| 1. |
- Emanuelsson, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Configuration- and Conformation-Dependent Electronic-Structure Variations in 1,4-Disubstituted Cyclohexanes Enabled by a Carbon-to-Silicon Exchange
- 2014
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Ingår i: Chemistry - A European Journal. - : Wiley. - 0947-6539 .- 1521-3765. ; 20:30, s. 9304-9311
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclohexane, with its well-defined conformers, could be an ideal force-controlled molecular switch if it were to display substantial differences in electronic and optical properties between its conformers. We utilize sigma conjugation in heavier analogues of cyclohexanes (i.e. cyclohexasilanes) and show that 1,4-disubstituted cyclohexasilanes display configuration-and conformation-dependent variations in these properties. Cis- and trans-1,4-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-cyclohexasilanes display a 0.11 V difference in their oxidation potentials (computed 0.11 V) and a 0.34 eV difference in their lowest UV absorption (computed difference between first excitations 0.07 eV). This is in stark contrast to differences in the corresponding properties of analogous all-carbon cyclohexanes (computed 0.02 V and 0.03 eV, respectively). Moreover, the two chair conformers of the cyclohexasilane trans isomer display large differences in electronic-structure-related properties. This enables computational design of a mechanically force-controlled conductance switch with a calculated single-molecule ON/OFF ratio of 213 at zero-bias voltage.
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| 2. |
- Emanuelsson, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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In Search of Flexible Molecular Wires with Near Conformer-Independent Conjugation and Conductance : A Computational Study
- 2014
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 118:11, s. 5637-5649
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oligomers of 1,4-disila/germa/stannacyclohexa-2,5-dienes as well as all-carbon 1,4-cyclohexadienes connected via E-E single bonds (E = C, Si, Ge, or Sn) were studied through quantum chemical calculations in an effort to identify conformationally flexible molecular wires that act as molecular "electrical cords" hang conformer-independent conjugative and conductive properties. Our oligomers display neutral hyperconjugative interactions (sigma/pi-conjugation) between adjacent sigma(E-E) and pi(C=C) bond orbitals, and these interactions do not change with conformation. The energies and spatial distributions of the highest occupied molecular orbitals of methyl-, silyl-, and trimethylsilyl (TMS)-substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene dimers, and stable conformers of trimers and tetramers, remain rather constant upon Si-Si bond rotation. Yet, steric congestion may be a concern in some of the oligomer types. The calculated conductances for the Si-containing tetramers are similar to that of a sigma-conjugated linear all-anti oligosilane (a hexadecasilane) with equally many bonds in the conjugated paths. Moreover, the Me-substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexadiene tetramer has modest conductance fluctuations with Si-Si bond rotations when the electrode-electrode distance is locked (variation by factor similar to 30), while the fluctuations under similar conditions are larger for the analogous TMS-substituted tetramer. When the electrode-electrode distance is changed several oligomers display small conductance variations within certain distance intervals, e.g., the mean conductance of TMS-substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene tetramer is almost unchanged over 9 A of electrode-electrode distances.
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| 3. |
- Jafri, Hassan M., et al.
(författare)
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Identification of vibrational signatures from short chains of interlinked molecule-nanoparticle junctions obtained by inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 5:11, s. 4673-4677
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Short chains containing a series of metal- molecule-nanoparticle nanojunctions are a nano-materials system with the potential to give electrical signatures close to those from single molecule experiments while enabling to build portable devices on a chip. Inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS) measurements provide one of the most characteristic electrical signals of single and few molecules. In interlinked molecule-nanoparticle (NP) chains containing of typically 5-7 molecules in a chain, the spectrum is expected to be a superposition of the vibrational signature of individual molecules. We have established a stable and reproducible molecule-AuNP multi-junction by placing few 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT) molecules into a versatile and portable nanoparticle-nanoelectrode platform and measured for the first time vibrational molecular signatures complex and coupled few-molecule-NP junctions. From quantum transport calculations, we model the IETS spectra and identify vibrational modes as well as the number of molecules contributing to the electron transport in the measured spectra.
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| 4. |
- Jafri, S. Hassan M., et al.
(författare)
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Nano-fabrication of molecular electronic junctions by targeted modification of metal-molecule bonds
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reproducibility, stability and the coupling between electrical and molecular properties are central challenges in the field of molecular electronics. The field not only needs devices that fulfill these criteria but they also need to be up-scalable to application size. In this work, few-molecule based electronics devices with reproducible electrical characteristics are demonstrated. Our previously reported 5 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNP) coated with omega-triphenylmethyl (trityl) protected 1,8-octanedithiol molecules are trapped in between sub-20 nm gap spacing gold nanoelectrodes forming AuNP-molecule network. When the trityl groups are removed, reproducible devices and stable Au-thiol junctions are established on both ends of the alkane segment. The resistance of more than 50 devices is reduced by orders of magnitude as well as a reduction of the spread in the resistance histogram is observed. By density functional theory calculations the orders of magnitude decrease in resistance can be explained and supported by TEM observations thus indicating that the resistance changes and strongly improved resistance spread are related to the establishment of reproducible and stable metal-molecule bonds. The same experimental sequence is carried out using 1,6-hexanedithiol functionalized AuNPs. The average resistances as a function of molecular length, demonstrated herein, are comparable to the one found in single molecule devices.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Löfås, Henrik, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A computational study of potential molecular switches that exploit Baird's rule on excited-state aromaticity and antiaromaticity
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Faraday discussions. - 1359-6640 .- 1364-5498. ; 174, s. 105-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of tentative single-molecule conductance switches which could be triggered by light were examined by computational means using density functional theory (DFT) with non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF). The switches exploit the reversal in electron counting rules for aromaticity and antiaromaticity upon excitation from the electronic ground state (S0) to the lowest [small pi][small pi]* excited singlet and triplet states (S1 or T1), as described by Huckel's and Baird's rules, respectively. Four different switches and one antifuse were designed which rely on various photoreactions that either lead from the OFF to the ON states (switches 1, 2 and 4, and antifuse 5) or from the ON to the OFF state (switch 3). The highest and lowest ideal calculated switching ratios are 1175 and 5, respectively, observed for switches 1 and 4. Increased thermal stability of the 1-ON isomer is achieved by benzannulation (switch 1B-OFF/ON). The effects of constrained electrode-electrode distances on activation energies for thermal hydrogen back-transfer from 1-ON to 1-OFF and the relative energies of 1-ON and 1-OFF at constrained geometries were also studied. The switching ratio is strongly distance-dependent as revealed for 1B-ON/OFF where it equals 711 and 148 when the ON and OFF isomers are calculated in electrode gaps with distances confined to either that of the OFF isomer or to that of the ON isomer, respectively.
