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Sökning: WFRF:(Padyab Mojgan 1976 )

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1.
  • Ander, Magnus, et al. (författare)
  • Elchockvapen som hjälpmedel vid polisiära ingripanden : En vetenskaplig utvärdering av Polismyndighetens försöksverksamhet med elchockvapen 2018-2019
  • 2020
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • BAKGRUND: Ur ett internationellt perspektiv har det, inom polisen, under de senaste åren skett en ökning i använ­dandet av mindre dödliga vapen. Dessa vapen används för att ta kontroll över potentiellt farliga och icke samarbetsvilliga personer. Ett vanligt förekommande mindre dödligt vapen är elchockvapen (ECV). Elchockvapen har fram till 2018 inte använts i Sverige, men Polismyndigheten har under åren 2018–2019 genomfört en försöksverksamhet med ECV.SYFTE: Syftet med undersökningen var att utvärdera Polismyndighetens försöksverksamhet med ECV, samt att undersöka vilken legitimitet polisens användning av ECV har bland allmänheten.METOD: Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa data samlades in för att utvärdera försöket med ECV. Mätningar före, under, och i slutet av försöksverksamheten genomfördes med hjälp av en enkät. Enkäten besvarades av två grupper av poliser; en grupp som ingick i försöksverksamheten med ECV samt en kontrollgrupp poliser som inte ingick i försöksverksamheten. För att fördjupa förståelsen för enkätresultaten genom­fördes djupintervjuer och fokusgruppsintervjuer med poliser som hade erfarenhet av ECV under för­söksverksamheten. För att undersöka legitimitetsaspekter utifrån ett medborgarperspektiv genomför­des fokusgrupper med deltagare från allmänheten. Data från Polisens arbetsskadesystem LISA inhämtades för att undersöka ECV:s inverkan på skador hos poliserna.RESULTAT: Enkätresultaten visade inga skillnader mellan delaktiga och kontrollgrupp när det gäller upplevelse av stressfulla situationer. Upplevelsen av trygghet vid ingripanden med hög grad av motstånd eller när polisen blir fysisk angripen har dock ökat för de poliser som deltagit i ECV­försöket, jämfört med kon­trollgruppen. Intervjuresultaten åskådliggör också att tillgången till ECV bidrar till att minska upplevel­sen av stress i våldsamma situationer genom att ECV ökar tryggheten i sådana situationer. Intervjure­sultaten påvisar även att tillgången till ECV gör att man slipper använda andra potentiellt skadligare våldshjälpmedel såsom fysiska metoder och skjutvapen. Enkätresultatet visar ingen skillnad mellan de som ingick i försöksverksamheten och kontrollgruppen när det gäller att utsättas för hot, våld eller motstånd, eller att polis eller motpart blir skadade. Resultaten från intervjuer och fokusgrupper syn­liggör att poliserna upplever att ECV fyller en viktig funktion. Poliserna ser enbart fördelar med ECV och vissa menar att det är det bästa verktyg som de har fått. ECV upplevs kunna rädda liv, minska skad­or på polis och motpart, samt förbättra arbetsmiljön för poliser. Intervjuer och fokusgrupper pekar på att deltagarna upplever att ECV har en de­eskalerande inverkan, vilket både kan minska våldsanvänd­ningen, och förebygga våld mot polisen. Enkät­ och intervjuresultaten indikerar att ECV bidrar till en minskad användning av andra hjälpmedel såsom batong och pepparspray, vilka ofta ger mer skador på både motpart och polis. Deltagarna från allmänheten har uppfattningen att ECV är ett effektivt och bra verktyg för polisen, men lyfter vikten av att det finns en lyhördhet gällande vilka situationer som den används i och mot vem.SLUTSATSER: Utifrån våra enkätresultat är det svårt att dra några säkra slutsatser kring hur användandet av ECV in­verkar på skador hos poliser och motpart. Erfarenheterna bland de delaktiga är dock att risken för våld och skador minskar markant, vilket är en viktig indikator. Tillgången till ECV kan öka trygghet och minska stress i ingripandesituationer där kraftigt motstånd och våld förekommer. ECV kan även mins­ka användandet av pepparspray och batong, och det finns indikationer på att ECV har använts istället för skjutvapen. ECV kan underlätta val av hjälpmedel vid ingripanden med hög grad av hot och våld och kan ha en de­eskalerande inverkan. Polisens användande av våldshjälpmedel, inklusive ECV, upp­levs berättigat av informanterna från allmänheten. 
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2.
  • Backteman-Erlanson, Susann, 1958-, et al. (författare)
  • Exploration of the WOCQ tool in relation to gender and psychometric properties among Swedish patrolling police officers
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Police work is a stressful occupation with frequent exposure to traumatic events. In Sweden knowledge about coping strategies among police personnel is absent probably due to lack of validated measurements. Aim of this study was to explore psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ) among Swedish police personnel, including testing differential item functioning (DIF) for gender. The WOCQ was sent out to 1554 randomly selected patrolling police officers in Sweden. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used. A six factor solution was confirmed with differences and similarities compared to the original eight factor solution. DIF analysis showed similarities and differences in relation to gender. We suggest that the WOCQ can be used when investigating coping strategies in a Swedish police context. 
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3.
  • Blom-Nilsson, Marcus, Fil. dr, et al. (författare)
  • Samsjuklighet, substansanvädning och psykisk ohälsa
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Effektiv insatsplanering vid svår substansanvändning. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144155180 ; , s. 121-132
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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4.
  • Blom Nilsson, Marcus, et al. (författare)
  • Sexual Abuse and Future Mental Health Hospitalization in a Swedish National Sample of Men Who Use Opioids
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of addiction medicine. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1932-0620 .- 1935-3227. ; 14:4, s. e24-e28
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Experiences of trauma, specifically sexual abuse, have been linked to both mental health and substance use disorders. This study used 14 years of Swedish health registry data to select a sample of adult men who reported frequent opioid use and assessed if those with a self-reported history of sexual abuse had a higher likelihood of hospitalization for a mental health disorder.Methods: A Swedish longitudinal (2003–2017) registry study linked Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessments completed with individuals who sought treatment for substance use disorders with data on hospitalizations for mental health disorders, and assessed associations with self-reported histories of sexual abuse among men who reported sustained and frequent use of opioids (n¼1862). Cox regression methods tested associations and controlled for age, and the7 ASI composite scores: family and social relationships, employment, alcohol use, drug use, legal, physical health, and mental health.Results: The ASI composite score for mental health (hazard ratio[HR] 16.6, P<0.001) and a history of sexual abuse (HR 1.93,P<0.001) were associated with an elevated risk of future mental health hospitalization.Conclusion: Both the ASI composite scores for mental health andself-reported history of sexual abuse reflected complex needs amongmen who used opioids and increased risk for mental health hospitalization.Treatment providers should strive to provide integrated careand address the negative aspects of victimization.
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5.
  • Dejman, Masoumeh, et al. (författare)
  • Psychometric Study Using Item Response Theory of an Instrument Developed for Assessment of Iranian Mental Health Problems
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. - : Brieflands. - 1735-8639 .- 1735-9287. ; 16:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Currently, in addition to the undeniable impact of cultural factors on mental health problems’ diagnosis and treatment methods, the use of rapid, short, and intervention-based instruments can be effective in the accurate diagnosis of mental health problems, especially in the health system of developing countries.Objectives: This study aimed to validate an instrument developed for screening patients with common mental health problems using item response theory (IRT).Methods: The study was conducted in Semnan province (with Persian ethnicity), Iran, from August 2017 to February 2018. A 101-item tool consisted of district common mental health problems (i.e., depression, anxiety, and obsession), along with a functional checklist. The development of the instrument involved a pilot study and psychometric testing. The IRT-based analysis was used as the item-reduction method to evaluate the shortened tool as an appropriate screening tool. The participants were healthy individuals and patients with depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The data were analyzed using Stata software (version 15.1).Results: The study participants were 160 individuals (58.2% male) with a mean age of 36.3 ± 11.2 years. All item impact factors were within the range of 1.8-5. The mean values of clarity, simplicity, relevance, and scale-level content validity index/averaging calcu-lation method of the instrument were 96.73 ± 0.70, 97.64 ± 0.61, 98.2 ± 1.9, and 97.09 ± 0.63, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha and internal consistency coefficient were 0.88 and 0.7. Moreover, 13, 5, and 12 items were excluded using IRT from depression, anxiety, and OCD dimensions based on the threshold criteria, respectively.Conclusions: Iranian screening tools for mental health problems can provide qualified information with the least error and the most precision in appropriate early diagnosis and decrease the burden of mental health problems in the national healthcare system.
