| 1. |
- Fallqvist, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Nucleation And Growth Of Cvd α-Al2O3 On TiXOY Template
- 2012
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In: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 207, s. 254-261
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The microstructure, phase and chemical composition of TixOy templates used to nucleate α-Al2O3 on Ti(C,N) coated cemented carbide have been elucidated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Further, the adhesive strength of the α-Al2O3–TixOy–Ti(C,N) interfaces was investigated using scratch adhesion testing.The present study confirmed that the as-deposited template consisted of a Ti4O7 phase which during subsequent deposition of the Al2O3 layer transformed to a Ti3O5 phase and that the grown Al2O3 layer consisted of 100% α-Al2O3. Furthermore, the results showed that the lowest interfacial strength within the multilayer structure was exhibited by the Ti(C,N)–TixOy interface and that the transformation of Ti4O7 to Ti3O5 in the template resulted in formation of pores in the Ti(C,N)-template interface lowering the interfacial strength even more. The use of surface analysis techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy and especially Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry enabled trace element analyses using depth profiling to characterise the thin interfacial layers in detail.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Chulapakorn, Thawatchart, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Luminescence of silicon nanoparticles from oxygen implanted silicon
- 2018
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In: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. - : Elsevier. - 1369-8001 .- 1873-4081. ; 86, s. 18-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oxygen with a kinetic energy of 20 keV is implanted in a silicon wafer (100) at different fluences, followed by post-implantation thermal annealing (PIA) performed at temperatures ranging from 1000 to 1200 degrees C, in order to form luminescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and also to reduce the damage induced by the implantation. As a result of this procedure, a surface SiOx layer (with 0 < x < 2) with embedded crystalline Si nanoparticles has been created. The samples yield similar luminescence in terms of peak wavelength, lifetime, and absorption as recorded from SiNPs obtained by the more conventional method of implanting silicon into silicon dioxide. The oxygen implantation profile is characterized by elastic recoil detection (ERD) technique to obtain the excess concentration of Si in a presumed SiO2 environment. The physical structure of the implanted Si wafer is examined by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). Photoluminescence (PL) techniques, including PL spectroscopy, time-resolved PL (TRPL), and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy are carried out in order to identify the PL origin. The results show that luminescent SiNPs are formed in a Si sample implanted by oxygen with a fluence of 2 x 10(17) atoms cm(-2) and PIA at 1000 degrees C. These SiNPs have a broad size range of 6-24 nm, as evaluated from the GIXRD result. Samples implanted at a lower fluence and/or annealed at higher temperature show only weak defect-related PL. With further optimization of the SiNP luminescence, the method may offer a simple route for integration of luminescent Si in mainstream semiconductor fabrication.
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| 4. |
- Farkas, B., et al.
(author)
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Optical, compositional and structural properties of pulsed laser deposited nitrogen-doped Titanium-dioxide
- 2018
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In: Applied Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 433, s. 149-154
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- N-doped TiO2 thin films were prepared using pulsed laser deposition by ablating metallic Ti target with pulses of 248 nm wavelength, at 330 °C substrate temperature in reactive atmospheres of N2/O2 gas mixtures. These films were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Optical properties are presented as a function of the N2 content in the processing gas mixture and correlated to nitrogen incorporation into the deposited layers. The optical band gap values decreased with increasing N concentration in the films, while a monotonically increasing tendency and a maximum can be observed in case of extinction coefficient and refractive index, respectively. It is also shown that the amount of substitutional N can be increased up to 7.7 at.%, but the higher dopant concentration inhibits the crystallization of the samples.
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| 5. |
- Hedin, Allan, et al.
(author)
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Corrosion of copper in pure O2-free water?
- 2018
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In: Corrosion Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-938X .- 1879-0496. ; 137, s. 1-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Copper exposed to pure, O-2-free water for several months in glass- and metal-contained, well-controlled systems shows no evidence of corrosion, either through hydrogen evolution or through the occurrence of oxidized copper. The results contradict the interpretation of recent experiments where it has been claimed that copper corrodes in pure, O-2-free water far above the very limited extent predicted by established thermodynamic data. Reasons for the different experimental outcomes are discussed. Experimental and theoretical efforts to identify hitherto unknown, potentially corrosion driving species of the Cu-O-H system and studies of copper/water surface reactions are reviewed as background for the present study.