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| 8. |
- Löfås, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Conductance through Carbosilane Cage Compounds : A Computational Investigation
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 117:42, s. 21692-21699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Silicon is still the dominating material in microelectronics, yet primarily conjugated hydrocarbons are investigated in the field of single-molecule electronics even though linear oligosilanes are a-conjugated. A drawback with the latter is their high conformational flexibility which strongly affects conductance. Here we report on a first principles density functional theory investigation of a series of rigid [2.2.2]bicyclic carbosilanes with 3, 2, 1, or 0 disilanylene bridges, providing all-silicon paths for charge transport. It is explored if these paths can be seen as independent and equivalent current paths acting as parallel resistors. For high conductance through the carbosilanes they need to be anchored to the gold electrodes via groups that are matched with the a-conjugated paths of the oligosilane cage segment, and we find that silyl (SiH3) groups are better matched than thiophenol groups. Even for the carbosilane with three disilanylene bridges we find that the most transmitting conductance channel is not equally distributed on the three parallel bridges. In addition, there is significant communication between the various pathways, which results in destructive interference lowering the conductance. Taken together, the different disilanylene bridges in the cage compounds do not act as parallel resistors.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Löfås, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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New class of molecular conductance switches based on the [1,3]-silyl migration from silanes to silenes
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 117:21, s. 10909-10918
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- On the basis of first-principles density functional theory calculations, we propose a new molecular photoswitch which exploits a photochemical [1,3]-silyl(germyl) shift leading from a silane to a silene (a Si=C double bonded compound). The silanes investigated herein act as the OFF state, with tetrahedral saturated silicon atoms disrupting the conjugation through the molecules. The silenes, on the other hand, have conjugated paths spanning over the complete molecules and thus act as the ON state. We calculate ON/OFF conductance ratios in the range of 10-50 at a voltage of +1 V. In the low bias regime, the ON/OFF ratio increases to a range of 200-1150. The reverse reaction could be triggered thermally or photolytically, with the silene being slightly higher in relative energy than the silane. The calculated activation barriers for the thermal back-rearrangement of the migrating group can be tuned and are in the range 108-171 kJ/mol for the switches examined herein. The first-principles calculations together with a simple one-level model show that the high ON/OFF ratio in the molecule assembled in a solid state device is due to changes in the energy position of the frontier molecular orbitals compared to the Fermi energy of the electrodes, in combination with an increased effective coupling between the molecule and the electrodes for the ON state.
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| 11. |
- Löfås, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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The [1,3]-Si→O Silyl Shift from a Nonconducting Acylsilane to a Conducting Brook-Silene as Basis for a Molecular Switch
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By usage of density functional theory (DFT) calculations we explored if the [1,3]-silyl shift leading from an acylsilane with two p-conjugated substituents to a silene (a Si=C double bonded compound) can be used as a basis for a molecular conductance switch. In such a switch, the acylsilane, with a tetrahedral saturated silicon atom disrupting the conjugation through the molecule, acts as the OFF state, whereas the silene with a conjugated path running through the complete molecule represents the ON state. Our requirements are (i) the silenes should be slightly higher in relative energy than the acylsilane so as to promote a thermal backrearragment, (ii) the barrier for the backtransfer of the silyl group should be 25-30 kcal/mol, (iii) the ON/OFF conductance ratio should be high, and (iv) the switch should be realistic. According to our calculations using non-equilibrium Green’s function theory, a 1,2-bis(4-thiophenylethynyl)silene has a conductance which is 270 times higher than that of the corresponding acylsilane at zero bias voltage. However, at a voltage of +1 V the ON/OFF ratio decreases to ~40.
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| 12. |
- Moberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Alvi, Muhammad Rouf, et al.
(författare)
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Computational Investigation of Brook-Type Silabenzenes and Their Possible Formation through [1,3]-Si -> O Silyl Shifts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Organometallics. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0276-7333 .- 1520-6041. ; 32:1, s. 16-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantum chemical calculations with the M062X hybrid meta density functional theory method were performed in order to examine formation of Brook-type silabenzenes 4a – 4l, silapyridines 6a – 6d, and five-membered ring silaheteroaromatics 8a – 8d through [1,3]-trimethylsilyl (TMS) and [1,3]-tri(isopropyl)silyl (TIPS) shifts from a tetrahedral silicon atom to an adjacent carbonyl oxygen of cyclic conjugated acylsilane precursors. All Brook-type silabenzenes and silapyridines, having a 2-trialkylsiloxy substituent, are at lower relative energies than their precursors, whereas silaheteroaromatics 8a – 8d are found at slightly higher energies. The free energies of activation for the thermal [1,3]-TMS shifts range from 29 to 44 kcal/mol, with the lowest for a Brook-type silapyridine and the highest for a silafuran. The geometries of the Brook-type silabenzenes, silapyridines, silafuran and silathiophene indicate aromatic character, but the silapyrroles are nonaromatic. At M062X/6-311+G(d)//M062X/6-31G(d) level all Brook-type silabenzene dimers studied herein are more stable than two silabenzenes, also for a silabenzene with bulky TIPS, OTIPS and tert-butyl substituents (4l). Yet, comparisons of the B3LYP/6-31G(d) dimerization energies of 4l with that of the isolable 1-Tbt-silabenzene (Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) of Tokitoh [J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 2008, 55, 487] indicate that 4l will also be a monomeric silabenzene, and thus, a suitable synthetic target.
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| 16. |
- Alvi, Muhammad Rouf, et al.
(författare)
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Highly Efficient and Convenient Acid Catalyzed Hypersilyl Protection of Alcohols and Thiols by Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-N,N-dimethylmethaneamide
- 2012
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-N,N-dimethylmethaneamide, herein named hypersilylamide, is a convenient and efficient source of the hypersilyl group in the first widely applicable acid catalyzed protocol for silyl group protection of primary, secondary, tertiary alkyl as well as aryl alcohols and thiols in high yields. The sole by-product is N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and a range of solvents can be used, including DMF. A high selectivity in the protection of diols can be achieved, also for diols with very small differences in the steric demands at the two hydroxyl groups. Moreover, in the protection of equivalent alcohol and thiol sites the protection of the alcohol is faster, allowing for selective protection in high yields. Quantum chemical calculations at the M062X hybrid meta density functional theory level give insights on the mechanism for the catalytic process. Finally, the hypersilyl group is easily removed from all protected alcohols and thiols examined herein by irradiation at 254 nm.