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6.
  • Emsing, Mikael, 1980- (författare)
  • Conflict management & mental health among Swedish police officers & recruits
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Introduction: An essential part of police work is handling people in distress, often related to some form of conflict that police officers are expected to handle in a professional manner. Thus, interpersonal and conflict management skills are essential for police officers. Further, police work has been hailed as one of the most complex and stressful jobs that one can have. While important progress has been made in relation to how the complex and stressful nature of police work affects the individual officers - less is known about the timing and onset of these effects. Similarly, while there is a growing body of research into police conflict management, more research is needed to deepen our understanding of police conflict management, not least in the Swedish context. The overall aim of the present thesis was to contribute to existing knowledge about police work by investigating conflict management and mental health among Swedish police recruits and officers.Materials and methods: The present thesis used a mixed-methods approach and is built on four sub-studies. Sub-study 1 examined the evidence base for current practices, methods, and training in conflict management by means of a scoping review. Sub-study 2 used semi-structured interviews to examine how police officers perceived conflict and conflict-management and their training within the subject. Results from sub-study 2 where also used increating items for the instrument developed in sub-study 4. Sub-study 3 used a quantitative design to examine the mental health status of Swedish police recruits using the SCL-90 questionnaire. Sub-study 4 documented the initial steps towards developing an instrument to measure conflict behaviors and attitudes to conflict management among police officers and evaluated the psychometric properties of this instrument.Results: A large proportion of the studies included in the scoping review were conducted in the US and manyfocused-on use of force. The results also indicate that a lack of available data, unified definitions and experimental as well as longitudinal research designs makes it difficult to draw causal conclusions regarding the effectiveness of training in conflict management. In the interviews, respondents described conflict largely in terms of interpersonal conflicts, and focused less on intrapersonal conflict. The complexity and importance of the role played by instructors during probationary training was also salient in their descriptions. As for mental health status, recruits overall reported scores that where similar to the general population. A small number of recruits (n = 15) reported scores that where above the patient mean of the Swedish general population in the corresponding age group. The intended factor structure of the instrument developed could not be operationalized in the instruments current form, but the instrument could still provide insights and provides a basis for further development of the instrument.Conclusions: To enhance our understanding on police conflict management, scholars and police departments should work together to agree upon unified definitions on key concepts related to this topic. More research using longitudinal and experimental designs are needed to further develop training interventions related to conflict management. While a small number of recruits reported scores above the Swedish patient mean, extant research has indicated that stigmas surrounding mental health among police could lead to unconstructive coping behaviors. Further research on mental health among not only Swedish police officers but also recruits, could focus on helpseeking-behaviors and stigmas related to mental health to provide valuable insights on the topic. The instrument developed within the present thesis needs further development but nonetheless represents a first step towards examining individual differences in relation to police conflict management behaviors and attitudes towards conflict.
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7.
  • Emsing, Mikael, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Trajectories of Mental Health Status Among Police Recruits in Sweden
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-0640. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The stressful and complex nature of police work and its adverse effects on mental health are well-documented in police research. The mental health of police students however, has not been given the same attention. To the best of our knowledge, studies on the mental health of Swedish police recruits have not been undertaken since 2010.Objectives: The present study aims to examine whether there are differences in the mental health between two cohorts (2009 and 2020) of Swedish police recruits, as well as to compare the mental health of both cohorts with the general population data collected in 2002.Methods: Data was collected using the SCL-90-R survey. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and independent sample T-tests. Bi-variate analyses including t-test and chi-square were used to examine differences in sociodemographic variables between the two cohorts.Results: A total of 376 police recruits participated in the study. Results indicated no significant differences between the cohorts with regards to the three global indices of the SCL-90-R: Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Total (PST), and Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI). Recruits with a college degree had lower scores on GSI and PSDI, similar to respondents that where in a relationship vs. singles. A total of 15 (four female) recruits had GSI scores above the Swedish patient mean. Compared with the general population, males and females from the 2009, as well as females from the 2020 cohorts had lower or insignificantly different mean scores on all global indices, with males from the 2020 cohort having a significantly lower PST score.Conclusions: While the vast majority of recruits had results that where indicative of a low prevalence and intensity with regards to mental health disorders, some recruits did score above the Swedish patient mean. While mental preparedness is part of the curriculum for Swedish police recruits, interventions targeting the stigmas of poor mental health could be of value. The fact that educational attainment appears to have a positive impact on the mental health of police recruits, could be taken in to consideration when recruiting future police officers.
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8.
  • Eriksson, Malin, 1969-, et al. (författare)
  • Ensamkommande ungdomars placering vid SiS särskilda ungdomshem : Placeringsmotiv, problembild och insatser
  • 2021
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Under år 2017 var nästan 33 procent av samtliga pojkar placerade på SiS, ensamkommande ungdomar. För SiS innebär gruppen ensamkommande ungdomar nya utmaningar genom språkbarriärer och komplex  problematik.Syftet med rapporten är att bidra till ökad kunskap om på vilka grunder ensamkommande ungdomar placeras på SiS, hur placeringsinsatsen organiseras och om insatserna under placeringen skiljer sig jämfört med insatserna för andra placerade ungdomar. Rapporten fokuserar på följande forskningsfrågor: Vilka motiv ligger till grund för ensamkommande ungdomars placering på SiS? Vilka problem avser en SiS-placering lösa? Finns det skillnader mellan hur olika aktörer uppfattar motiv och problem vid SiS-placering? Vilka insatser genomförs under placeringstiden och hur uppfattas dessa? Skiljer sig användningen av särskilda befogenheter i hanteringen av ensamkommande ungdomar jämfört med andra placerade ungdomar?Svaren på forskningsfrågorna baseras på intervjuer med SiS-personal, socialsekreterare och ensamkommande ungdomar placerade vid SiS, avidentifierade journaler samt data ur klient- och institutionsadministrativa system (KIA).Resultaten visar att två övergripande och delvis motstridiga bilder framträder vad gäller motiv för placering av ensamkommande ungdomar på SiS. Å ena sidan finns uppfattningen att ensamkommande ungdomar har en komplex problematik vilket motiverar placering på SiS. Å andra sidan uppfattas en del av de ensamkommande på SiS som felplacerade eller placerade på för vaga grunder. De insatser som ges under placeringen handlar till stor del om att ge struktur, fasta ramar och upprätta en vardag, vilket SiS har goda förutsättningar att lyckas med inom ramen för den strukturerade tvångsvårdsmiljö som erbjuds. Insatser som avser att hjälpa ensamkommande ungdomar att ”uppnå drogfrihet” eller ”komma ifrån en kriminell livsstil” har dock sämre förutsättningar att lyckas inom SiS, då dessa insatser utformas med det svenska språket och ”svenska bärande samhällsnormer” som grund. När det gäller användandet av särskilda befogenheter, visar resultaten att dessa används i lägre utsträckning för ensamkommande jämfört med andra ungdomar.
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9.
  • Falahat, Katayoun, et al. (författare)
  • Determining the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy interventions based on the transdiagnostic approach in the treatment of common mental health problems : Presenting an experience from the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Brain and Behavior. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2162-3279 .- 2162-3279. ; 12:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: There is growing support to develop transdiagnostic approaches that provide new insights into mental health problems and cut across the existing traditional diagnostic boundaries all over the world. The present study was conducted to test the transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy (TCBT) approach in treating patients with common mental health problems and evaluate its effectiveness compared to the current treatment settings of the healthcare system.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Semnan Province, north of Iran. The study took pace in urban health centers. A sample of 520 Iranian adults, tested as positive on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, were enrolled. Participants who received a score above the cut-off point in any of the three mental health disorders (depression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorder [OCD]) based on the locally validated study instrument were randomly allocated to the study. The intervention group received TCBT during eight sessions provided by trained general health service providers without previous mental health training; the standby control group received Mental Health Services as Usual (MHSU). The post-test interviews were conducted using the study instrument after the completion of both group treatments.Results: A total of 459 individuals (87.8% female) ultimately entered the study. The withdrawal rate was 24% (53 participants in the TCBT and 56 in the MHSU). Reduction in depression, anxiety, and OCD symptoms was significant within each group and when comparing TCBT and MHSU (mean difference).Conclusion: This trial recommends that the transdiagnostic CBT approach can be effective in improving common mental health problems and functions among individuals by trained general healthcare providers in the primary healthcare system. The results can be more useful in decision making when defining the process of providing mental healthcare in the National Primary Healthcare System.