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| 6. |
- Lindahl, Erik, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Doping of metastable Cu3N at different Ni concentrations : Growth, crystallographic sites and resistivity
- 2018
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In: Thin Solid Films. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 647, s. 1-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Copper nitride, Cu3N, is a metastable material whose properties can be changed considerably by doping with metals which opens for a variety of applications in several areas (sensors, electrical connects, batteries, memories, etc.). The present work is a systematic study in the system Cu-Ni-N of preferences regarding occupation of interstitial and substitutional crystallographic sites in the Cu3N structure as the metal dopant level increases and how the occupation influences growth behavior, texture, microstructure and resistivity. Ni doped Cu3N films of different chemical composition were grown by a gas-pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition technique. The occupation of the different crystallographic sites of the Cu3N by the Ni atoms was obtained from analysis of X-ray diffraction data. At low Ni content, less than about 21% in metal content, Ni replaced the Cu atoms in the structure. In the intermediate Ni metal content range from about 21 to 40% the vacant centre position became available. After filling the centre position, substitution of Cu for Ni occurred up to a Ni content of about 80% (Cu0.8Ni3.2N) which is the solid solubility limit of Ni in Cu3N. The film resistivity decreased rapidly by adding nickel to the Cu3N structure from about 10(9)mu Omega.cm without any Ni doping to about 100 mu Omega.cm with 80% Ni in the metal content. After filling the centre position the change in resistivity when Cu atoms were substituted for Ni was very small. Finally, the growth mechanism, texture and microstructure changed significantly with the uptake of Ni atoms in the structure.
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| 7. |
- Lindahl, Erik, et al.
(author)
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Gas-Pulsed CVD for Film Growth in the Cu-Ni-N System
- 2012
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In: Chemical Vapor Deposition. - : Wiley. - 0948-1907 .- 1521-3862. ; 18:1-3, s. 10-16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new ternary solid solution, Cu3-xNix+yN, is prepared by gas-pulsed CVD at 260 degrees C. Gas pulses of the precursor mixtures Cu(hfac)2+NH3 and Ni(thd)2+NH3, separated by intermittent ammonia pulses, are employed for the deposition of Cu3N and Ni3N, respectively. A few monolayers of the nitrides are grown in each CVD pulse and then mixed by diffusion to produce the solid solution. The metal content of the solid solution can be varied continuously from 100% to about 20% Cu, which means that the electrical properties can be varied from 1.6eV (band gap of Cu3N) to metallic (Ni3N). This is of interest for various applications, e.g., solar energy, catalysis, and microelectronics.