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| 17. |
- Alvi, Muhammad Rouf, 1980-
(författare)
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Low-coordinate Organosilicon Chemistry : Fundamentals, Excursions Outside the Field, and Potential Applications
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis reports on unsaturated silicon compounds, as well as excursions from these into germanium chemistry, single molecule electronics, and silyl protective group chemistry. Both experimental and computational investigations were performed. Potassium germenolates were synthesized through reactions of tris(timethylsilyl) substituted acyl- and carbamylgermanes with potassium tert-butoxide. The potassium germenolates calculated by density functional theory have pyramidal structures at the Ge atoms, similar to the Si in the corresponding potassium silenolates, indicating negative charge on germanium rather than on oxygen. Germenolates also display germyl anion-like reactivity instead of germene-like reactivity as they are alkylated at Ge and initiate anionic polymerization of dienes rather than form [4+2] cycloadducts. The NMR chemical shifts reveal more negative charge at Ge in germenolates than at Si in analogous silenolates. Computations indicate that silabenzenes and silapyridines are reachable via [1,3]-silyl shifts from cyclic conjugated acylsilanes. Differently sized substituents were considered to prevent dimerizations, and 1-triisopropylsilyl-2-triisopropylsiloxy-6-tert-butylsilabenzene is a good synthetic target. Computations also show that silaphenolates are species with negative charge primarily localized at oxygen atom. Their planar structures, bond lengths, and NICS values reveal significant influence of aromaticity. Electrostatic repulsion should increase their stability, however, steric bulk is also important. Furthermore, it was found computationally that [1,3]-silyl shift from an acylsilane to a silene can function as a molecular switch reaction. Conductance calculations support this proposition. Finally, tris(trimethylsilyl)silylmethaneamide (hypersilylamide) together with catalytic amounts of triflic acid were found to be efficient for protection of a range of alkyl and aryl alcohols and thiols in good to excellent yields. The protocol can be used to protect the less hindered OH group of a diol and has a broad functional group tolerance. A catalytic cycle is proposed. Hypersilyl protected alcohols and thiols are deprotected efficiently under photolytic conditions.
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| 18. |
- Alvi, Muhammad Rouf, et al.
(författare)
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Scope and Limitations of an Acid Catalyzed Protocol for Hypersilyl Protection of Alcohols
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A highly efficient and convenient triflic acid (TfOH) catalyzed protocol for the protection of various functionalized alcohols in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature using tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-N,N-dimethyl-methaneamide (hypersilylamide) 1 as the protecting reagent is developed. Herein, results on the scope and limitations of this protocol for a number of functionalized alcohols are presented. This method was found to be effective for the selective protection of less hindered OH groups in different classes of diols containing both pri/tert, sec/tert, or aromatic/aliphatic hydroxyl groups. In general, our protocol exhibited excellent functional group tolerance in the protection of alcohols containing alkoxy, keto, amino, as well as halo substituents in good to excellent yields.
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| 19. |
- Alvi, Muhammad Rouf, et al.
(författare)
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Silaphenolates and Silaphenylthiolates : Two Unexplored Unsaturated Silicon Compound Classes Influenced by Aromaticity
- 2012
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Ingår i: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 17:1, s. 369-389
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monosilicon analogs of phenolates and phenylthiolates are studied by quantum chemical calculations. Three different silaphenolates and three different silaphenylthiolates are possible; the ortho-, meta-, and para-isomers. For the silaphenolates, the meta- isomer is the thermodynamically most stable, regardless if the substituent R at Si is H, t-Bu or SiMe3. However, with R = H and SiMe3 the energy differences between the three isomers are small, whereas with R = t-Bu the meta- isomer is similar to 5 kcal/mol more stable than the ortho- isomer. For the silaphenylthiolates the ortho- isomer is of lowest energy, although with R = H the ortho- and meta- isomers are isoenergetic. The calculated nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) indicate that the silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates are influenced by aromaticity, but they are less aromatic than the parent silabenzene. The geometries and charge distributions suggest that all silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates to substantial degrees are described by resonance structures with an exocyclic C=O double bond and a silapentadienyl anionic segment. Indeed, they resemble the all-carbon phenolate and phenylthiolate. Silaphenylthiolates are less bond alternate and have slightly more negative NICS values than analogous silaphenolates, suggesting that this compound class is a bit more aromatic. Dimerization of the silaphenolates and silaphenylthiolates is hampered due to intramolecular Coulomb repulsion in the dimers, and silaphenolates with a moderately bulky SiMe3 group as substituent at Si should prefer the monomeric form.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Ayub, Rabia, et al.
(författare)
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Can Baird's and Clar's Rules Combined Explain Triplet State Energies of Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons with Fused 4nπ- and (4n + 2)π-Rings?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society. - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 82:12, s. 6327-6340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Compounds that can be labeled as "aromatic chameleons" are π-conjugated compounds that are able to adjust their π-electron distributions so as to comply with the different rules of aromaticity in different electronic states. We used quantum chemical calculations to explore how the fusion of benzene rings onto aromatic chameleonic units represented by biphenylene, dibenzocyclooctatetraene, and dibenzo[a,e]pentalene modifies the first triplet excited states (T1) of the compounds. Decreases in T1 energies are observed when going from isomers with linear connectivity of the fused benzene rings to those with cis- or trans-bent connectivities. The T1 energies decreased down to those of the parent (isolated) 4nπ-electron units. Simultaneously, we observe an increased influence of triplet state aromaticity of the central 4n ring as given by Baird's rule and evidenced by geometric, magnetic, and electron density based aromaticity indices (HOMA, NICS-XY, ACID, and FLU). Because of an influence of triplet state aromaticity in the central 4nπ-electron units, the most stabilized compounds retain the triplet excitation in Baird π-quartets or octets, enabling the outer benzene rings to adapt closed-shell singlet Clar π-sextet character. Interestingly, the T1 energies go down as the total number of aromatic cycles within a molecule in the T1 state increases.