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10.
  • Ghazinour, Mehdi, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Are the problems and motives clear enough? : A study on the placement of unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors at compulsory care institutions in Sweden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Journal of Refugee Studies. - : Oxford University Press. - 0951-6328 .- 1471-6925. ; 34:2, s. 1675-1694
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SNBIC) is an independent governmental agency that provides compulsory care for minors with psychosocial problems, criminal behavior, and substance abuse. During recent years, a noticeable number of the youth placed at compulsory care institutions have been asylum-seeking minors who have arrived in Sweden without parents or guardians. This steady increase in placements has raised questions and concerns among the involved actors regarding the motives and needs underlying these placements. This qualitative study investigates the main motives that lead unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors to be placed at SNBIC residential homes and the problems that are to be solved during their placement, according to social workers and SNBIC staff. The study is based on 28 in-depth interviews with social workers and SNBIC staff. Findings indicate clear disagreement between social workers and SNBIC staff with regard to the motives for placing unaccompanied minors at SNBIC homes. Although the social workers and SNBIC staff explain that most of the unaccompanied youth placed at SNBIC homes have some form of criminal behavior or substance abuse, SNBIC staff believe, in some cases, the problem is not sufficiently serious to warrant compulsory care. As these disagreements and misunderstandings between the actors have an impact on their collaboration and, consequently, the situation of the unaccompanied minors, all attempts to reach a consensus on the leading causes for placement and the problems that need to be solved with SNBIC placement would increase security for both the young people and the relevant staff.
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11.
  • Ghazinour, Mehdi, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Den psykiska hälsan hos poliser som arbetar i yttre tjänst i särskilt utsatta områden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Socialmedicinsk Tidskrift. - : Stiftelsen Socialmedicinsk tidskrift. - 0037-833X. ; 98:2, s. 290-302
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Artikelns syfte är att belysa den psykiska hälsan hos svenska poliser som arbetar i yttre tjänst. Polisernas psykiska hälsa är ett viktigt forskningsområde med tanke på hur polisen arbetar i samhället. Att utföra enkla och svåra arbetsuppgifter ställer höga krav på polisens mentala processer. I den här artikeln uppmärksammar vi poliser i yttre tjänst som arbetar i särskilt utsatta områden i Stockholmregionen. Det självskattade frågeformuläret DSM-5 om psykisk hälsa har insamlats och analyserats med hjälp av beskrivande statistik. Resultatet visar att stigande ålder och att leva i en parrelation är skyddsfaktorer mot psykisk ohälsa hos dessa poliser.
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12.
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13.
  • Ghazinour, Mehdi, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Personality and mental health changes throughout the course of university police training in Sweden
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Nordisk Politiforskning. - : Universitetsforlaget. - 1894-8693. ; 6:1, s. 7-23
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Police trainees have to be prepared for future job demands and challenges. Personality plays an important role in stress management. The first assessment of a longitudinal investigation was conducted among 103 Swedish police trainees to study their personality changes and mental health responses in first two weeks after intake. Fifty-two of these trainees, who participated in the second assessment, were included in the analysis. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used to measure personality, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) was used to measure mental health. A multiple regression analysis was performed with personality scores from the first assessment as independent variables and SCL-90-R scores as dependent variables. Over two years, minor changes were found in the police trainees’ personality characteristics, which seemingly fit the demands of policing and are potentially valuable in the trainees’ future careers. Personality characteristics are predictors of mental health at the end of university training.
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14.
  • Ghazinour, Mehdi, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Police stress in the swedish context : Development and psychometric properties of the police stress identification questionnaire
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing. - : Universitetsforlaget. - 2703-7045. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Policing is recognised as a stressful occupation. Stress is known to correlate with health problems. This study aimed to extend the available police stress measures and provide an instrument to measure the extent to which different stressors are perceived in general Swedish police work using the Police Stress Identification Questionnaire (PSIQ). The sample comprised patrolling police officers from 20 local police districts or units in all seven regions in Sweden (n=539). The 42 items of the PSIQ were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, and the factor structure was tested on the second random half of the data using confirmatory factor analysis. The final model comprised 40 items that were loaded on five factors. Future studies should focus on a broader range of stressors and on populations other than patrolling police officers.
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15.
  • Ghazinour, Mehdi, 1967-, et al. (författare)
  • Polisens stresshantering och hälsa
  • 2022. - 1
  • Ingår i: Polisiärt arbete i utsatta områden. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144140957 ; , s. 267-283
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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16.
  • Grahn, Robert, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Associations between a risky psychosocial childhood and recurrent addiction compulsory care as adult
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Sage Publications. - 1455-0725 .- 1458-6126. ; 37:1, s. 54-68
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Treatment for substance use disorder (SUD), results, in general, in improvements in terms of both drug use and social functioning. However, there are clients who are in need of repeated treatment. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify, for adults in compulsory care for severe SUD, the association between reporting having experienced a risky psychosocial childhood and repeated entries into the Swedish compulsory care system for SUD.Method: Hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analysis methods were used to analyse data from the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS) database. The sample included 2719 adults assessed at their compulsory care intake. The study examined the association between history of institutional care, family with SUD or psychiatric problem and repeated compulsory care entries as an adult controlling for main drug, age and gender.Results: In the regression model the factor with the strongest association with repeated compulsory care intakes for SUD, was as a child having been in mandated institutional care (OR = 2.0 (1.60–2.51)). The proportion of the total effect that is mediated through LVU (law (1990:52) the care of young persons (special provisions) act) was 33% for SUD problems in family during childhood, 44% for psychiatric problems in family during childhood, and 38% for having been in foster care.Conclusion: Having been in mandated institutional care as a youth was strongly associated with repeated compulsory care for SUD as an adult. This is concerning since receipt of services as a child is supposed to mediate against the consequences of risky childhood conditions. These adults, as a group, are in need of a well-coordinated and integrated system of extensive aftercare services to reduce the likelihood of re-entry into compulsory care for an SUD.
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17.
  • Grahn, Robert, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • The Associations between Risky Psychosocial Environment, Substance Addiction Severity and Imprisonment: A Swedish Registry Study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Substance Use & Misuse. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1082-6084 .- 1532-2491. ; 55:5, s. 697-706
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Both childhood and adult psychosocial stressors have been identified as links to both increased risk for substance use disorder (SUD) and increased risk of imprisonment. The aim of this retrospective study is to identify, for a sample of 14,914 adults who all were assessed for risky substance use or a SUD, the importance of having a history of psychosocial stressors compared to current addiction severity. The analyses control for age, gender and education on the likelihood of future imprisonment. Method: Baseline Addiction Severity Index data (ASI) were merged with national registry data on prison sentences from 2003 to 2016. In the analysis, a Cox regression was used to study the association between independent variables and the likelihood of future imprisonment. Results: In the regression, five variables showed significant association to increased risk of imprisonment: ASI drugs other than alcohol Composite Score (positive relationship), ASI alcohol Composite Score (negative relationship), age (younger), education (lower) and parental problems with drugs other than alcohol. The factor with strongest association with imprisonment was the ASI drugs other than alcohol Composite Score, which showed the highest HR = 10.63 (3.50–32.31) for women and HR = 5.52 (3.77–8.08) for men to predict the likelihood of imprisonment. Discussion: Research is needed on why individuals with history of psychosocial stressors have a higher likelihood of imprisonment compared to their counterparts. Findings indicate that a high ASI Composite Score for drugs other than alcohol are strong predictors of future criminality and criminal justice system involvement.
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18.