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| 8. |
- Magnusson, Thomas, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Ensuring protection and competitiveness : Characteristics of market formation for biogas
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background and research questionPresenting possible solutions to environmental problems such as air quality, greenhouse gases, nutrient recirculation, organic waste and wastewater management, biogas is highly relevant for sustainability transitions. Besides biogas producers, the production and use of biogas engages actors from several sectors, including energy and gas distribution, waste management and wastewater treatment, agriculture, vehicles and transport.The formation of markets for biogas depends on policy interventions at different levels, from the local municipality via the national government to the EU commission. By contrast to other European countries, which tend to subsidize biogas production, the Swedish government has the intention to stimulate demand and to favor the use of purified biogas (biomethane) as a vehicle fuel. While biomethane currently has a strong position as an alternative to fossil fuels in certain niches (notably public transport buses), the Swedish biogas sector faces challenges to reach beyond these narrow market segments.Adopting a market constructivist perspective, this paper will analyze the formation of markets for biogas in Sweden. The following research question will guide the analysis: What characterizes market formation in this case and based on that, what is possible to learn about market formation in relation to sustainability transitions? TheoryMarketing scholars increasingly consider market formation as on-going processes, which a multitude of actors influence through their strategies, activities and capabilities. To understand market formation it is therefore necessary to analyze activities among a wider array of actors than merely producers and their (potential) customers.Following a constructivist perspective, the offer is a core element in market formation. The offer describes the meanings and qualifications that actors impose on the object that is for sale. These meanings and qualifications constitute boundaries between actors and goods. Different actors engage to define the object, as well as its meanings, qualifications and potential value. Without a clear view of what is being exchanged, market formation will be difficult. Market formation also includes institutions that set boundaries and rules for the market. These are neither static, nor pre-conceived; instead, they are shaped and acted upon. Actors influence institutions through dynamic and interactive processes. MethodThe paper combines quantitative and qualitative sources of data to study the Swedish biogas sector. The paper presents detailed data on production and use of biogas in Sweden 2010-2017. This quantitative data is complemented by qualitative data from interviews with representatives from key actors as well as secondary data from industry reports and other written sources. FindingsThe multitude of actors involved complicates market formation for biogas. Different meanings and qualifications are attributed to the offer. Whereas it is possible to perceive biogas as a relatively simple product – a fuel – it is also possible to perceive it as a complex system that may help solving various societal and environmental problems. Different perceptions of the offer have different implications for market formation. Depicting biogas as a complex system implies that the offer will comprise a number of different qualifications. The realization of such a complex system depends on the bonding of various actors. Once established, the bonds will protect biogas from competition. By contrast, depicting biogas as a fuel means that the value of biogas will be assessed in relation to fuel prices. Qualification will thus depend on cost competitiveness vis-a-vis other fuels.Our analysis suggests that although the contrasting perceptions of biogas cause tensions between the actors involved, the different qualifications complement each other in the market formation process. Various environmental and societal benefits makes it possible for actors argue for institutional reforms to help biogas become cost competitive, and increased competitiveness makes it attractive to establish new biogas systems.
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| 9. |
- Magnusson, Thomas, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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Industrial ecology and the boundaries of the manufacturing firm
- 2019
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In: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 23:5, s. 1211-1225
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Decisions on organizational boundaries are critical aspects of manufacturing firms’ business strategies. This article brings together concepts and findings from industrial ecology and business strategy in order to understand how manufacturing firms engage in initiatives to facilitate recycling of process wastes. Based on a distinction between waste recovery and use of the recovered resources, the article introduces a typology of four different strategies: Closed, Outsourcing, Diversification, and Open. Each strategy has a unique set of organizational boundaries and is associated with different motives and benefits for the manufacturing firm. The typology of strategies provides a conceptual contribution to assist industrial managers in strategic decision-making, and to support further studies on organizational boundaries in industrial ecology research.
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| 10. |
- Mukhamedov, Boburjon, et al.
(author)
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Tetragonal distortion in magnetron sputtered bcc-W films with supersaturated carbon
- 2022
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In: Materials & design. - : Elsevier Science Ltd. - 0264-1275 .- 1873-4197. ; 214
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carbon has a low solid solubility in bcc tungsten at equilibrium. However, metastable supersaturated solid solutions can be synthesized with magnetron sputtering. Here, we present a systematic study on the phase stability and mechanical properties of such supersaturated W-C solid solutions. H-2h scans show a split of the 200/020 and the 002 peaks for supersaturated films which is explained by a tetragonal distortion of the bcc structure. This split increases with increasing C content and is maximized at 4 at.% C, where we observe an a/b axis of 3.15-3.16 A and a c-axis of 3.21-3.22 A. We performed first-principles calculations of lattice parameters, mixing enthalpies, elastic constants and polycrystalline elastic moduli for cubic and tetragonal W-C solid solutions. Calculations show that tetragonal structure is more stable than the bcc supersaturated solid solution and the calculated lattice parameters and Youngs moduli follow the same trends as the experimental ones as a function of C concentration. The results suggest that supersaturated films with lattice distortion can be used as a design approach to improve the properties of transition metal films with a bcc structure. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 11. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Biogas in the Nordic forest industry : current state and future business potential
