| 1. |
- Moberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
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| 2. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Thorlacius, Guðný Ella, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and clinical basis for two distinct subtypes of primary Sjögren's syndrome
- 2021
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Ingår i: Rheumatology. - : Oxford University Press. - 1462-0324 .- 1462-0332. ; 60:2, s. 837-848
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesClinical presentation of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) varies considerably. A shortage of evidence-based objective markers hinders efficient drug development and most clinical trials have failed to reach primary endpoints.MethodsWe performed a multicentre study to identify patient subgroups based on clinical, immunological and genetic features. Targeted DNA sequencing of 1853 autoimmune-related loci was performed. After quality control, 918 patients with pSS, 1264 controls and 107 045 single nucleotide variants remained for analysis. Replication was performed in 177 patients with pSS and 7672 controls.ResultsWe found strong signals of association with pSS in the HLA region. Principal component analysis of clinical data distinguished two patient subgroups defined by the presence of SSA/SSB antibodies. We observed an unprecedented high risk of pSS for an association in the HLA-DQA1 locus of odds ratio 6.10 (95% CI: 4.93, 7.54, P=2.2×10−62) in the SSA/SSB-positive subgroup, while absent in the antibody negative group. Three independent signals within the MHC were observed. The two most significant variants in MHC class I and II respectively, identified patients with a higher risk of hypergammaglobulinaemia, leukopenia, anaemia, purpura, major salivary gland swelling and lymphadenopathy. Replication confirmed the association with both MHC class I and II signals confined to SSA/SSB antibody positive pSS.ConclusionTwo subgroups of patients with pSS with distinct clinical manifestations can be defined by the presence or absence of SSA/SSB antibodies and genetic markers in the HLA locus. These subgroups should be considered in clinical follow-up, drug development and trial outcomes, for the benefit of both subgroups.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Fiskbestånd och miljö i hav och sötvatten : Resurs- och miljööversikt 2012
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta är den nionde utgåvan av den samlade översikten över fisk- och kräftdjursbeståndens status i våra vatten. Kunskap om fiskbestånden och miljön är en förutsättning för att utnyttjandet av fiskresurserna skall bli bärkraftigt. För svenska vattenområden beskrivs miljöutvecklingen i ett ekosystemsperspektiv, dels för att tydliggöra fiskens ekologiska roll och beskriva yttre miljöfaktorer som påverkar fiskbestånden, dels för att belysa fiskets effekter på miljön.Fiskbestånd och miljö i hav och sötvatten är utarbetad av Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Institutionen för akvatiska resurser (SLU Aqua), på uppdrag av Havs- och vattenmyndigheten. Rapporten sammanfattar utveckling och beståndsstatus för de kommersiellt viktigaste fisk- och kräftdjursarterna i våra vatten. Bedömningar och förvaltningsråd är baserade på Internationella Havsforskningsrådets (ICES) rådgivning, SLU Aquas nationella och regionala provfiskedata, samt yrkesfiskets rapportering.
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| 7. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Läkemedelsrester och andra skadliga ämnen i avloppsreningsverk - koncentrationer, kvantifiering, beteende och reningsalternativ
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Många läkemedelsrester och andra prioriterade substanser passerar igenom dagens avloppsreningsverk (ARV) och hamnar antingen i slammet eller i recipienten, ibland i nivåer som kan påverka vattenlevande organismer. Substanser som släpps ut via avlopps-reningsverk kan också anrikas i den akvatiska näringskedjan och orsaka effekter i högre organismer såsom fiskätande fåglar eller däggdjur, inklusive människor. Studier har också visat att antibiotika som hamnar i miljön kan bidra till uppkomsten av antibiotikaresistenta gener i bakterier, vilket är ett allvarligt globalt hot mot möjligheten att bota livshotande sjukdomar. Eftersom nuvarande vattenreningstekniker har utvecklats främst för att avlägsna partikulärt material samt kväve och fosfor är de oftast inte anpassade för att rena bort mikrobiellt stabila kemiska föroreningar. Utvärderingar av effektiviteten hos olika behandlingstekniker för avlägsnande av sådana ämnen baseras vanligtvis på analyser av förekomst av ett ämne i inkommande och utgående vatten från reningsverket. Det finns dock problem med detta tillvägagångssätt eftersom vissa ämnen metaboliseras till potentiellt mer skadliga substanser, som då inte automatiskt fångas i analysen. Dessutom kan vissa ämnen spontant bildas i reningsverken, vilket kan resultera i högre nivåer i utgående än i inkommande vatten. Ett ytterligare problem är att de utgående koncentrationerna ibland kan vara lägre än detektions-gränserna, men trots det ändå vara högre än eller nära etablerade risknivåer. This report is only available in Swedish.