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| 22. |
- Ayub, Rabia, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclopropyl Group : An Excited-State Aromaticity Indicator?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Chemistry - A European Journal. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 0947-6539 .- 1521-3765. ; 23:55, s. 13684-13695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cyclopropyl (cPr) group, which is a well-known probe for detecting radical character at atoms to which it is connected, is tested as an indicator for aromaticity in the first ππ* triplet and singlet excited states (T1 and S1). Baird's rule says that the π-electron counts for aromaticity and antiaromaticity in the T1 and S1 states are opposite to Hückel's rule in the ground state (S0). Our hypothesis is that the cPr group, as a result of Baird's rule, will remain closed when attached to an excited-state aromatic ring, enabling it to be used as an indicator to distinguish excited-state aromatic rings from excited-state antiaromatic and nonaromatic rings. Quantum chemical calculations and photoreactivity experiments support our hypothesis; calculated aromaticity indices reveal that openings of cPr substituents on [4n]annulenes ruin the excited-state aromaticity in energetically unfavorable processes. Yet, polycyclic compounds influenced by excited-state aromaticity (e.g., biphenylene), as well as 4nπ-electron heterocycles with two or more heteroatoms represent limitations.
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| 23. |
- Ayub, Rabia
(författare)
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Excited State Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity : Fundamental Studies and Applications
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The central theme of this thesis is the ability to tune various molecular properties by controlling and utilizing aromaticity and antiaromaticity in the lowest electronically excited states. This investigation is based on qualitative theory, quantum chemical (QC) calculations and experimental work.Baird's rule tells that the π-electron count for aromaticity and antiaromaticity is reversed in the ππ* triplet (T1) state when compared to Hückel's rule for the singlet ground state. The excited state aromatic character of [4n]annulenes is probed by usage of two structural moieties, the cyclopropyl (cPr) group and the silacyclobutene (SCB) ring. The results of QC calculations and photoreactivity experiments showed that the cPr group and the SCB ring remained closed when attached to or fused with [4n]annulenes so as to preserve T1 aromatic stabilization. In contrast, both moieties ring-opened when attached to or fused with [4n+2]annulenes as a means for alleviation of T1 antiaromaticity. These two structural moieties are shown to indicate T1 aromatic character of [4n]annulenes except in a limited number of cases.The T1 antiaromatic character of compounds with 4n+2 π-electrons was utilized for photo(hydro)silylations and photohydrogenations. QC calculations showed that due to T1 antiaromaticity, benzene is able to abstract hydrogen atoms from trialkylsilanes. The photoreactions occurred under mild conditions for benzene and certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In contrast, COT was found to be unreactive under similar conditions.It is further revealed that various properties of molecules can be tailored by rational design using Baird’s rule. Three modes of connectivity (linear, bent, and cyclic) of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons (PCH) were explored by DFT calculations. When the PCHs contain a central [4n]unit and 4nπ-electron perimeter, bent isomers have lower triplet state energies than linear ones due to increased T1 aromaticity in the bent isomers. With regard to the cyclic connectivity, macrocyclic compounds are designed by modifying the C20 monocycle through incorporation of monocyclic units (all-carbon as well as heterocyclic) and the impact of macrocyclic T1 aromaticity upon insertion of different units is examined through QC calculations. The results provide insights on excited state aromaticity in macrocyclic systems.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Ayub, Rabia, et al.
(författare)
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The silacyclobutene ring : An indicator of triplet state Baird-aromaticity
- 2017
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Ingår i: Inorganics. - : MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. - 2304-6740. ; 5:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Baird's rule tells that the electron counts for aromaticity and antiaromaticity in the first ππ* triplet and singlet excited states (T1 and S1) are opposite to those in the ground state (S0). Our hypothesis is that a silacyclobutene (SCB) ring fused with a [4n]annulene will remain closed in the T1 state so as to retain T1 aromaticity of the annulene while it will ring-open when fused to a [4n + 2]annulene in order to alleviate T1 antiaromaticity. This feature should allow the SCB ring to function as an indicator for triplet state aromaticity. Quantum chemical calculations of energy and (anti)aromaticity changes along the reaction paths in the T1 state support our hypothesis. The SCB ring should indicate T1 aromaticity of [4n]annulenes by being photoinert except when fused to cyclobutadiene, where it ring-opens due to ring-strain relief. © 2017 by the authors.
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| 26. |
- Ayub, Rabia, et al.
(författare)
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Triplet State Baird Aromaticity in Macrocycles : Scope, Limitations, and Complications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society. - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 125:2, s. 570-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aromaticity of cyclic 4nπ-electron molecules in their first ππ∗ triplet state (T1), labeled Baird aromaticity, has gained growing attention in the past decade. Here we explore computationally the limitations of T1 state Baird aromaticity in macrocyclic compounds, [n]CM's, which are cyclic oligomers of four different monocycles (M = p-phenylene (PP), 2,5-linked furan (FU), 1,4-linked cyclohexa-1,3-diene (CHD), and 1,4-linked cyclopentadiene (CPD)). We strive for conclusions that are general for various DFT functionals, although for macrocycles with up to 20 π-electrons in their main conjugation paths we find that for their T1 states single-point energies at both canonical UCCSD(T) and approximative DLPNO-UCCSD(T) levels are lowest when based on UB3LYP over UM06-2X and UCAM-B3LYP geometries. This finding is in contrast to what has earlier been observed for the electronic ground state of expanded porphyrins. Yet, irrespective of functional, macrocycles with 2,5-linked furans ([n]CFU's) retain Baird aromaticity until larger n than those composed of the other three monocycles. Also, when based on geometric, electronic and energetic aspects of aromaticity, a 3[n]CFU with a specific n is more strongly Baird-aromatic than the analogous 3[n]CPP while the magnetic indices tell the opposite. To construct large T1 state Baird-aromatic [n]CM's, the design should be such that the T1 state Baird aromaticity of the macrocyclic perimeter dominates over a situation with local closed-shell Hückel aromaticity of one or a few monocycles and semilocalized triplet diradical character. Monomers with lower Hückel aromaticity in S0 than benzene (e.g., furan) that do not impose steric congestion are preferred. Structural confinement imposed by, e.g., methylene bridges is also an approach to larger Baird-aromatic macrocycles. Finally, by using the Zilberg-Haas description of T1 state aromaticity, we reveal the analogy to the Hückel aromaticity of the corresponding closed-shell dications yet observe stronger Hückel aromaticity in the macrocyclic dications than Baird aromaticity in the T1 states of the neutral macrocycles. © 2021 The Authors.
