| 1. |
- Wallensten, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe
- 2007
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Ingår i: Emerging Infectious Diseases. - 1080-6040 .- 1080-6059. - 1080-6040 ; 13:3, s. 404-411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We conducted large-scale, systematic sampling of influenza type A virus in migratory waterfowl (mostly mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) at Ottenby Bird Observatory, southeast Sweden. As with previous studies, we found a higher prevalence in fall than spring, and among juveniles compared with adults. However, in contrast to other studies, we found that prevalence in spring was sometimes high (mean 4.0%, highest 9.5%). This finding raises the possibility that ducks are capable of perpetuating influenza A virus of different subtypes and subtype combinations throughout the year and from 1 year to the next. Isolation of the H5 and H7 subtypes was common, which suggests risk for transmission to sensitive domestic animals such as poultry. We argue that wild bird screening can function as a sentinel system, and we give an example of how it could have been used to forecast a remote and deadly outbreak of influenza A in poultry.
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| 2. |
- EDEVAG, G, et al.
(författare)
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based inhibition test for neutralizing antibodies to polioviruses as an alternative to the neutralization test in tissue culture
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical microbiology. - : American Society for Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 33:11, s. 2927-2930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A poliovirus-binding inhibition test (PoBI test) was established for the quantitative determination of antibodies to polioviruses and was evaluated in comparison with the conventional neutralization test (NT). The first step of the PoBI test is an incubation of serial dilutions of test samples with inactivated poliovirus followed by the detection of free viral epitopes by a double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with type-specific capture polyclonal antisera and type-specific neutralizing monoclonal indicator antibodies. A comparison of the PoBI test with the conventional NT for antibodies to all three types in 100 human serum samples showed excellent correlations (r > 0.95) over a wide range of antibody concentrations. The PoBI test, not necessitating live virus and tissue culture facilities, could be a simple alternative to the NT, and the principle of the assay is potentially applicable to other microbial systems.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Muhlemann, B., et al.
(författare)
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Ancient hepatitis B viruses from the Bronze Age to the Medieval period
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 557:7705, s. 418-423
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of human hepatitis. There is considerable uncertainty about the timescale of its evolution and its association with humans. Here we present 12 full or partial ancient HBV genomes that are between approximately 0.8 and 4.5 thousand years old. The ancient sequences group either within or in a sister relationship with extant human or other ape HBV clades. Generally, the genome properties follow those of modern HBV. The root of the HBV tree is projected to between 8.6 and 20.9 thousand years ago, and we estimate a substitution rate of 8.04 x 10(-6-)1.51 x 10(-5) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. In several cases, the geographical locations of the ancient genotypes do not match present-day distributions. Genotypes that today are typical of Africa and Asia, and a subgenotype from India, are shown to have an early Eurasian presence. The geographical and temporal patterns that we observe in ancient and modern HBV genotypes are compatible with well-documented human migrations during the Bronze and Iron Ages(1,2). We provide evidence for the creation of HBV genotype A via recombination, and for a long-term association of modern HBV genotypes with humans, including the discovery of a human genotype that is now extinct. These data expose a complexity of HBV evolution that is not evident when considering modern sequences alone.
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