection of patients for the targeted treatment of cancer. Targeted radiotracers such as radiolabeled DARPins provide a noninvasive and effective way for the molecular imaging of HER2 expression. This study aimed to evaluate tumor-targeting properties of three 99mTc-labeled DARPin G3 variants containing Gly-Gly-Gly-Cys (G3C), (Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)3-Cys ((G3S)3C), or Glu-Glu-Glu-Cys (E3C) amino acid linkers at the C-terminus and conjugated to the HYNIC chelating agent, as well as to compare them with the clinically evaluated DARPin G3 labeled with 99mTc(CO)3 using the (HE)3-tag at the N-terminus. The labeling of DARPin G3-HYNIC variants provided radiochemical yields in the range of 50–80%. Labeled variants bound specifically to human HER2-expressing cancer cell lines with affinities in the range of 0.5–3 nM. There was no substantial influence of the linker and HYNIC chelator on the binding of 99mTc-labeled DARPin G3 variants to HER2 in vitro; however, [99mTc]Tc-G3-(G3S)3C-HYNIC had the highest affinity. Comparative biodistribution of [99mTc]Tc-G3-G3C-HYNIC, [99mTc]Tc-G3-(G3S)3C-HYNIC, [99mTc]Tc-G3-E3C-HYNIC, and [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3 in healthy CD1 mice showed that there was a strong influence of the linkers on uptake in normal tissues. [99mTc]Tc-G3-E3C-HYNIC had an increased retention of activity in the liver and the majority of other organs compared to the other conjugates. The tumor uptake of [99mTc]Tc-G3-(G3S)3C-HYNIC and [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3 in Nu/j mice bearing SKOV-3 xenografts was similar. The specificity of tumor targeting in vivo was demonstrated for both tracers. [99mTc]Tc-G3-(G3S)3C-HYNIC provided comparable, although slightly lower tumor-to-lung, tumor-to spleen and tumor-to-liver ratios than [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3. Radiolabeling of DARPin G3-HYNIC conjugates with 99mTc provided the advantage of a single-step radiolabeling procedure; however, the studied HYNIC conjugates did not improve imaging contrast compared to the 99mTc-tricarbonyl-labeled DARPin G3. At this stage, [99mTc]Tc-(HE)3-G3 remains the most promising candidate for the clinical imaging of HER2-overexpressing cancers.
  •  
45.
  • Li, Mei, et al. (författare)
  • The Performance of FDA-Approved PET Imaging Agents in the Detection of Prostate Cancer
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Biomedicines. - : MDPI. - 2227-9059. ; 10:10
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Positron emission tomography (PET) incorporated with X-ray computed tomography (PET/CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is increasingly being used as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer (PCa). In this review, we describe and evaluate the clinical performance of some Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved agents used for visualizing PCa: [F-18]FDG, [C-11]choline, [F-18]FACBC, [Ga-68]Ga-PSMA-11, [F-18]DCFPyL, and [F-18]-NaF. We carried out a comprehensive literature search based on articles published from 1 January 2010 to 1 March 2022. We selected English language articles associated with the discovery, preclinical study, clinical study, and diagnostic performance of the imaging agents for the evaluation. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted imaging agents demonstrated superior diagnostic performance in both primary and recurrent PCa, compared with [C-11]choline and [F-18]FACBC, both of which target dividing cells and are used especially in patients with low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values. When compared to [F-18]-NaF (which is suitable for the detection of bone metastases), PSMA-targeted agents were also capable of detecting lesions in the lymph nodes, soft tissues, and bone. However, a limitation of PSMA-targeted imaging was the heterogeneity of PSMA expression in PCa, and consequently, a combination of two PET tracers was proposed to overcome this obstacle. The preliminary studies indicated that the use of PSMA-targeted scanning is more cost efficient than conventional imaging modalities for high-risk PCa patients. Furthering the development of imaging agents that target PCa-associated receptors and molecules could improve PET-based diagnosis of PCa.
  •  
46.