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| 27. |
- Bergh, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Tailored fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide compared with marrow-supported high-dose chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer : A randomised trial
- 2000
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 356:9239, s. 1384-1391
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Chemotherapy drug distribution varies greatly among individual patients. Therefore, we developed an individualised fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) regimen to improve outcomes in patients with high-risk early breast cancer. We then did a randomised trial to compare this individually tailored FEC regimen with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy followed by consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support. Methods: 525 women younger than 60 years of age with high-risk primary breast cancer were randomised after surgery to receive nine cycles of tailored FEC to haematological equitoxicity with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support (n=251), or three cycles of FEC at standard doses followed by high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin (CTCb), and peripheral-blood stem-cell or bone-marrow support (n=274). Both groups received locoregional radiation therapy and tamoxifen for 5 years. The primary outcome measure was relapse-free survival, and analysis was by intention to treat. Findings: At a median follow-up of 34.3 months, there were 81 breast-cancer relapses in the tailored FEC group versus 113 in the CTCb group (double triangular method p=0.04). 60 deaths occurred in the tailored FEC group and 82 in the CTCb group (log-rank p=0.12). Patients in the CTCb group experienced more grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity compared with the tailored FEC group (p<0.0001). Two treatment-related deaths (0.7%) occurred in the CTCb group. Six patients in the tailored FEC group developed acute myeloid leukaemia and three developed myelodysplastic syndrome. Interpretation: Tailored FEC with G-CSF support resulted in a significantly improved relapse-free survival and fewer grade 3 and 4 toxicities compared with marrow-supported high-dose chemotherapy with CTCb as adjuvant therapy of women with high-risk primary breast cancer.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Berglund, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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A genecentric Human Protein Atlas for expression profiles based on antibodies
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. - 1535-9476 .- 1535-9484. ; 7:10, s. 2019-2027
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- An attractive path forward in proteomics is to experimentally annotate the human protein complement of the genome in a genecentric manner. Using antibodies, it might be possible to design protein-specific probes for a representative protein from every protein-coding gene and to subsequently use the antibodies for systematical analysis of cellular distribution and subcellular localization of proteins in normal and disease tissues. A new version (4.0) of the Human Protein Atlas has been developed in a genecentric manner with the inclusion of all human genes and splice variants predicted from genome efforts together with a visualization of each protein with characteristics such as predicted membrane regions, signal peptide, and protein domains and new plots showing the uniqueness (sequence similarity) of every fraction of each protein toward all other human proteins. The new version is based on tissue profiles generated from 6120 antibodies with more than five million immunohistochemistry-based images covering 5067 human genes, corresponding to approximately 25% of the human genome. Version 4.0 includes a putative list of members in various protein classes, both functional classes, such as kinases, transcription factors, G-protein-coupled receptors, etc., and project-related classes, such as candidate genes for cancer or cardiovascular diseases. The exact antigen sequence for the internally generated antibodies has also been released together with a visualization of the application-specific validation performed for each antibody, including a protein array assay, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and, for a large fraction, immunofluorescence-based confocal microscopy. New search functionalities have been added to allow complex queries regarding protein expression profiles, protein classes, and chromosome location. The new version of the protein atlas thus is a resource for many areas of biomedical research, including protein science and biomarker discovery.
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| 30. |
- Boström, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the correlation of protein and mRNA levels in human cell lines using quantitative proteomics and transcriptomics
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An important topic of discussion in proteomics is the degree of correlation of RNA and protein levels in cells, tissues and organs. In this study, the difference in protein and mRNA levels for a number of selected gene targets were investigated across six human cell lines using quantitative proteomics and next generation sequencing-based transcriptomics. The copy numbers of 32 proteins were determined using an absolute quantitative proteomics approach (PrEST-SILAC), where heavy isotope-labeled protein fragments were used as internal standards. A cross evaluation of protein copy numbers determined by mass spectrometry and staining profiles using immunohistochemistry showed good correlation. The mRNA levels were determined using RNA sequencing based on digital counting of sequencing reads and the levels determined as FPKM values. Comparison of the relative variations in mRNA and protein levels for individual genes across the six cell lines showed correlation between protein and mRNA levels, including six genes with high variability in expression levels in the six cell lines resulting in an average correlation of 0.9 (Spearman's rank coefficient). In summary, the analysis of the selected protein targets supports the conclusion that the translation rate across cell lines correlates for a particular gene, suggesting that individual protein levels can be predicted from the respective mRNA levels by defining the relation between protein and mRNA, specific for each human gene.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Canals, Isaac, et al.
(författare)
-
Astrocyte dysfunction and neuronal network hyperactivity in a CRISPR engineered pluripotent stem cell model of frontotemporal dementia
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Brain Communications. - 2632-1297. ; 5:3, s. 1-16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most prevalent type of early-onset dementia and up to 40% of cases are familial forms. One of the genes mutated in patients is CHMP2B, which encodes a protein found in a complex important for maturation of late endosomes, an essential process for recycling membrane proteins through the endolysosomal system. Here, we have generated a CHMP2B-mutated human embryonic stem cell line using genome editing with the purpose to create a human in vitro FTD disease model. To date, most studies have focused on neuronal alterations; however, we present a new co-culture system in which neurons and astrocytes are independently generated from human embryonic stem cells and combined in co-cultures. With this approach, we have identified alterations in the endolysosomal system of FTD astrocytes, a higher capacity of astrocytes to uptake and respond to glutamate, and a neuronal network hyperactivity as well as excessive synchronization. Overall, our data indicates that astrocyte alterations precede neuronal impairments and could potentially trigger neuronal network changes, indicating the important and specific role of astrocytes in disease development.
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| 33. |
- Chajara, Khalil, et al.
(författare)
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An improved pathway to 6,6-disubstituted fulvenes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Tetrahedron Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-4039. ; :45, s. 6741-6744
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pentafulvenes with alkyl and/or aryl substituents at the exocyclic position are formed rapidly in high yields through reaction of crystalline sodium cyclopentadienide directly with the appropriate ketones.
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| 34. |
- Cid Gomes, Leandro, et al.