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| 8. |
- Baresel, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances in the effluent of sewage treatment plants
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pharmaceutical residues and other emerging substances pass through modern sewage treatment plants (STPs) and end up in the receiving waters and sludge. In several studies, recipient concentrations have been detected with expected effects on aquatic organisms. Chemicals released via STPs may also enter the aquatic food-web and cause effects in higher organisms such as fish-eating birds or mammals including humans. Studies have also shown that antibiotics in the environment may contribute to the increase of antibiotic resistant genes in bacteria, which is a serious threat to our possibility to cure life-threatening diseases on the global scale. Current STP treatment technologies are usually not fit to remove microbial stable chemical pollutants and the evaluation of the removal efficiency of the STP systems applied today, is not complete. The evaluation of the removal efficiency of the substances in the STP systems is usually based on chemical analysis of the presence of certain substances in influent and effluent waters. However, there are difficulties associated with this approach, e.g. since some substances are metabolized into potentially more harmful substances which are not captured in the analysis unless they are actively sought for. Furthermore, some substances are formed in the STPs, resulting in higher levels in effluents than in influents. In addition, effluent concentrations may sometimes be lower than the analytical detection limits, yet still higher than or close to established risk concentrations emphasizing the need for developments of the analytical methods.
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| 9. |
- Dahlgren, Monica, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Entreprenörskap i högre utbildning : Dialogseminarium om entreprenörskap för att möta framtidens utmaningar
- 2015
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Ingår i: HSS2015 Högskola och samhälle i samverkan. Kalmar, Sverige. 28-29 maj 2015..
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Innovationsbehovet blir allt starkare i en komplex värld och allt större krav ställs på kompetens och entreprenöriell förmåga. En av universitetens utmaningar är att koppla samman kunskap och entreprenöriella förmågor så att studenternas kunskap sätts i arbete. Hur arbetar vi med dessa frågor i samverkan?
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of motility and piliation in pathogenic Neisseria
- 2015
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Ingår i: BMC Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2180. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The type IV pili (Tfp) of pathogenic Neisseria (i. e., N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis) are essential for twitching motility. Tfp retraction, which is dependent on the ATPase PilT, generates the forces that move bacteria over surfaces. Neisseria motility has mainly been studied in N. gonorrhoeae whereas the motility of N. meningitidis has not yet been characterized. Results: In this work, we analyzed bacterial motility and monitored Tfp retraction using live- cell imaging of freely moving bacteria. We observed that N. meningitidis moved over surfaces at an approximate speed of 1.6 mu m/s, whereas N. gonorrhoeae moved with a lower speed (1.0 mu/s). An alignment of the meningococcal and gonococcal pilT promoters revealed a conserved single base pair variation in the -10 promoter element that influence PilT expression. By tracking mutants with altered pilT expression or pilE sequence, we concluded that the difference in motility speed was independent of both. Live-cell imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that N. gonorrhoeae more often moved with fewer visible retracting filaments when compared to N. meningitidis. Correspondingly, meningococci also displayed a higher level of piliation in transmission electron microscopy. Nevertheless, motile gonococci that had the same number of filaments as N. meningitidis still moved with a lower speed. Conclusions: These data reveal differences in both speed and piliation between the pathogenic Neisseria species during twitching motility, suggesting a difference in Tfp-dynamics.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Eriksson, Jens, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Difference in twitching motility between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its relation to pilus dynamics
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Type IV pili of pathogenic Neisseria, i. e. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, are essential for initial attachment to host cells, induction of signal transduction cascades and disease development. A characteristic feature of type IV pili is their ability to retract, which generates forces that move bacteria over surfaces. However, the relation between bacterial motility and pilus dynamics remains poorly understood. In this work we analyzed bacterial motility and monitored movement of fluorescently labeled pili by live cell imaging. We found that movement of N. meningitidis occurred at higher speed and with a larger number of retracting pili than for N. gonorrhoeae. Analysis of time-lapse images suggested that N. gonorrhoeae most often moved using one retracting pilus, whereas N. meningitidis most often used four pili. There were no differences in the membrane distribution of PilT among strains. However, we found significantly higher levels of PilT in N. gonorrhoeae than in N. meningitidis. This produces a higher retraction probability, which could contribute to explaining the lower number of pili observed in N. gonorrhoeae. Finally, we propose a mechanism for how the speed of bacterial movement on a surface depends on the number of retracting pili.