  • Lindbo, Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • Optimized Molecular Design of ADAPT-Based HER2-Imaging Probes Labeled with 111In and 68Ga
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Molecular Pharmaceutics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1543-8384 .- 1543-8392. ; 15:7, s. 2674-2683
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radionuclide molecular imaging is a promising tool for visualization of cancer associated molecular abnormalities in vivo and stratification of patients for specific therapies. ADAPT is a new type of small engineered proteins based on the scaffold of an albumin binding domain of protein G. ADAPTs have been utilized to select and develop high affinity binders to different proteinaceous targets. ADAPT6 binds to human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) with low nanomolar affinity and can be used for its in vivo visualization. Molecular design of 111In-labeled anti-HER2 ADAPT has been optimized in several earlier studies. In this study, we made a direct comparison of two of the most promising variants, having either a DEAVDANS or a (HE)3DANS sequence at the N-terminus, conjugated with a maleimido derivative of DOTA to a GSSC amino acids sequence at the C-terminus. The variants (designated DOTA-C59-DEAVDANS-ADAPT6-GSSC and DOTA-C61-(HE)3DANS-ADAPT6-GSSC) were stably labeled with 111In for SPECT and 68Ga for PET. Biodistribution of labeled ADAPT variants was evaluated in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts with different levels of HER2 expression. Both variants enabled clear discrimination between tumors with high and low levels of HER2 expression. 111In-labeled ADAPT6 derivatives provided higher tumor-to-organ ratios compared to 68Ga-labeled counterparts. The best performing variant was DOTA-C61-(HE)3DANS-ADAPT6-GSSC, which provided tumor-to-blood ratios of 208 ± 36 and 109 ± 17 at 3 h for 111In and 68Ga labels, respectively.
  •  
47.
  • Lindbo, Sarah, et al. (författare)
  • Radionuclide Tumor Targeting Using ADAPT Scaffold Proteins : Aspects of Label Positioning and Residualizing Properties of the Label
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Medicine. - : Society of Nuclear Medicine. - 0161-5505 .- 1535-5667 .- 2159-662X. ; 59:1, s. 93-99
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Visualization of cancer-associated alterations of molecular phenotype using radionuclide imaging is a noninvasive approach to stratifying patients for targeted therapies. The engineered albumin-binding domain-derived affinity protein (ADAPT) is a promising tracer for radionuclide molecular imaging because of its small size (6.5 kDa), which satisfies the precondition for efficient tumor penetration and rapid clearance. Previous studies demonstrated that the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-targeting ADAPT6 labeled with radiometals at the N terminus is able to image HER2 expression in xenografts a few hours after injection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the use of a non-residualizing label or placement of the labels at the C terminus would further improve the targeting properties of ADAPT6. Methods: Two constructs, Cys(2)-ADAPT6 and Cys(59)-ADAPT6, having the (HE)(3)DANS sequence at the N terminus were produced and site-specifically labeled using In-111-DOTA or I-125-iodo-((4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl) maleimide (HPEM). The conjugates were compared in vitro and in vivo. HER2-targeting properties and biodistribution were evaluated in BALB/C nu/nu mice bearing ovarian carcinoma cell (SKOV-3) xenografts. Results: Specific HER2 binding and high affinity were preserved after labeling. Both Cys(2)-ADAPT6 and Cys59-ADAPT6 were internalized slowly by HER2-expressing cancer cells. Depending on the label position, uptake at 4 h after injection varied from 10% to 22% of the injected dose per gram of tumor tissue. Regardless of terminus position, the I-125-HPEM label provided more than 140-fold lower renal uptake than the In-111-DOTA label at 4 after injection. The tumor-to-organ ratios were, in contrast, higher for both of the (111)InDOTA- labeled ADAPT variants in other organs. Tumor-to-blood ratios for In-111-labeled Cys(2)-ADAPT6 and Cys(59)-ADAPT6 did not differ significantly (250-280), but In-111-DOTA-Cys(59)-ADAPT6 provided significantly higher tumor-to-lung, tumor-to-liver, tumor-to-spleen, and tumor-to-muscle ratios. Radioiodinated variants had similar tumor-to-organ ratios, but I-125-HPEM-Cys(59)-ADAPT6 had significantly higher tumor uptake and a higher tumor-to-kidney ratio. Conclusion: Residualizing properties of the label strongly influence the targeting properties of ADAPT6. The position of the radiolabel influences targeting as well, although to a lesser extent. Placement of a label at the C terminus yields the best biodistribution features for both radiometal and radiohalogen labels. Low renal retention of the radioiodine label creates a precondition for radionuclide therapy using I-131-labeled HPEM-Cys(59)-ADAPT6.
  •  
48.
