| 1. |
- Denault, V., et al.
(författare)
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L’analyse de la communication non verbale: Les dangers de la pseudoscience en contextes de sécurité et de justice
- 2020
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Ingår i: Revue Internationale de Criminologie et de Police Technique et Scientifique. - 1424-4683. ; 73:1, s. 15-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For security and justice professionals, the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use. To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; “Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques”), a method (the BAI; “Behavior Analysis Interview”) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. © 2020, Polymedia Meichtry SA. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Otgaar, H., et al.
(författare)
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The link between suggestibility, compliance, and false confessions: A review using experimental and field studies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 35:2, s. 445-455
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expert witnesses and scholars sometimes disagree on whether suggestibility and compliance are related to people's tendency to falsely confess. Hence, the principal aim of this review was to amass the available evidence on the link between suggestibility and compliance and false confessions. We reviewed experimental data in which false confessions were experimentally evoked and suggestibility and compliance were measured. Furthermore, we reviewed field data of potential false confessions and their relationship with suggestibility and compliance. These diverse databases converge to the same conclusion. We unequivocally found that high levels of suggestibility (and to a lesser extent compliance) were associated with an increased vulnerability to falsely confess. Suggestibility measurements might be informative for expert witnesses who must evaluate the false confession potential in legal cases.
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| 3. |
- Brackmann, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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Developmental trends in lineup performance: Adolescents are more prone to innocent bystander misidentifications than children and adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Memory & Cognition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-502X .- 1532-5946. ; 47:3, s. 428-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested developmental trends in eyewitness identification in biased and unbiased lineups. Our main interest was adolescent's lineup performance compared with children and adults. 7-10-year-olds, 11-13-year-olds, 14-16-year-olds, and adults (N = 431) watched a wallet-theft-video and subsequently identified the thief, victim, and witness from simultaneous target-present and target-absent six-person photo lineups. The thief-absent lineup included a bystander previously seen in thief proximity. Research on unconscious transference suggested a selection bias toward the bystander in adults and 11-13-year-olds, but not in younger children. Confirming our hypothesis, adolescents were more prone to bystander bias than all other age groups. This may be due to adolescents making more inferential errors than children, as predicted by fuzzy-trace theory and associative-activation theory, combined with lower inhibition control in adolescents compared with adults. We also replicated a clothing bias for all age groups and age-related performance differences in our unbiased lineups. Consistent with previous findings, participants were generally overconfident in their decisions, even though confidence was a better predictor of accuracy in older compared with younger participants. With this study, we show that adolescents have an increased tendency to misidentify an innocent bystander. Continued efforts are needed to disentangle how adolescents in comparison to other age groups perform in forensically relevant situations.
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| 4. |
- Brackmann, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Testing on the Formation of Children's and Adults' False Memories
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080. ; 30:5, s. 785-794
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Witnesses are frequently questioned immediately following a crime. The effects of such testing on false recall are inconclusive: Testing may inoculate against subsequent misinformation or enhance false memory formation. We examined whether different types of processing can account for these discrepancies. Drawing from Fuzzy-trace and Associative-activation theories, immediate questions that trigger the processing of the global understanding of the event can heighten false memory rates. However, questions that trigger the processing of specific details can inoculate memories against subsequent misinformation. These effects were hypothesized to be more pronounced in children than in adults. Seven/eight-, 11/12-, 14/15-year-olds, and adults (N = 220) saw a mock-theft film and were tested immediately with meaning or item-specific questions. Test results on the succeeding day replicated classic misinformation and testing effects, although our processing hypothesis was not supported. Only adults who received meaning questions benefited from immediate testing and, across all ages, testing led to retrieval-enhanced suggestibility.
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| 5. |
- Brackmann, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
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When Children are the Least Vulnerable to False Memories: A True Report or a Case of Autosuggestion?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0022-1198. ; 61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this case report, a legal case revolving around the reliability of statements given by a 6-year-old girl is described. She claimed to have witnessed her mother being murdered by her father. Two psychological experts provided diametrically opposed opinions about the reliability of her statements. One expert, a clinician, opined that the girl's statements were based on autosuggestion whereas the other expert, a memory researcher, stated that autosuggestion was unlikely to have played a role. This case and the analysis of the experts' opinions illustrate what may happen when experts in court are unaware of the recent literature on (false) memory. That is, recent studies show that autosuggestion is less likely to occur in young children than in older children and adults. The current case stresses the importance and implications of relying on memory experts in cases concerning the reliability of eyewitness statements.
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| 6. |
- Sauerland, M., et al.
(författare)
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Allegiance Bias in Statement Reliability Evaluations Is Not Eliminated by Falsification Instructions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2190-8370. ; 228:3, s. 210-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are expert witnesses biased by the side (defense vs. prosecution) that hires them? We examined this issue by having students act as expert witnesses in evaluating interviews in a child sexual abuse case (Experiment 1, N = 143) and tested the value of an instruction to counteract such allegiance effects. The intervention concerned an instruction to consider arguments both for and against the given hypothesis (i.e., two-sided instructions; Experiment 2, N = 139). In Experiment 3 (N = 123), we additionally provided participants with three different scenarios. Participants received a case file regarding a case of alleged sexual abuse. With the file, participants received an appointment letter emphasizing elements of the file that questioned (defense) or supported (prosecution) the veracity of the accusation. Participants displayed allegiance bias (Experiments 1-3), but two-sided instructions were not successful in eliminating allegiance bias (Experiments 2 and 3). The findings underscore the importance of legal safeguards in expert witness work.
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