(författare)
-
Light-driven (cross-)dimerization of terpenes as a route to renewable C15-C30 crudes for fuel and lubricant oil applications
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2398-4902. ; 7:3, s. 868-882
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-fossil hydrocarbons are desirable for transport fuels and lubricant oils to reach a fossil carbon neutral economy. Herein, we show the production of such end-products from crude raw materials via the photosensitized dimerization of terpenes. Terpenes are hydrocarbons originating from renewable sources, such as forestry, industrial bio-waste and photosynthetically active microorganisms. Under irradiation at 365 nm, we observed high conversions of terpenes with conjugated diene segments into their dimers (e.g. 96.1 wt%, 12 h for α-phellandrene), and remarkable results were obtained using simulated and natural sunlight (90.8 wt% and 46.6 wt%, respectively, for α-phellandrene). We show that the lower reactivities of some isomeric monoterpenes could be overcome by a cross-photodimerization with α-phellandrene. We also utilized the cross-photodimerization approach to obtain C15 and C30 products, combining mixtures of isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Hydrogenation of the terpene dimers gave materials with physical properties suitable as high energy density fuels and lubricant oils. Finally, our preliminary analysis based on recent literature points to the commercial viability of this route to produce fuels and lubricant oils, as well as to a potential for reduction of the environmental impact compared to fossil-based routes.
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| 35. |
- Cid Gomes, Leandro, 1993-
(författare)
-
Light-Induced Routes to Sustainable Biocrudes for Fuels and Lubricant Oils
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fossil-based hydrocarbons are at present the ideal compounds for jet fuels and lubricant oils, so their replacement by novel technologies is not easy. Instead, sustainable routes to hydrocarbons, such as sunlight-driven processes, are desired to reduce the environmental impact by the transport sector. Photosynthetic microorganisms can convert water and CO2 into small hydrocarbons, yet, a second step is needed to convert them into jet fuels and lubricant oils. The aim of this thesis is to investigate photochemical routes for this second step.We first explore the triplet photosensitized dimerization of isoprene produced by cyanobacteria. We developed a combined photobiological-photochemical route from CO2 to C10 jet fuel via isoprene that has a climate change impact 80% lower than that of fossil jet fuel. The photosensitizer 1,1-dinaphthylmethanone absorbs in the near-UV light, so natural sunlight can be used with low photosensitizer loading (0.1 mol%). Later, other small conjugated dienes were investigated, providing a deeper understanding of the photodimerization. We concluded that isoprene is the ideal diene to be dimerized into jet fuel, as it has a suitable boiling point that facilitates its harvesting and as it dimerizes more efficiently than the other small volatile dienes.The photodimerization is then expanded to larger substrates to produce lubricant oils and diesel-like fuels. We found that α-phellandrene dimerizes very efficiently (>90%, 12h), and we utilize it in a cross-dimerization with less reactive monoterpenes and with isoprene. We also investigated the influence of light intensity in the reaction of α-phellandrene and the rates of triplet quenching of the photosensitizer by different monoterpenes.A final part of this thesis addresses the need of photochemical routes that can oligomerize unsaturated hydrocarbons other than conjugated dienes. The seminal idea is to use photoacids as catalysts. This journey started by designing a new photoacid based on the anilinium and dibenzotropylium cationic moieties. We found computationally a strong photoacidity, with pKa = -12. We discovered that the photoacidity is operating by a novel mechanism involving a reorganization of charge distribution within the dibenzotropylium moiety upon excitation, which interacts electrostatically with the anilinium moiety and makes the acidic proton of the anilinium unit more acidic.The work described in this thesis provides further understanding of the triplet photosensitized reactions first reported in the early 1960s, and it applies this important organic photoreaction in the context of renewable energy. Furthermore, the last part of this thesis contributes to new interpretations of photoacidity.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Czyzewski, Michal, et al.
(författare)
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Silene equivalents through the rhodium-catalysed reactions of alpha-hypersilyl diazoesters : a computational and experimental study
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Chemical Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2041-6520 .- 2041-6539. ; 2:12, s. 2367-2372
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The generation of silenes through the rhodium-catalysed decomposition of alpha-hypersilyl diazocarbonyl compounds has been explored both computationally and experimentally. This transformation proceeds via a pathway involving initial formation of the carbene, followed by rearrangement, initially to a silene and ultimately to a ketene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of model compounds suggested that silene formation was most preferential with electron donating substituents attached to the carbonyl group. The predictions were experimentally evaluated and hypersilyl diazoacetates provided an unusually long-lived species (t(1/2) > 40 h) that reacts as a formal silene equivalent. Further DFT calculations support the formation of an internally stabilised silene in the form of a 1,2-silaoxetene. Importantly the acylsilene-silaoxetene reaction is reversible and consequently this silene equivalent reacts with alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to form cyclic silyl enol ethers which have considerable potential for further synthetic transformations.
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| 38. |
- Czyzewski, Michal, et al.
(författare)
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The first intramolecular silene Diels-Alder reactions
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Chemical Communications. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1359-7345 .- 1364-548X. ; 50:22, s. 2919-2921
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The synthesis of silaheterocycles through the first examples of an intramolecular silene Diels-Alder reaction is described.
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| 39. |
- Dahlstrand, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Exploration of the π-Electronic Structure of Singlet, Triplet, and Quintet States of Fulvenes and Fulvalenes Using the Electron Localization Function
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 116:20, s. 5008-5017
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The singlet ground states and lowest triplet states of penta- and heptafulvene, their benzannulated derivatives, as well as the lowest quintet states of pentaheptafulvalenes, either the parent compound or compounds in which the two rings are intercepted by either an alkynyl or a phenyl segment, were investigated at the (U)OLYP/6-311G(d,p) density functional theory level. The influence of (anti)-aromaticity was analyzed by the structure-based aromaticity index HOMA, the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity. The extent of (anti)aromatic character was also evaluated in terms of the pi-electron (de)localization as measured by the pi component of the electron localization function (ELF pi). The natural atomic orbital (NAO) occupancies were calculated in order to evaluate the degree of pi-electron shift caused by the opposing electron-counting rules for aromaticity in the electronic ground state (S-0; Hiickel's rule) and the first pi pi* excited triplet state (T-1; Baird's rule). Pentaheptafulvalene (5) shows a shift of 0.5 pi electrons from the 5-ring to the 7-ring when going from the S-0 state to the lowest quintet state (Qu(1)). The pentaheptafulvalene 5 and [5.6.7]quinarene 7 were also investigated in their 90 degrees twisted conformations. From our study it is apparent that excitation localization in fulvalenes, but not in fulvenes, to a substantial degree is determined by aromaticity localization to triplet biradical 4n pi-electron cycles. Isolated benzene rings in these compounds tend to remain as closed-shell 6 pi-electron cycles.