  • Grahn, Robert, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • The predictability of the Addiction Severity Index criminal justice assessment instrument and future imprisonment : a Swedish registry study with a national sample of adults with risky substance use
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Drug And Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier. - 0376-8716 .- 1879-0046. ; 217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: In Sweden, social workers uses the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) as their main assessment tool when assessing individuals with risky substance use (RSU) or substance use disorder. The aim of this study is to identify among individuals with RSU, the associations of ASI Composite Scores (CSs) with future imprisonment controlling for age, education level and gender.Method: Baseline ASI-data was merged with national registry data on prison sentences (2003–2016). Cox regression was used to estimate the associations between CSs for alcohol, drugs other than alcohol, legal, family and social relationships, employment, mental- and physical health and future imprisonment for adults (n = 14,914) assessed for RSU.Results: The regression showed that all ASI CSs, age, education level and gender were significantly associated with imprisonment post ASI base-line assessment. The variables with the strongest association with imprisonment were ASI legal CS, followed by ASI drugs other than alcohol CS, ASI employment CS and being a male. ASI legal score showed the strongest association with imprisonment, with a 6 time increase in likelihood of imprisonment.Discussion: Given the findings in this study, the strong significant association between ASI legal CS and future imprisonment, it seems as that the ASI-assessment instrument is a reliable and trustworthy assessment tool to use in clinical work. This should motivate social workers and other clinical health professionals to use and rely on the ASI assessment in their intervention planning for clients with RSU, to hopefully reduce future imprisonment and improve their social situation.
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19.
  • Hansson, Jonas, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • How the availability and adequacy of social support affect the general mental health of Swedish police officers
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 14
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Police work is stressful. A protective function against work stress and harm to mental health is social support, either within or outside work. This cross-sectional study analyzes the associations of quantitative (availability) and qualitative (adequacy) aspects of social support with general mental health among Swedish police officers. A total of 728 officers responded to a national survey. Bivariate analyses (t-test and chi square) identified continuous and categorical variables (respectively) statistically significantly associated with sex and social support. Pearson correlation coefficient was provided to indicate the associations between general mental health and different types of social support. Sex-stratified logistic regression modeling calculated crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and assessed the relationships between different types of social support, sociodemographic variables and general mental health. The findings show that low adequacy of attachment is associated with poorer mental health among female officers, although female officers also reported higher availability of both social interaction and attachment compared to male officers. We found an association between low work-related social support and poorer mental health among single male police officers. Moreover, police officers who worked shifts, were younger, had less work experience, and/or had no children reported higher availability of attachment, whereas older police officers reported higher adequacy of social interaction compared to younger police officers. Variation in the quantity and quality of close social relationships seems to be important to mental health. Police organizations need to be aware of this in their efforts to make the work environment more supportive. Social support might create an environment where officers feel more comfortable discussing their mental health concerns and seeking assistance. 
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20.
  • Hansson, Jonas, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Swedish Police Officers' Job Strain, Work-Related Social Support and General Mental Health
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. - : Springer. - 0882-0783 .- 1936-6469. ; 32:2, s. 128-137
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigated the association between psychosocial job characteristics and general mental health among police officers and the extent to which social support at work plays a role in this association. The findings are based on a cross-sectional survey. A written questionnaire was assessed by 714 police officers volunteered to participate in the study. The participants completed a series of validated instruments assessing job demand, control and social support at work (JDCS); general mental health (GHQ); and sociodemographic characteristics. High job strain was associated with low levels of work-related social support. Moreover, poor mental health was associated with low levels of work-related social support, active work and high job strain. The joint effect of high job strain and low levels of work-related social support had a significant effect on poor mental health. Work-related social support buffered job strain to some extent. Workforce health promotion policies should attempt to reduce job strain and emphasise the importance of work-related social support. Knowledge about police officers' general mental health and policymakers' support for police officers may have positive effects on the performance of the police force.
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21.
  • He, Amy S., et al. (författare)
  • A Swedish national study : Immigrant-country of birth status and child welfare compulsory care among a sample of parents with risky substance use
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect. - : Elsevier. - 0145-2134 .- 1873-7757. ; 101
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Sweden has a high percentage of foreign-born residents (18.5 %) and one of the highest overdose death rates in Europe. For immigrant parents with risky substance use (RSU), risk factors associated with immigration status (e.g., economic strain and psychological stress) potentially heightening the risk of involvement with the child welfare system (CWS). Using Swedish registry national data, this study explored the relationship between immigration-country of birth status, psychosocial risk factors, and child compulsory care for parents with RSU.Methods: Study sample consisted of 5932 parents from 65 Swedish municipalities assessed for psychosocial problems (including alcohol and drug use) using the Addiction Severity Index (2007–2017). Stepwise multinomial logistic regression models examined the relationship between immigration-country of birth status (Swedish born, Nordic-born, and non-Nordic born), psychosocial problems, and compulsory care in the CWS.Results: Compared to Swedish-born parents, parents not born in Sweden, Norway, Denmark or Finland (non-Nordic born parents) had a lower probability of children living in compulsory care (family homes or institutions). However, after accounting for psychosocial problems, immigration status was no longer significantly associated with children’s living arrangements.Conclusions: Study findings indicate that parental immigrant status (even among parents dealing with RSU) in itself is not a risk factor for compulsory care in the CWS. Moreover, parental employment and health problems posed greater risk for children being in compulsory care. Receipt of targeted services for employment and health problems may help to maintain stable child living arrangements for immigrant parents dealing with RSU.
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22.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • A Multidimensional Latent Class Analysis of Harmful Alcohol Use Among Older Adults : Subtypes Within the Swedish Addiction Severity Index Registry
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of addiction medicine. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1932-0620 .- 1935-3227. ; 14:4, s. e89-e99
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: The present study aimed to identify multidimensional typologies of harmful alcohol use based on the Swedish Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment data on individuals aged 50 years and above.Methods: Latent class analysis examined 11 indicators from ASI data on 1747 individuals (men = 1255, women = 492) who reported they were troubled by alcohol problem at least one day in the past 30 days before their assessment. The discriminative validity of the classes was assessed by comparing other measures of individual characteristics and problem severity of other ASI dimensions.Results: Five subtypes of harmful alcohol use were identified. Two classes with alcohol problems varying in psychosocial functioning, age composition and ages of onset of both regular and heavy drinking. Two with psychiatric comorbidity but varying in violence, criminality, gender composition and ages of onset of regular and heavy drinking. One with high prevalence of concurrent use of other substances, psychiatric, legal, and employment problems.Conclusions: The analysis identified, in a national sample, heterogeneous risk groups of older adults with harmful alcohol use. These findings suggest a need for healthcare providers to assess older adults not only for their substance use but also for associated problems and needs. Given these findings, the Addiction Severity Index is a valuable assessment tool for older adults with harmful alcohol use.
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23.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985- (författare)
  • Alcohol and aging : a multimethod study on heterogeneity and multidimensionality
  • 2023
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Background and Objectives: With an ageing population, the number of older persons with substance use problems, particularly problematic alcohol use, is increasing. Despite grow­ing recognition of the negative consequences of problematic alcohol use on older persons, there is a dearth of knowledge about the alcohol use profiles and the dimensionality of alcohol problems in older people. Moreover, little is known about older persons’ experi­ences and perspectives on alcohol use in relation to their ageing and their personal goals regarding treatment and recovery. This thesis aimed to (i) describe the characteristics of older persons who accessed municipal substance use treatment and care services (addic­tion services) and to investigate their future hospitalization; (ii) examine the heterogeneity and multidimensionality of problematic alcohol use among older persons; and (iii) to shed light on the experiences and perspectives of older persons regarding ageing, alcohol prob­lems and recovery.Methods: For studies I-III, municipal Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment data (between 2003 and 2017) from adults aged 50 years and older were used to select the study samples. Generalized linear regression models investigated hospitalization related out­comes among 3624 older persons in Study-I. In Study-II, a latent class analysis was applied on ASI data from 1747 individuals with alcohol problems. Study-III linked the ASI data from Study-II to hospital discharge and mortality data forming time-to-repeated-event dataset; Andersen-Gill regression model with a robust variance estimator was used for the analysis. Study-IV applied qualitative content analysis on interview data from ten older persons re­cruited from a specialist outpatient clinic for alcohol treatment. Results: Nearly three-fourth of older persons assessed for substance use severity at municipal addiction services were later hospitalized (Study-I). Individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders, psychiatric or dual diagnoses had more cumulative hospitalized days, higher rates of hospital readmissions, and shorter time to first admission following an initial ASI assessment at municipal addiction services (Study-I). Five distinct groups of older persons with comparable alcohol problem severity but with variation in onset age, psychiatric comorbidities, polysubstance use, social support and gender composition were identified (Study-II). The five groups varied in risks of repeated hospitalizations due to substance use and psychiatric disorders (Study-III). Older persons experienced their ageing and alcohol use having a dynamic interplay (Study-IV). They needed to constantly negotiate with their environment to maintain a positive ageing trajectory. They perceived moderate alcohol use fosters healthy ageing, but over time, experienced their alcohol use as unsustainable and a threat to their pursuit of healthy ageing. Stigma and ambivalence delayed treatment seeking (Study-IV). They accessed treatment programs which re­spected their preferences and autonomy, engaged them in goal setting and strengthened their agency. After reducing their alcohol use, positive changes in their biopsychosocial functioning encouraged them to continue their recovery journey even in the presence of setbacks (Study-IV).Conclusion: Most older persons who access municipal addiction services are hospitalized repeatedly. Many older persons with alcohol problems live with medical and psychiatric comorbidities suggesting multiple care needs from health and social care services. Incor­porating older persons’ desire for healthy ageing into alcohol treatment plan can facilitate treatment engagement and recovery. Many older persons aim to moderate their alcohol consumption. Clinicians can deliver person-centered care for older persons, by consider­ing their heterogeneity in treatment goals, biopsychosocial functioning, and available re­sources. A multidimensional identification of alcohol use profiles could improve treatment by establishing the variation in alcohol problems among older treatment seekers. Older persons stay engaged in alcohol treatment programs which value their experiences and expertise, incorporate their personal treatment and life goals, respect their autonomy and agency, and involve them as active participants. Sensitizing service providers on old age substance use problems could provide multiple points of contact for screening of older persons and earlier referral to treatment. A streamlined data sharing within and between health and social care services fosters timely and equitable care and facilitates an inte­grated and person-centered care across the continuum. 