- 2016
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In: Industrial Efficiency 2016 - Going beyond energy efficiency to deliver savings, competitiveness and a circular economy. - : European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE). - 9789198048285 - 9789198048292 ; , s. 1-15
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The forest industry is of great importance to the Nordic countries in terms of exports and employment. Today the industry faces tough challenges related to future higher energy prices, increased competition for wood raw material, and a declining demand for traditional paper products. However, there are also possibilities related to the transition to a bio-based economy. This paper focuses on one such avenue, the business potential in using wastewater from pulp and paper mills as a basis for biogas production. The paper identifies biogas plants at Nordic mills currently operating or under construction and, positions the mills according to their decisions on how to engage in activities related to biogas production and use. Requirements for and consequences and of the different positions are discussed in terms of resources and capabilities, governance, and strategy focus.The paper shows that cost reduction is an important driver for biogas production in the pulp and paper industry, but public financial support is needed to justify the investments. Since forest firms do not view biogas production as a core business activity, external actors that can offer turnkey solutions or runt the operations may be needed to facilitate biogas production in the forest industry. While internal use of gas is an option for some mills, it is evident that external demand for biogas, i.e. as vehicle fuel, differ in the three different Nordic countries. In Norway, whose forest industry is the least significant of the three countries, the situation for external use seem to be the most promising, emphasizing the role of public policy interventions in the transport sector for the development of biogas in the forest industry.
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| 12. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, 1962-, et al.
(author)
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Copper in ultrapure water, a scientific issue under debate
- 2017
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In: Corrosion Science. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0010-938X .- 1879-0496. ; 122, s. 53-60
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The corrosion properties of copper in ultrapure water have been studied experimentally by submerging copper samples (99.9999%) in pure water for up to 29 months. The surface was first electropolished at ambient temperature, then exposed to hydrogen gas treatment at 300-400 degrees C, thereby reducing the bulk hydrogen content to 0.03 ppm. These copper samples, the water and the glassware were all then subjected to precise chemical analysis. Great care was taken to avoid contamination. After exposure, only similar to 6 mu g/L copper had accumulated in the water phase. Electron spectroscopy could not detect Cu2O or any other oxidation products containing copper.
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| 13. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Local and global market formation : the shaping of the Swedish biogas sector
- 2017
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several studies of sustainability transitions have used the technological innovation systems approach to study market introduction of renewable new energy technologies (Negro, Hekkert et al. 2007, Alkemade and Suurs 2012, Negro, Alkemade et al. 2012, Jacobsson and Karltorp 2013, Bento and Fontes 2015, Tigabu, Berkhout et al. 2015). These studies have shown that during these early stages, the new technologies and markets tend to be relatively crude. Moreover, established infrastructure, industry structures and institutional practices are often inadequate for the new technologies. This means that the new technology alternatives are rarely competitive on regular markets, which are dominated by existing technologies. Therefore, policy makers are advised to facilitate the formation of protective spaces – niches – which allow for the new technologies to enter the market (Kemp, Schot et al. 1998, Caniëls and Romijn 2008, Smith and Raven 2012). Gathering relevant stakeholders in the formation of networks, such protective spaces will nurture experimentation activities and assist the development and diffusion of knowledge. Moreover these protective spaces will empower proponents of the new technology, helping them to attract resources and build legitimacy for the new technology.While sustainability transitions literature have investigated the early stages of market introduction of renewable new energy technologies thoroughly, the critical step from having an established position in a protected niche to facilitating a broader diffusion to an actual market has received less attention in transition studies. According to Suurs and Hekkert (2009), this step would imply different kinds of innovation system dynamics, in which market formation would be an essential process and Jacobsson (2008) plead for a different set of policy instruments to support such broader market diffusion. Still the market formation processes for renewable new energy technologies are not well understood in sustainability transitions literature.Such formation processes are however well analyzed within the business to business marketing field. Araujo (2007) states that the creation of new markets can be achieved by various activities from different actors. Such market-shaping activities stretch from traditional firm level activities such as sales to activities that involve the entire markets institution e.g. changing the rules of the market (Kjellberg & Helgesson, 2007; Mele, Pels & Storbacka, 2015). In the center of a new market is the market offer. The process of qualifying the product involves different actors’ attempts to qualify desirable attributes and characteristics related to the offer (Callon et al. 2002). This process is especially important in shaping new markets since the market offer in itself is not fixed but rather something in the making. In the center of our study is the overall research question: What actors are involved in shaping the Swedish biogas market and what qualifications does these actors attribute to the product?