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| 13. |
- Fenton, Paul David, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Stakeholder participation in municipal energy and climate planning – experiences from Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Local Environment. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1354-9839 .- 1469-6711. ; 21:3, s. 272-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article analyses the factors influencing stakeholder participation in municipal energy and climate planning, together with stakeholder experiences of participation in such processes. The article presents findings from a survey of 60 Swedish municipalities and detailed case studies of energy and climate planning in five Swedish municipalities to explore which stakeholders are involved, how and why they are involved, and the impacts of participation on both stakeholder experiences. The results of this study provide insight into the role of stakeholders in municipal energy and climate planning.The study proceeds as follows: the Introduction is followed by a discussion of theoretical perspectives on stakeholder participation and energy and climate planning. The Methods used to conduct the study are presented, followed by Results and Analysis. In the subsequent Discussion, the authors propose a conceptual approach that may assist municipalities in development of energy and climate strategies. The Analysis and Discussion inform Conclusions in which the authors advocate early and active stakeholder engagement in energy and climate strategy planning and emphasise the possible utility of their conceptual approach in supporting stakeholder participation.
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| 14. |
- Fenton, Paul David, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies : lessons from planning processes in five municipalities
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Swedish municipalities have traditionally had significant powers and played a major role in implementing national energy strategies. This paper describes the factors influencing development of municipal climate and energy plans in five Swedish municipalities and assesses the relevance and importance of these factors from theoretical and practical perspectives. The questions raised in the paper are: what are the characteristics of municipal climate and energy planning processes in the five Swedish municipalities, how do municipalities include stakeholders in the process, and in what ways do stakeholders influence outcomes? Results suggest that a number of key factors influence the development of municipal climate and energy strategies and their content. These include the importance of a clear, shared vision and engaged politicians; the size and organisational structure of the municipality and its willingness and capability to act; the organisation of the process and extent to which stakeholders have been involved and feel included; the need for clarity about financial aspects, such as planned financing of implementation; the need for greater clarity concerning selection of targets and their relevance to global climate and energy trends. By illustrating the characteristics of the municipal climate and energy planning processes in five Swedish municipalities, the study makes a contribution to the research on local governments and sustainable development in general, and specifically to the growing literature on municipal climate and energy planning. The study and its results may be used to inform policy-makers on the national and local levels about the factors influencing municipal energy planning and the importance of involving stakeholders and citizens in the strategic work to reduce climate impacts and energy consumption.
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| 15. |
- Fenton, Paul David, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies : lessons from planning processes in five municipalities
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The presentation describes the factors influencing development of municipal climate and energy plans in five Swedish municipalities and assesses the relevance and importance of these factors from theoretical and practical perspectives. This will help answers the research questions: what are the characteristics of municipal climate and energy planning processes in the five Swedish municipalities; and, what lessons can be learnt from these cases which may be applicable to other municipalities in Sweden, the EU and other countries?
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| 16. |
- Fenton, Paul David, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable energy and climate strategies: lessons from planning processes in five Swedish municipalities
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 98, s. 213-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish municipalities have traditionally had significant powers and played a major role in implementing national energy strategies. This paper describes the factors influencing development of municipal climate and energy plans in five Swedish municipalities and assesses the relevance and importance of these factors from theoretical and practical perspectives. The questions raised in the paper are: what are the characteristics of municipal climate and energy planning processes in the five municipalities, do these municipalities include stakeholders in the process, if so how, and do the stakeholders influence the content of strategies? Results suggest that a number of factors influence the development of municipal climate and energy strategies and their content. These include the importance of a clear, shared vision and engaged politicians; the size and organisational structure of the municipality and its willingness and capability to act; the organisation of the process and extent to which stakeholders not only have been involved but also felt included; the need for clarity about financial aspects, such as planned financing of implementation; and the need for greater clarity concerning selection of targets and their relevance to global climate and energy trends. The study and its results may be used to inform policy-makers on the national and local levels about factors influencing municipal energy planning and also contribute to a discussion on benefits and problems of involving stakeholders and citizens in the strategic work to reduce climate impacts and energy consumption.