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24.
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25.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Hospital admission rate, cumulative hospitalized days, and time to admission among older persons with substance use and psychiatric conditions
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-0640. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Substance use among older persons occurs with medical and psychiatric comorbidities. This study examined the associations of substance use disorder (SUD), psychiatric, and dual diagnoses with 12-month cumulative hospitalized days, hospital admission rate and number of days to first hospitalization.Methods: The cohort of 3,624 individuals (28.2% women) aged 50 years or older was assessed for substance use severity in 65 Swedish municipalities during March 2003–May 2017. Addiction Severity Index data were linked to hospital discharge records and crime statistics. The outcomes were (a) 12-month cumulative hospitalized days; (b) Hospital admission rate, and (c) days to first hospitalization. Generalized linear regression techniques investigated associations between outcomes and SUD, psychiatric and dual diagnoses at admission.Results: During 2003–2017, 73.5% of the participants were hospitalized. Twelve-month hospitalized days were positively associated with SUD (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.26–1.58), dual diagnosis (IRR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.74–2.36), and psychiatric diagnoses (IRR = 2.51, 95%CI: 2.09–3.01). Hospital admission rate was positively associated with SUD (IRR = 4.67, 95%CI: 4.28–5.08), dual diagnosis (IRR = 1.83, 95%CI: 1.64–2.04), and psychiatric diagnoses (IRR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.55–1.92). Days to first hospitalization were negatively associated with SUD (IRR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.47–0.58), dual diagnosis (IRR = 0.57, 95%CI: 0.50–0.65), and psychiatric diagnoses (IRR = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.73–0.93). The marginal effects of SUD and/or mental disorders increased with age for all outcomes, except for days to first hospitalization.Conclusion: Three of four older persons assessed for substance use severity were later hospitalized. Substance use disorders, dual diagnoses and other mental disorders were the primary reasons for hospitalization and were associated with longer stays, earlier hospitalization, and repeated admissions. Sensitizing service providers to old age substance use and sharing data across the care continuum could provide multiple points of contact to reduce the risk of hospitalizations among older persons with problematic substance use.
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26.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Recurrent risk of hospitalization among older persons with problematic alcohol use : a multiple failure‐time analysis with a discontinuous risk model
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Addiction. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 117:9, s. 2415-2430
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background and Aims: Older persons with problematic alcohol use vary in psychosocial functioning, age of onset for problem drinking and use of other drugs. The study measured the differential risks of all-cause, alcohol, polydrug and psychiatric-related repeated hospitalizations among older persons with problematic alcohol use.Design: A linked register-based cohort study with discontinuous multiple-failure (time-to-repeated-event) data. Hospitalization and mortality were considered as failure.Setting: Sweden, March 2003-November 2017, using data from the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) register linked to National Inpatient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register.Participants: 50 years and older (n= 1741; 28% women), with one or more alcohol problem days in the 30 days before an ASI assessment.Measurements: Five mutually exclusive latent classes of problematic alcohol use, identified with eleven ASI items, were the independent variables: “Late Onset with Fewer Consequence (LO:FC; reference group)”; “Early Onset/Prevalent Multi-Dimensional problems (EO:MD)”; “Late Onset with co-occurring Anxiety and Depression (LO:AD)”; “Early Onset with co-occurring Psychiatric Problems (EO:PP)”; and “Early Onset with major Alcohol Problem (EO:AP)”. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, previous hospitalization and Elixhauser comorbidity index. Outcome measurements included recurrent hospitalization, and/or mortality due to: (a) all-cause, (b) alcohol-related disorders and diseases (c) polydrug use (d) other psychiatric disorders.Findings: During the study period, 73.2% were hospitalized at least once, 57.3% were alcohol-related, 8.5% polydrug use and 18.5% psychiatric-related diagnoses. Compared with LO:FC, EO:PP had higher risk for all-cause (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]= 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.02—1.59) and alcohol-related (aHR= 1.34, 95% CI= 1.02—1.75) hospitalizations. Adjusted risks for polydrug-related hospitalization were 2.55, 95%CI= 1.04—6.27 for EO:MD and 2.62, 95%CI= 1.07—6.40 for EO:PP. Adjusted risk for psychiatric-related hospitalization was higher for LO:AD (aHR= 1.78, 95%CI= 1.16—2.73 and EO:PP (aHR= 2.03, 95%CI= 1.22—3.38).Conclusions: Older addiction service users in Sweden have varying risks of hospitalization due to alcohol use, polydrug use and psychiatric disorders. Older persons with problematic alcohol use who have multiple needs and are assessed in social services may benefit from earlier interventions with an integrated focus on substance use and mental health.
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27.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Studying the trajectories and mediators of old-age problematic alcohol use and the agency of older persons
  • 2023
  • Annan publikationabstract
    • Unit of analysis: IndividualPopulation: Older people aged between 61 and 73 years who have sought treatment for alcohol at a specialist outpatient clinic in a metropolitan city in Sweden.Time Method: Cross-sectionSampling procedure: Non-probability: PurposiveThe study participants were purposefully recruited from a specialist outpatient alcohol treatment clinic located in a Swedish metropolitan city. To be eligible for the study, participants had to be 55 years or older, had to self-report a history of problematic alcohol use and treatment for alcohol use after the age of 50. Individuals who were unable or unwilling to provide informed consent or participate in the interview via Zoom, Skype, or telephone were excluded from the study.Time period(s) investigated: 2021-12 – 2022-04Number of individuals/objects: 10Data format / data structure: Text
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28.
  • Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Substance Use Disorders and COVID-19 : Multi-Faceted Problems Which Require Multi-Pronged Solutions
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-0640. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • COVID-19 shocked health and economic systems leaving millions of people without employment and safety nets. The pandemic disproportionately affects people with substance use disorders (SUDs) due to the collision between SUDs and COVID-19. Comorbidities and risk environments for SUDs are likely risk factors for COVID-19. The pandemic, in turn, diminishes resources that people with SUD need for their recovery and well-being. This article presents an interdisciplinary and international perspective on how COVID-19 and the related systemic shock impact on individuals with SUDs directly and indirectly. We highlight a need to understand SUDs as biopsychosocial disorders and use evidence-based policies to destigmatize SUDs. We recommend a suite of multi-sectorial actions and strategies to strengthen, modernize and complement addiction care systems which will become resilient and responsive to future systemic shocks similar to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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29.
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30.