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| 40. |
- Dahlstrand, Christian
(författare)
-
Ground and Excited State Aromaticity : Design Tools for π-Conjugated Functional Molecules and Materials
- 2012
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main focus of this thesis is on the aromaticity of the ground state and electronically excited states of π-conjugated molecules and polymers, as well as how aromaticity is connected to their properties.The electronic structures of polybenzenoid hydrocarbons (PBHs) were explored through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the π-component of the electron localization function (ELFπ). The study revealed how the π-electronic structure is influenced by the fusion of double bonds or benzene rings to the PBHs. We also demonstrated that the π-electrons of benzene extend to accommodate as much aromaticity as possible when bond length distorted. The aromatic chameleon property displayed by fulvenes, isobenzofulvenes, fulvalenes, bis(fulvene)s, and polyfulvenes were investigated using DFT calculations. The tria-, penta-, and heptafulvenes were shown to possess ionization energies and electron affinities which can be tuned extensively by substitution, some of which even outperform TTF and TCNQ, the prototypical electron donor and acceptor, respectively. The singlet-triplet energy gap of pentafulvenes can be tuned extensively by substitution to the point that the triplet state is lower than the singlet state and thus becomes the ground state. The ELFπ of isobenzofulvene shows that the benzene ring in an electronically excited state can be more aromatic than the corresponding ring in the ground state. We have shown that the 6-ring of [5.6.7]quinarene is influenced by a Hückel aromatic resonance structure with 4n+2 π-electrons in the excited quintet state. The bis(fulvene)s which are composed of a donor type heptafulvene and an acceptor type pentafulvene, retain the basic donor-acceptor properties of the two fragments and could function as compact donor-acceptor dyads. A few of the designed polyfulvenes were found to have band gaps below 1 eV at the PBC-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level.Various 2,7-disubstituted fluorenones and dibenzofulvenes were synthesized and their excited state properties were investigated by absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent DFT calculations. It was found that the 1A → 1B transition of ππ* character can be tuned by substitution in the 2,7-positions. The 2,7-bis(N,N-dimethyl) derivatives of fluorenone and dibenzofulvene displayed low energy transitions at 2.18 and 1.61 eV, respectively, in toluene.
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| 41. |
- Dahlstrand, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Polyfulvenes : Polymers with "Handles" That Enable Extensive Electronic Structure Tuning
- 2015
-
Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 119:46, s. 25726-25737
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fundamental electronic structure properties of substituted poly(penta)fulvenes and pentafulvene-based polymers are analyzed through qualitative molecular orbital (MO) theory combined with calculations at the B3LYP and HSE06 hybrid density functional theory (DFT) levels. We argue that the pentafulvene monomer unit has a unique character because electron density in the exocyclic C=C double bond can be polarized into and out of the five-membered ring, a feature that is not available to other more commonly used monomers. It is investigated how the energy gaps between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO, respectively), as approximate band gaps, are influenced by exocyclic substitution, introduction of linker groups, benzannulation, and ring substitution. In particular, the exocyclic positions of the fulvene act as handles by which the electronic structure of the polymer can be tuned between the quinoid and fulvenoid valence bond isomers; electron-withdrawing exocyclic substituents lead to polyfulvenes in the quinoid form while those with electron-donating substituents prefer the fulvenoid. Taken together, the HOMO-LUMO gaps of polyfulvenes can be tuned extensively, varying in ranges 0.77-2.44 eV (B3LYP) and 0.35-2.00 eV (HSE06) suggesting that they are a class of polymers with highly interesting, yet nearly unexplored, properties.
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| 42. |
- Dahlstrand, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
Substituent Effects on the Electron Affinities and Ionization Energies of Tria-, Penta-, and Heptafulvenes : A Computational Investigation
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Organic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3263 .- 1520-6904. ; 75:23, s. 8060-8068
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extent of substituent influence on the vertical electron affinities (EAs) and ionization energies (IEs) of 43 substituted tria-, penta-, and heptafulvenes was examined computationally at the OVGF/6-311G(d)//B3LYP/6-311G(d) level of theory and compared with those of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) as representing strong electron-acceptor and -donor compounds, respectively. The substituents X at the exocyclic positions of the fulvenes were either NH2, H, or CN, while the substituents Y at the ring positions were H, CI, F, CN, or NH2. The variations of the EAs and lEs were rationalized by qualitative arguments based on frontier orbital symmetries for the different fulvene classes with either X or Y being constant. The minimum and maximum values found for the calculated EAs of the tria-, penta-, and heptafulvenes were 0.51-2.05, 0.24-3.63, and 0.53-3.14 eV, respectively, and for the IEs 5.27-9.96, 7.07-10.31, and 6.35-10.59 eV, respectively. Two of the investigated fulvenes outperform TCNQ (calcd EA = 2.63 eV) and one outperforms TTF (calcd IE = 6.25 eV) with regard to acceptor and donor abilities, respectively. We also evaluated the properties of bis(fulvene)s, i.e., compounds composed of a donor-type heptafulvene fused with an acceptor-type pentafulvene, and it was revealed that these bis(fulvene)s can be designed so that the IE and EA of the two separate fulvene segments are retained, potentially allowing for the design of compact donor-acceptor dyads.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- DeFrancisco, Justin R., et al.
(författare)
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Torsional Bias as a Strategy To Tune Single-triplet Gaps in Organic Diradicals
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 122:23, s. 12148-12157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quinoidal compounds with proaromatic structures possess differing degrees of diradical character, where the open-shell diradical resonance form has restored aromaticity throughout the compound. Methods to tune the diradical character of these compounds have traditionally focused on altering the length and the molecular composition of the pi-conjugated backbones. However, other molecular design strategies to tune the singlet-triplet gap of pi-conjugated quinoidal molecules have not been extensively explored. We previously reported a strikingly small energy gap between the quinoidal and diradical states of a quinoidal small molecule containing methano[10]annulene (TMTQ) that was dictated in large part by the unusual aromaticity of the central annulene ring. Here, we report on two alkylated derivatives of TMTQthat present substantially different torsional biases to the planarity of the TMTQ pi-system. Using a combination of electronic and vibrational spectroscopies, magnetic measurements, and quantum chemical calculations, we demonstrate here how a steric effect rather than pi-electron compositional molecular engineering can dramatically narrow the singlet-triplet gap of a quinoidal compound to as small as -0.52 kcal/mol, determined experimentally. This study offers important insight for the continued development of open-shell diradical molecules that need not rely exclusively on the design of synthesis of new and complex conjugated systems.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Denisova, Aleksandra, et al.