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ottosson, Mikael, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Shaping sustainable markets : A conceptual framework illustrated by the case of biogas in Sweden
- 2020
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In: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier. - 2210-4224 .- 2210-4232. ; 36, s. 303-320
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By merging findings from transition studies with recent literature on market-shaping, this paper outlines a conceptual framework that describes the shaping of sustainable markets. The framework comprises three critical processes: enabling exchange practices, proving the system and constructing the narrative. Individually, these processes generate different kinds of value – traded, demonstrated and expected value – and the value output from each process serves as input to the other two processes. Hence the value streams link the processes together. We illustrate the framework by analyzing market-shaping processes for biogas in Sweden. The case analysis shows how public and private actors have engaged in a multitude of activities that have built up the market-shaping processes. The analysis highlights the recursive nature of sustainable market-shaping, showing how key actors must repeatedly respond to tensions resulting from growth and aspirations of growth.
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| 16. |
- Törndahl, Tobias, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Growth of Copper(I) Nitride by ALD Using Copper(II) Hexafluoroacetylacetonate, Water and Ammonia as Precursors
- 2006
-
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. - : The Electrochemical Society. - 0013-4651 .- 1945-7111. ; 153:3, s. C146-C151
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Films of copper(I) nitride were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using copper(II) hexafluoroacetylacetonate, water, and ammonia as precursors. Introduction of a water pulse in the ALD cycle was found to be crucial for initiating film growth on both amorphous SiO2 and single-crystalline α-Al2O3(001) substrates. The water pulses generated an oxidic copper monolayer, which in a subsequent ammonia pulse was converted to the nitride. The films have been grown in the temperature range from 210to302°C . Phase pure films of Cu3N were obtained up to 265°C . At higher deposition temperatures such as 283°C , phase mixtures of Cu3N and Cu were obtained. For temperatures above 302°C films of only Cu were grown. Film growth rate was the same on the two different substrates. The films were randomly oriented on SiO2 . Completely intact films were obtained at a thickness of 20nm . The optical bandgap of the films was measured to be 1.6eV .
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| 17. |
- Zubkins, Martins, et al.
(author)
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Deposition of Ga2O3 thin films by liquid metal target sputtering
- 2023
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In: Vacuum. - : Elsevier BV. - 0042-207X .- 1879-2715. ; 209, s. 111789-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reports on the deposition of amorphous and crystalline thin films of Ga2O3 by reactive pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering from a liquid gallium target onto fused (f-) quartz and c plane (c-) sapphire sub-strates, where the temperature of the substrate is varied from room temperature (RT) to 800 degrees C. The deposition rate (up to 37 nm/min at RT on f-quartz and 5 nm/min at 800 degrees C on c-sapphire) is two to five times higher than the data given in the literature for radio frequency sputtering. Deposited onto unheated substrates, the films are X-ray amorphous. Well-defined X-ray diffraction peaks of 13-Ga2O3 start to appear at a substrate temperature of 500 degrees C. Films grown on c-sapphire at temperatures above 600 degrees C are epitaxial. However, the high rocking curve full width at half maximum values of X2.4-2.5 degrees are indicative of the presence of defects. A dense and void-free microstructure is observed in electron microscopy images. Composition analysis show stoichiometry close to Ga2O3 and no traces of impurities. The optical properties of low absorptance (<1%) in the visible range and an optical band gap of approximately 5 eV are consistent with the data in the literature for Ga2O3 films produced by other deposition methods.
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