  • Kohlström, Kirsi, 1968-, et al. (författare)
  • Policy Ideals for a Reformed Education : Police Students' Occupational Attitudes in a Time of Change
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: 9th International Conference on Researching Work and Learning. ; , s. 1-15
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper examines discrepancies between educational objectives expressed in police vocational education policy and police recruits' views on knowledge and anticipatory occupational expectations. From a global perspective, police institutions in many countries are currently undergoing substantial professional reorientations in light of societal developments such as transforming demographics, increased societal diversity, changing public demands on police service delivery and crime patterns that are increasingly transnational and globalised. In sum, these developments have been suggested to be leading to increased complexity in the police's fulfilment of their professional obligations and new demands on police professional knowledge. In the context of police education, these shifts are visible on a policy level wherein experiential approaches to policing are increasingly substituted for problem-oriented and evidence-based policing which builds on theory, evaluation and utilisation of research. On the level of police educational curricula, traditional subjects, such as law enforcement, investigation and crime control, are increasingly complemented with subjects such as cultural awareness, communication and gender and diversity training. Given these broad developments, the present study investigates how the uptake of new educational ideas and practices is perceived by students undergoing police education. Previous research has put forth that educational content at variance with the occupational practices and culture of the police runs a considerable risk of being disapproved by police recruits and by extension has little or no impact on student learning. Drawing on a Swedish national survey (n=369) targeting Swedish police students in their fourth term of police education, the present paper investigates discrepancies between policy objectives and students attitudes towards 'new' subjects. The survey measures students values and attitudes towards different areas of police educational content. The results indicate that skill areas such as communication, flexibility and diversity are considered more important to emphasise in education by female students than male students. Based on the results, the authors discuss how ideas regarding policing which are promoted on a policy level may influence the development of new kinds of skills in police practice. Discrepancies between official rhetoric and police educational practice are discussed in terms of how such gaps may counteract the development of new kinds of expertise and knowledge within the occupational community of the police.
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31.
  • Larsson, Ellinor, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of a social Internet-based intervention programme for older adults : An explorative randomized crossover study
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Sage Publications. - 0308-0226 .- 1477-6006. ; 79:10, s. 629-636
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Restraints and changes in social activities might contribute to loneliness and health decline for older adults. To reduce loneliness and support activities, social internet-based interventions are indicated to be effective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a social internet-based intervention for older adults who are vulnerable to loneliness.Method: An explorative, randomised, crossover study with an AB/BA sequence was completed. The intervention was conducted over a period of three months. Thirty participants were included (24 women and six men, 61-89 years old) and allocated to two groups. Data were collected at three time points. The primary outcome was the UCLA loneliness scale, and the secondary outcomes were satisfaction with social contacts and social interaction skills. Statistical analyses were conducted with the paired t-test, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test and repeated-measures analysis of variance.Results: Loneliness was significantly decreased in both groups post intervention, and satisfaction with social contacts online significantly increased in one group. Significant treatment effects were detected for all outcomes.Conclusion: The results of the social internet-based intervention programme are promising, but further evaluations are needed
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32.
  • Lukumay, Gift G., et al. (författare)
  • Provision of post-crash first aid by traffic police in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania : a cross-sectional survey
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: BMC Emergency Medicine. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-227X. ; 18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The availability of prehospital trauma care is an important means of reducing serious injuries and fatalities associated with road traffic injuries (RTIs). Lay responders such as traffic police play an important role in the provision of prehospital trauma care to RTI victims, especially where there is no established prehospital care system. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate knowledge, self-reported practice, and attitudes toward post-crash first aid among traffic police officers in Tanzania. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between July-September 2017 to investigate knowledge, self-reported practice and attitude among traffic police officers during provision of post-crash care. We used simple random technique to recruit 340 traffic police officers, self -administered questionnaires were used to collect data. The researchers used descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests to analyze the data.Results: A total of 340 traffic police officers were surveyed. Nearly two thirds (65.3%) reported having had post-crash first aid on-the job training; a slightly larger proportion (70.9%) reported that they had cared for RTI victims in the previous year. The survey responses showed that, generally, traffic police officers' level of knowledge about post-crash first aid to RTI victims was low-about 3% of the surveyed officers possessed knowledge at a level considered good. Also, there was a statistically significant correlation between higher educational attainment and greater knowledgeability (p = 0.015). Almost all of the officers (96%) had a positive attitude toward providing post-crash first aid to RTI victims.Conclusions: Improved training of Tanzania traffic police officers, by means of an updated post-crash first aid curriculum and updated resources is recommended. Also, user-friendly post-crash first aid leaflets should be provided to traffic police for their reference.
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33.
  • Lundgren, Lena, et al. (författare)
  • Frequency and recency of non-medical opioid use and death due tooverdose or suicide among individuals assessed for risky substance use : Anational registry study in Sweden
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sweden and many other countries have experienced increases in suicide and accidental overdose deaths. Ananalysis examined the associations between recency of non-medical opioid misuse and frequency of use of nonmedicalopioids with death due to either suicide or accidental overdose within a sample of 15,000 Swedish adultswho completed an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment for risky substance use or a substance use disorder.Methods and materials: Suicide (n = 136) and death due to overdose (n = 405) were identified in the official Causeof Death Registry from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Control variables included demographiccharacteristics and risks associated with either overdose or suicide. Cox regression analyses controlledfor variables statistically significantly at the bivariate level.Results: At the multivariable level: a) a higher (modified) ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) history ofsuicide attempt; c) having used non-medical opioids for 1–2 times per week for at least a year; d) history ofinjection drug use; and, e) early onset of drug use, were all significantly and positively associated with death dueto suicide. At the multivariable level: a) a higher the revised ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) recency ofuse of non-medical opioids; c) frequency of non-medical opioid use; d) being a male; and e) being of ages 18–24years compared to ages 43–51 years were all positively and significantly associated with death due to accidentaloverdose.Conclusion: These findings underscore the need to integrate mental health and substance use disorder treatmentand provide suicide and overdose prevention interventions for individuals with an opioid use disorder. Recencyand frequency of non-medical opioids were only associated with death due to overdose and not suicide. However,other drug use related variables (using opioids 1–2 times per week for at least a year, early onset of drug use anddrug injection) were significantly associated with death due to suicide.
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34.
  • Lundgren, Lena, et al. (författare)
  • Immigration Status and Substance Use Disorder-related Mortality in Sweden : A National Longitudinal Registry Study
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of addiction medicine. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 1932-0620 .- 1935-3227. ; 13:6, s. 483-492
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives: First-generation immigrants, in many countries, are healthier than their native counterparts. This study examined the association between first- and second-generation immigrant status and alcohol- or drugs other than alcohol-related (primarily opioids) mortality for those with risky substance use.Methods: A Swedish longitudinal, 2003 to 2017, registry study combined Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment data with mortality data (n = 15 601). Due to missing data, the analysis sample for this study was 15 012. Multivariate models tested the relationship between immigration status and drugs other than alcohol or alcohol-related mortality, controlling for demographics and the 7 ASI composite scores (CS).Results: Age, a higher ASI CS for alcohol, a lower ASI CS family and social relationship, a lower ASI CS for drug use and a higher ASI CS for health significantly predicted mortality because of alcohol-related causes. Higher ASI CS for drugs other than alcohol, employment, and health, age, male sex, and immigration status predicted drugs other than alcohol, related mortality. Individuals born in Nordic countries, excluding Sweden, were 1.76 times more likely to die of drugs other than alcohol compared with their Swedish counterparts. Individuals born outside a Nordic country (most common countries: Iran, Somalia, Iraq, Chile) were 61% less likely to die of drugs other than alcohol compared with their Swedish counterparts. Those with parents born outside Nordic countries were 54% less likely to die of drugs other than alcohol.Discussion: Research is needed on why people with risky substance use from Nordic countries (not Sweden) residing in Sweden, have higher mortality rates because of drugs other than alcohol (primarily opioids drugs other than alcohol compared with the other population groups in our study). Findings indicate that ASI CSs are strong predictors of future health problems including mortality due to alcohol and other drug-related causes.