(författare)
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Expanding the (Cross-)Hyperconjugation of 1,4-Disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes to Larger Monomers and Oligomers : A Computational Investigation
- 2016
-
Ingår i: RSC Advances. - 2046-2069. ; 6:43, s. 36961-36970
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We used density functional theory calculations to examine molecules that can be regarded as expanded 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes as well as oligomers based on these or 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene with the aim to identify systems with extended (cross-)hyperconjugation. Among the three "expanded 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes" considered cyclobutadisilole is the most interesting as it has a higher thermodynamic stability than the isomeric 1,6-disilacyclodeca-2,3,4,7,8,9-hexaene and significantly lower first electronic excitation energy than 1,6-disilacyclodeca-2,4,7,9-tetraene. Cyclobutadisilole with trimethylsilyl substituents at Si shows particularly low excitations with the first strong transition at 3.46 eV (358 nm), i.e., similar to 1.1 eV lower than in 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene. The monomers were connected into oligomers via their Si atoms using bis(dimethylsilanediyl) linkers, and some extended hyperconjugation was revealed. The first allowed UV/Vis excitation in the cyclobutadisilole-based tetramers is calculated at 2.57 eV (482 nm), although the lowering in excitation energies when going from monomer to tetramer is merely similar to 0.5 eV and hyperconjugation has modest impact on geometries. Yet, the tetra(cyclobutadisilole) has a significantly lower first allowed excitation when compared to a previously studied tetra(1,4-disilacyclohexadiene) with first excitation at 3.9 eV (318 nm).
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| 47. |
- Denisova, Aleksandra
(författare)
-
Hyperconjugation in Group 14 Organic Compounds : Design and Property Investigations
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nowadays π-conjugated molecules are widely used as materials for devices in organic and molecular electronics. This is due to the ability of such molecules to conduct electricity. However, π-conjugation leads to molecular rigidness and associated lower solubility, which limits possible applications. Meanwhile, there are other types of conjugation that do not cause molecular rigidness but still provide conductivity. One of them is so called hyperconjugation. While π-conjugation involves only p atomic orbitals, hyperconjugation is characterized by interaction of π and σ orbitals. Hyperconjugation is normally weaker than π-conjugation, thus, in order to get strongly hyperconjugated molecules they should be enhanced in some way.In this thesis, I describe methods for design of strongly hyperconjugated molecules. It is possible to increase the strength of hyperconjugation by various methods and some of them are discussed. We performed quantum chemical calculations in order to investigate optical and geometric properties of the hyperconjugated molecules and evaluate the relative strength of hyperconjugation. In some cases, results of calculations were compared with experimental results aiming to confirm the relevance of the calculations. First, we have investigated how the change of group 14 elements in the 1,4-ditetrelocyclohexa-2,5-dienes influence the hyperconjugation strength. Next, the substituent effect was considered in fulvenes and their hyperconjugated analogs. We showed this effect from the perspective of the substituents influence on the aromatic properties of molecules in the ground and first electronically excited states. Further, the gradual shift when going from monomer to oligomers were investigated. For this hyperconjugated oligomers were constructed from 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene and cyclobutadisilole fragments. Additionally we showed the influence of electron withdrawing and electron donating groups on hyperconjugation in siloles and 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes. Finally, hyperconjugation was investigated in a set of silicon-containing omni-hyperconjugated compounds.The results obtained from this research showed that hyperconjugation strength can be increased significantly up to levels comparable to purely π-conjugated molecules. We hope that these results will be useful in development of other hyperconjugated small molecules, oligomers, and polymers, which can be further used as material for electronic devices.
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| 48. |
- Denisova V, Aleksandra, et al.
(författare)
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A Computational Investigation of the Substituent Effects on Geometric, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Siloles and 1,4-Disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 22:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thirty two differently substituted siloles 1a–1p and 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes 2a–2p were investigated by quantum chemical calculations using the PBE0 hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method. The substituents included σ-electron donating and withdrawing, as well as π-electron donating and withdrawing groups, and their effects when placed at the Si atom(s) or at the C atoms were examined. Focus was placed on geometries, frontier orbital energies and the energies of the first allowed electronic excitations. We analyzed the variation in energies between the orbitals which correspond to HOMO and LUMO for the two parent species, here represented as ΔεHL, motivated by the fact that the first allowed transitions involve excitation between these orbitals. Even though ΔεHL and the excitation energies are lower for siloles than for 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes the latter display significantly larger variations with substitution. The ΔεHL of the siloles vary within 4.57–5.35 eV (ΔΔεHL = 0.78 eV) while for the 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes the range is 5.49–7.15 eV (ΔΔεHL = 1.66 eV). The excitation energy of the first allowed transitions display a moderate variation for siloles (3.60–4.41 eV) whereas the variation for 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes is nearly doubled (4.69–6.21 eV). Cyclobutadisiloles combine the characteristics of siloles and 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene by having even lower excitation energies than siloles yet also extensive variation in excitation energies to substitution of 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes (3.47–4.77 eV, variation of 1.30 eV).
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- Dunlop, David, et al.
(författare)
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Excited-State (Anti)Aromaticity Explains Why Azulene Disobeys Kasha's Rule
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 145:39, s. 21569-21575
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorescence exclusively occurs from the lowest excited state of a given multiplicity according to Kasha's rule. However, this rule is not obeyed by a handful of anti-Kasha fluorophores whose underlying mechanism is still understood merely on a phenomenological basis. This lack of understanding prevents the rational design and property-tuning of anti-Kasha fluorophores. Here, we propose a model explaining the photophysical properties of an archetypal anti-Kasha fluorophore, azulene, based on its ground- and excited-state (anti)aromaticity. We derived our model from a detailed analysis of the electronic structure of the ground singlet, first excited triplet, and quintet states and of the first and second excited singlet states using the perturbational molecular orbital theory and quantum-chemical aromaticity indices. Our model reveals that the anti-Kasha properties of azulene and its derivatives result from (i) the contrasting (anti)aromaticity of its first and second singlet excited states (S-1 and S-2, respectively) and (ii) an easily accessible antiaromaticity relief pathway of the S-1 state. This explanation of the fundamental cause of anti-Kasha behavior may pave the way for new classes of anti-Kasha fluorophores and materials with long-lived, high-energy excited states.
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