  • Liu, Hao, et al. (författare)
  • Potent and specific fusion toxins consisting of a HER2‑binding, ABD‑derived affinity protein, fused to truncated versions of Pseudomonas exotoxin A
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Oncology. - : Spandidos Publications. - 1019-6439 .- 1791-2423. ; 55:1, s. 309-319
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fusion toxins consisting of an affinity protein fused to toxic polypeptides derived from Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA) are promising agents for targeted cancer therapy. In this study, we examined whether fusion toxins consisting of an albumin binding domain-derived affinity protein (ADAPT) interacting with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), coupled to the ETA-derived polypeptides PE38X8 or PE25, with or without an albumin binding domain (ABD) for half-life extension, can be used for specific killing of HER2-expressing cells. The fusion toxins could easily be expressed in a soluble form in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. All constructs had strong affinity for HER2 (K-D 10 to 26 nM) and no tendency for aggregation could be detected. The fusion toxins including the ABD showed strong interaction with human and mouse serum albumin [equilibrium dissociation constant (K-D) 1 to 3 nM and 2 to 10 nM, respectively]. The in vitro investigation of the cytotoxic potential revealed IC50-values in the picomolar range for cells expressing high levels of HER2. The specificity was also demonstrated, by showing that free HER2 receptors on the target cells are required for fusion toxin activity. In mice, the fusion toxins containing the ABD exhibited an appreciably longer time in circulation. The uptake was highest in liver and kidney. Fusion with PE25 was associated with the highest hepatic uptake. Collectively, the results suggest that fusion toxins consisting of ADAPTs and ETA-derivatives are promising agents for targeted cancer therapy.
  •  
49.
  • Liu, Yongsheng, et al. (författare)
  • Comparative Preclinical Evaluation of HER2-Targeting ABD-Fused Affibody® Molecules 177Lu-ABY-271 and 177Lu-ABY-027 : Impact of DOTA Position on ABD Domain
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI. - 1999-4923. ; 13:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Radiolabeled Affibody-based targeting agent 177Lu-ABY-027, a fusion of an anti-HER2 Affibody molecule with albumin binding domain (ABD) site-specifically labeled at the C-terminus, has demonstrated a promising biodistribution profile in mice; binding of the construct to albumin prevents glomerular filtration and significantly reduces renal uptake. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that site-specific positioning of the chelator at helix 1 of ABD, at a maximum distance from the albumin binding site, would further increase the strength of binding to albumin and decrease the renal uptake. The new construct, ABY-271 with DOTA conjugated at the back of ABD, has been labelled with 177Lu. Targeting properties of 177Lu-ABY-271 and 177Lu-ABY-027 were compared directly. 177Lu-ABY-271 specifically accumulated in SKOV-3 xenografts in mice. The tumor uptake of 177Lu-ABY-271 exceeded uptake in any other organ 24 h and later after injection. However, the renal uptake of 177Lu-ABY-271 was two-fold higher than the uptake of 177Lu-ABY-027. Thus, the placement of chelator on helix 1 of ABD does not provide desirable reduction of renal uptake. To conclude, minimal modification of the design of Affibody molecules has a strong effect on biodistribution, which cannot be predicted a priori. This necessitates extensive structure-properties relationship studies to find an optimal design of Affibody-based targeting agents for therapy.
  •  
50.
  • Liu, Yongsheng, et al. (författare)
  • Experimental Therapy of HER2-Expressing Xenografts Using the Second-Generation HER2-Targeting Affibody Molecule 188Re-ZHER2:41071
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI. - 1999-4923. ; 14:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • HER2-targeted radionuclide therapy might be helpful for the treatment of breast, gastric, and ovarian cancers which have developed resistance to antibody and antibody-drug conjugate-based therapies despite preserved high HER2-expression. Affibody molecules are small targeting proteins based on a non-immunoglobulin scaffold. The goal of this study was to test in an animal model a hypothesis that the second-generation HER2-targeting Affibody molecule 188Re-ZHER2:41071 might be useful for treatment of HER2-expressing malignant tumors. ZHER2:41071 was efficiently labeled with a beta-emitting radionuclide rhenium-188 (188Re). 188Re-ZHER2:41071 demonstrated preserved specificity and high affinity (KD = 5 ± 3 pM) of binding to HER2-expressing cells. In vivo studies demonstrated rapid washout of 188Re from kidneys. The uptake in HER2-expressing SKOV-3 xenografts was HER2-specific and significantly exceeded the renal uptake 4 h after injection and later. The median survival of mice, which were treated by three injections of 16 MBq 188Re-ZHER2:41071 was 68 days, which was significantly longer (<0.0001 in the log-rank Mantel-Cox test) than survival of mice in the control groups treated with vehicle (29 days) or unlabeled ZHER2:41071 (27.5 days). In conclusion, the experimental radionuclide therapy using 188Re-ZHER2:41071 enabled enhancement of survival of mice with human tumors without toxicity to the kidneys, which is the critical organ.
  •  
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