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35.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • A comparative study of stress experienced by Swedish and Norwegian police officers
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Health Services. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2813-0146. ; 3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Police officers work in a variable environment under different circumstances and often involves stressful situations. This include working irregular hours, ongoing exposure to critical incidents, confrontations and violence. community police officers are mainly out in the society and have daily contact with the general public. critical incidents can also consist of being criticized and stigmatized as a police officer, both from the public but also lack of support from their own organization. There is evidence on negative impacts of stress on police officers. However, knowledge about the nature of police stress and its various types is insufficient. It is assumed that there are common stress factors which are universal among all police officers in different contexts but there is a lack of comparative studies to provide empirical evidence. The aim of this study is to compare different types of stress among police officers in Norway and Sweden and how the pattern of experiencing stress has changed over time in these countries.Methods: The study population consisted of patrolling police officers from 20 local police districts or units in all seven regions in Sweden (n = 953) and patrolling police officers from four police districts in Norway (n = 678). A 42-item Police Stress Identification Questionnaire was used to measure the stress level.Results: The findings show differences in types of stressful events as well as its severity among police officers in Sweden and Norway. The level of stress decreased over time among Swedish police officers whereas it showed no change or even an increase among the Norwegian participants.Discussion: The results of this study are relevant for policy-makers, police authorities and lay police officers in each country to tailor their efforts to prevent stress among police officers.
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36.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Burnout, coping, stress of conscience and psychosocial work environment among patrolling police officers
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. - : Springer. - 0882-0783 .- 1936-6469. ; 31:4, s. 229-237
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Police personnel work under different circumstances in various environments involving stressful situations which can increase the risk of burnout. Aim of this study was to investigate the association between burnout (emotional exhaustion, EE vs. depersonalization, DP) and psychosocial work environment, stress of conscience as well as coping strategies among patrolling police officers in Sweden. Most of the independent variables; psychological demand, decision latitude, social support, and coping scales were correlated with EE and DP. A hierarchical multiple regression was performed to investigate the predictive impact of; psychological demand, decision latitude, social support, coping strategies and stress of conscience. Findings revealed that risk of EE increased with a troubled conscience for both women and men when coping strategies were added to the model. For men risk of DP increased with troubled conscience. Only low decision latitude was associated with risk of DP for women when coping strategies were added to the model. Results from this study indicate that stress of conscience has to be taken into consideration and also levels of social support and decision latitude when studying the influence of the psychosocial work environment on burnout.
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37.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Client violence and mental health status among Iranian social workers : A national survey
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Social Work. - : Oxford University Press. - 0045-3102 .- 1468-263X. ; 42:1, s. 111-128
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Client violence towards social workers is common and its impact on their practice, physical and psychological health is well documented. The majority of research in this field has emerged from the UK and USA, and is limited in developing countries such as Iran. Thus, the aim was to determine the one-year prevalence of client violence in Iran and its association with the mental health status of social workers. A national survey of 390 social workers from the Centres for Socially Injured People affiliated to the Social Affairs Department of the State Welfare Organisation, Iran, was conducted. The results showed that 67 per cent of Iranian social workers had experienced violence with a considerably higher magnitude of psychological violence than physical violence. Psychological violence was associated with poorer health characterised by physical symptoms, anxiety and sleep disorders, and social dysfunction.
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38.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976- (författare)
  • Client violence toward Iranian social workers : A national study
  • 2011
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Introduction   Client violence toward social workers has become recognized as a common problem, and major concern has been raised with regard to its impacts on the workers’ practice, and physical and psychological health. More than half a century has passed since the social work profession was established in Iran, and yet client violence and the associated health-related consequences remain unexplored. This thesis aims to address this gap in knowledge. Methods   A national survey was conducted involving 390 social workers from the Centres for Socially Injured People (CSIP), affiliated to the Social Affairs Department of the State Welfare Organization, Iran. The survey included self-administered questionnaires, namely, the Workplace Violence in the Health Sector questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), the Ways of Coping questionnaire, the Burnout Measure, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. Results   A high proportion of CSIP social workers (67%) have experienced violence. Psychological violence was about three times more common than physical violence. A high tendency of not reporting psychological violence to managers/supervisors was found. Psychological violence was associated with poorer mental health. Social workers with experience of psychological violence were found to be more worried about occurrences of violent events. Worrying about violence was significantly correlated with poorer mental health. Active coping had a direct effect on health, suggesting a poorer health status with more frequent use of active coping. Burnout was experienced by 10.9% of social workers, and 17.4% were found to be at risk of developing burnout symptoms. Low self-esteem and experience of violence were associated with burnout. Conclusion   The results suggest the importance of not neglecting cases of client violence and of putting the health and safety of social workers on top of the agenda. A victimized social worker with limited resources at work needs to note that coping skills may reduce the impact of stressors, not only by changing the stressors themselves, but also by changing how the social worker responds to them.
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39.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Demografiska skillnader i utfall
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Effektiv insatsplanering vid svår substansanvändning. - Lund : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144155180 ; , s. 111-120
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
  •  
40.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Drop-out from the Swedish addiction compulsory care system
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Evaluation and Program Planning. - : Elsevier. - 0149-7189 .- 1873-7870. ; 49, s. 178-184
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Drop-out of addiction treatment is common, however, little is known about drop-out of compulsory care in Sweden. Data from two national register databases were merged to create a database of 4515 individuals sentenced to compulsory care 2001-2009. The study examined (1) characteristics associated with having dropped out from a first compulsory care episode, (2) the relationship between drop-out and returning to compulsory care through a new court sentence, and (3) the relationship between drop-out and mortality. Methods: Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to address Aim 1 and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was applied to respond to Aims 2 and 3. Findings: Age and previous history of crime were significant predictors for drop-out. Clients who dropped out were 1.67 times more likely to return to compulsory care and the hazard of dying was 16% higher than for those who dropped-out. Conclusion: This study finds that 59% of clients assigned to compulsory care drop-out. Younger individuals are significantly more likely to drop-out. Those who drop out are significantly more likely to experience negative outcomes (additional sentence to compulsory care and higher risk of mortality). Interventions need to be implemented that increase motivation of youth to remain in compulsory care. 
  •  
41.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Factor structure of the Farsi version of the ways of coping questionnaire
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 42:8, s. 2006-2018
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite burgeoning research on coping with stress and its crucial role on people's psychological and physical well-being, there is a dearth of psychometrically established instrument for use in Iran to measure coping. A Farsi translation of the Ways of Coping questionnaire (WOC) was administered to 739 participants from Tehran, Iran. The factor structure of the WOC was assessed with both explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses. A 7-factor structure model with some important similarities and differences to the original version from the United States was confirmed. The Farsi version of WOC was found to have good construct reliability and model fit and has considerable potential to be used in future coping research among Iranian populations.
  •  
42.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Going It Alone in Later Life : A Comparative Analysis of Elderly Women in Sweden and Spain
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Family Issues. - : Sage Publications. - 0192-513X .- 1552-5481. ; 40:8, s. 1038-1064
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article compares the determinants of living alone in later life in Spain and Sweden, two countries with relatively similar levels of economic development from a global view point but different family systems and institutional contexts. With microdata coming from census (Spain) and linked administrative registers (Sweden), logistic regression techniques, including a nonlinear regression–based decomposition of differences between, are used to estimate the weight of different factors behind the residential choices of elderly women. Theoretical expectations are validated. Levels of living alone are associated with age, childlessness, marital status, and education in both populations. Population characteristics (compositions effects) explain only a small part of the differences in living alone between both countries, while behaviors (rate effects) account for the larger part of the variation. Therefore, among elderly women proximate determinants of living arrangements produce different outcomes in different sociocultural environments largely determined by existing family systems.
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43.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Is Clinical Assessment of Addiction Severity of Individuals with Substance UseDisorder, Using the Addiction Severity Index, A Predictor of Future InpatientMental Health Hospitalization? A Nine-Year Registry Study
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Dual Diagnosis. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1550-4263 .- 1550-4271. ; 14:3, s. 187-191
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: In Sweden, the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) is the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare's recommended substance use disorder assessment tool and used routinely for patient intakes. Our study of 213 individuals assessed for substance use disorder with the ASI used nine years of the National Patient Register and examined whether clinical social workers' assessments of addiction severity at baseline were associated with later hospitalizations for mental health disorder (MHD). Methods: ASI composite scores and interviewer severity rating were used to measure clients' problems in seven areas (mental health, family and social relationships, employment, alcohol, drug use, health, and legal) at baseline. A stepwise regression method was used to assess the relative importance of ASI composite scores, MHD hospitalization two years prior to baseline, age, and gender for MHD hospitalization seven years post-baseline. Results: Almost two-thirds of the individuals (63%) were hospitalized at least once for MHD in the seven years post-baseline. At the multivariable level, MHD hospitalization prior to baseline was the strongest predictor of future MHD hospitalization, followed by ASI composite scores for drug use, employment, mental health and, last, male gender. Conclusions: A key finding is that higher ASI composite scores for drug use and mental health are predictors of future need for MHD treatment. Future studies will replicate this effort with a national population of individuals with substance use disorder.
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44.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Socioeconomic inequalities and body mass index in Västerbotten County, Sweden : a longitudinal study of life course influences over two decades
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: International Journal for Equity in Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1475-9276. ; 13, s. 35-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • INTRODUCTION: Life course socioeconomic inequalities in heart disease, stroke and all-cause mortality are well studied in Sweden. However, few studies have sought to explain the mechanism for such associations mainly due to lack of longitudinal data with multiple measures of socioeconomic status (SES) across the life course. Given the population health concern about how socioeconomic inequality is related to poorer health, we aim to tackle obesity as one of the prime suspects that could explain the association between SES inequality and cardiovascular disease and consequently premature death. The aim of this study is to test which life course model best describes the association between socioeconomic disadvantage and obesity among 60 year old inhabitants of Västerbotten County in Northern Sweden.METHODS: A birth cohort consisting of 3340 individuals born between 1930 and 1932 was studied. Body mass index (BMI) at the age of 60 and information on socioeconomic status at three stages of life (ages 40, 50, and 60 years) was collected. Independent samples t-test was used to compare BMI between advantaged and disadvantaged groups and one-way ANOVA was used to compare BMI among eight SES trajectories. We applied a structured modeling approach to examine three different hypothesized life course SES models (accumulation, critical period, and social mobility) in relation to BMI.RESULTS: We found sex differences in the way that late adulthood socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with BMI among inhabitants of Northern Sweden. Our study suggests that social adversity in all stages of late adulthood is a particularly important indicator for addressing the social gradients in BMI among women in Northern Sweden and that unhealthy behaviors in terms of smoking and physical inactivity are insufficient to explain the relationships between social and lifestyle inequalities and BMI.CONCLUSION: In order for local authorities to develop informed preventive efforts, we suggest further research to identify modifiable risk factors across the life course which could explain this health inequality.
  •  
45.
  • Padyab, Mojgan, 1976-, et al. (författare)
  • Unaccompanied minors and court mandated institutional care : A national registry-based study in Sweden
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Children and youth services review. - : Elsevier. - 0190-7409 .- 1873-7765. ; 109
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Sweden received, in 2016, 40% of EUs asylum seeking unaccompanied minors (UAM) (individuals less than 18 years of age). Some of these youth end up in a court mandated compulsory-care institution within months upon their arrival. A key concern is the appropriateness of UAMs ending up in an institutional care system which is aimed at youth with significant criminal justice, violence and/or drug problems. A second concern is that UAMs in compulsory care may display behavioral and acting out behaviors while in care due to their history of trauma and confusion regarding being institutionalized. The research question examined is whether UAMs in compulsory care receive more restrictive actions by compulsory care staff compared to their counterparts who are non-UAMs.Materials and methods: The research team used national compulsory-care registry data from 2014-2016 to compare a range of restrictive actions taken by institution staff between UAMs versus non-UAMs while in care. Differences in the rate of compulsory care restrictive actions reported between UAMs and non-UAMs, while in care, were examined using chi-square test and Poisson regression methods.Results: A total of 2398 children and youth were placed in compulsory institutional care during the study period, of whom 423 (17.5%) were unaccompanied. The Poisson regression model identified that being subjected to body search, limited body inspection, drug use testing, and care in locked unit were used significantly less often for UAMs individuals compared to non-AUMs. In addition, repeated number of intakes in compulsory care and number of dropouts were lower among UAMs during this time period.Conclusion: The finding of this national registry study revealed that restrictive actions by institutional staff within compulsory care were significantly less common for UAMs versus non-UAMs. This study roughly suggests that the Swedish policy makers overseeing NSBIC need to consider and evaluate other care alternatives for UAMs, in addition to youth compulsory institutional care.
  •  
46.
  • Rantatalo, Oscar, et al. (författare)
  • Erfarenheter och effekter av reflektionsinriktad portfoliometod
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Reflektion som professionsverktyg inom polisen. - Umeå : Enheten för polisutbildning, Umeå universitet. - 9789178553334 - 9789178553341 ; , s. 53-63
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
  •  
47.
  • Reher, David Sven, et al. (författare)
  • The COVID-19 pandemic in an aging world
  • 2020
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Since death rates from the COVID-19 are highest among the oldest, the impact of the current pandemic in a given society depends to a large extent on the share of elderly persons and their living arrangements. Whereas the former is well known, the latter is not. Arguably, contagion itself and the severity of its symptoms are likely to vary among elderly persons living alone, co-residing with family members or dwelling in institutions. Arguments in favour and against the premise that single-living elderly are better able to self-isolate can be made. Long-term care facilities have worsened the effects of the epidemic because they have often become death traps in some but not all countries. Once contagion takes place, living arrangements can make a huge difference in the way the disease can be managed by the individual, his family and society. Properly understanding the dynamics of contagion and the handling of the disease in terms of living arrangements of elderly people is essential for effectively tackling future outbreaks of similar epidemics.
  •  
48.
  • Requena, Miguel, et al. (författare)
  • Women living alone in later life : A multicountry comparative analysis
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Population, Space and Place. - : Wiley. - 1544-8444 .- 1544-8452. ; 25:7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper compares the determinants of living alone among elderly women in six countries (Tanzania, Kyrgyzstan, Indonesia, Brazil, Spain, and Sweden) with very different family systems, policy contexts, levels of development, and socio-economic characteristics. Different factors behind the residential choices of elderly women are estimated by means of logistic regression. Decomposition models are used to assess the extent to which observed differences between countries correspond to specific population compositions or to other factors. Although the importance of all independent variables for living alone is shown to be strong and statistically significant, persistent intercountry disparities in behaviour linked to levels of familism and development remain. Population composition explains only a small part of the observed differences in living alone. Economic development provides an important underlying explanation for the incidence of living alone among women, but many specific differences can also be explained by societal characteristics such as family systems and available policy options.
  •  
49.
  • Sandström, Glenn, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Changes in demographic and socioeconomic determinants of living alone among women in Sweden and Japan since the 1990s
  • 2021
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The increase in one-person household (OPHs) in the developed world is often seen as theresult of a trend where family solidarity is replaced by individualistic values and behaviourswhere the Nordic countries have been identified as forerunners in this development. In Asia,countries such as Japan have reached equal levels of economic development but retainelements of a strong family system and exhibit a much more asymmetric gender regime.This study compares the changes in the demographic and socioeconomic composition ofOPH women in Sweden and Japan between 1990 and 2016. The probability to be an OPHhousehold is analysed by means of logistic regression models using microdata covering the entire population in Sweden and the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan. In Sweden, the growth of the female OPH population has halted and shifted to a decline compared to Japan where it has increased rapidly since the 1990s. The analysis finds increasing similarities between the countries in the age patterns and urban-rural differences while persistent contrast in the impact of women’s socioeconomic status and family history remains salient. The findings provide evidence that the transformation of women’s economic role does not result in an ever-increasing shift towards “less” family. Rather, living arrangements depend on the extent to which gender regime adapts to increased economic self-sufficiency among women. These findings highlight the need for preparedness for continued increases of the OPH population among policymakers in economically developed strong family societies such as Japan 
  •  
50.
  • Sandström, Glenn, 1971-, et al. (författare)
  • Convergence and persistent contrasts in the determinants of working-age women in Sweden and Japan living alone since the 1990s
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Genus - Journal of Population Sciences. - : Springer. - 2035-5556. ; 79:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The increase in one-person households (OPHs) in the developed world is often seen as the result of a trend in which individualistic values and behaviors are replacing family solidarity. Nordic countries have been identified as frontrunners in this development. In Asia, equally developed countries like Japan retain elements of a strong-family system and an asymmetrical gender regime, simultaneously as they are experiencing rapid increases in OPHs. This article aims to uncover how the demographic and socioeconomic composition of OPHs have developed since the 1990s among working-age women in Sweden and Japan. Our results show that, in particular, civil status and income play different roles for OPH-living in Sweden and Japan. In contrast to Japan, the level of OPHs remained stable over time in Sweden, and even declined among women with high incomes. This suggests that the negative association between family formation and women’s economic activity is temporary and only prevails as long as society has not adapted to the convergence of men’s and women’s socioeconomic roles. The findings are discussed in light of the "second demographic transition" and "dual equilibrium theory".
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