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| 17. |
- Fenton, Paul, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies : lessons from planning processes in five Swedish Municipalities
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report forms part of the research project “Sustainable Energy and Climate Strategies – development and potential”, which is financed by the Swedish Energy Agency’s Sustainable Municipality programme. In this research project, case studies of the processes to develop energy strategies in five municipalities were prepared. The five municipalities were participants in the Sustainable Municipality programme’s second phase, which began in 2008, and represent different types of municipality, in terms of geography and population.This report presents analysis of the five case studies, using a policy theoretical perspective to focus on issues including how problems and solutions are identified and formulated, which solutions are proposed, which actors are included or excluded from the process, and which local resources are used or not used in the process. The report reflects on the implications of increasing stakeholder cooperation in energy planning processes and using different types of organisational approaches during the development of energy and climate strategies.Each case study began with an inventory of publically-available documents shaping the context for energy and climate strategies in each municipality. These documents were compiled in time lines showing the documents or decisions influencing energy planning in each municipality. Subsequently, group interviews were held with participants in planning processes in each of the five municipalities. In addition, individual interviews took place with stakeholders who had been active in the processes. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed. The results from the document study and interviews were then compiled in a summary of each municipality’s energy planning process, forming the basis for the analysis in this report.The case studies highlight both similarities and differences with regard to the organisation of work to develop and introduce energy strategies. All municipalities established, at an early stage, internal organisations for the process and throughout the processes, the organisational form, participants and their role, and division of tasks and responsibilities were fairly clear. For example, all five municipalities made use of Steering Groups and Working Groups, although the extent of the roles which these groups played – and the background of their members - varied. Four municipalities had a Reference Group in which external stakeholders were represented. A number of other constellations, including thematic working groups, were present in some but not all municipalities.The municipalities also took different steps in their energy planning processes and identified different drivers stimulating their activities. Participants from one municipality considered the Sustainable Municipality programme as a pivotal moment in their strategic energy work, whereas others felt the programme did not significantly influence their approach or outputs. The report identifies a number of factors influencing the development and implementation of municipal energy strategies, as well as a strategy’s scope and content.
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| 18. |
- Gustafsson (Emilsson), Sara, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Aktörssamverkan i lokala strategiska energi-och klimatplaneringsprocesser : Slutrapport från forskningsprojektet Hållbara energi-och klimatstrategier- lärdomar ch potential
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Svenska kommuner har en lång tradition av energiplanering. Dock har verkningsfullheten avkommunernas energistrategiska arbete varit föremål för diskussion. Syftet med det här projektet vardärför att analysera kommuners arbete med att ta fram och genomföra kommunala energistrategiersamt att reflektera över hur/om ett vidgat systemperspektiv genom ökad aktörssamverkan kan bidramed kunskaper till det lokala energistrategiska arbetet.Utifrån projektets resultat har vi sammanställt ett antal rekommendationer som stöd till kommuner ideras arbete med att införa, implementera och utveckla det energistrategiska arbetet. Dessarekommendationer sammanfattar också de huvudsakliga resultat som vi vill skicka med kommunernai deras arbete. Det energistrategiska arbetet bör hanteras som en del i en långsiktig verksamhet och intesom ett projekt Både kommunens politiska majoritet och opposition bör vara med i processen att utvecklaenergistrategin och de ska ha en aktiv roll under hela processen Informera och utbilda politiker om de lokala energisystemen för engagemang och delaktighet Vid målformulering bör de som berörs av målen involveras Koppla mål och åtgärder till den ekonomiska uppföljning som redan görs i kommunen. Energistrategen bör sitta i ledningsgruppen för att möjliggöra att det energistrategiskaarbetet blir en del av det övergripande strategiska arbetet För att säkra kontinuitet i arbetet bör energistrategen ha en tillsvidareanställning och inteprojektanställning Det behövs stöd för kommunernas utåtriktade energistrategiska arbete från regional ochnationell nivå. Formulera en öppen process med en bred regional systemsyn Att samverka kan bidra till mycket positivt samtidigt som det kan göra processen merkomplex. Reflektera därför över vilka aktörer som bör vara med, varför de ska involveras, näri processen de ska involveras samt hur de ska involveras. Det är möjligt att det krävs olikametoder eller struktur för olika aktörsgrupper. Utveckla en förståelse för andra aktörersperspektiv och agendor. Det är viktigt att ha en fungerande samverkan mellan kommun och lokalt energibolag
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| 19. |
- Gustafsson (fd Emilsson), Sara, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Management and stakeholder participation in local strategic energy planning : – examples from Sweden
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapid environmental degradation and consumption of natural resources is a growing global concern, leading to the awareness that environmental sustainability is a critical new strategic objective. Municipalities are important actors when it comes to energy efficiency and improve environmental sustainability. One important tool to promote this work is implementing a local energy and/or climate strategy. How such local strategies are and could be designed in order to make a difference and promote sustainable energy solutions will be in focus for this paper. In order to promote strategic energy work at the local level, the, Swedish Energy Agency initiated a program called Sustainable Municipalities. As a part of this program participating municipalities were mandated to develop local energy and climate strategies.This paper aims at creating a general overview of approaches to, and uses of, local energy strategies among the participants in the Sustainable Municipalities program. This overview includes: analyzes of whether energy plans or strategies are present, which issues these plans address, what actors that are included, and whether follow-up is pursued.We will elucidate local energy strategies from a management perspective, and discuss if and how the composition of actors influence suggested goals and measures, if there were plans for implementation and follow-ups. Our theoretical ambitions are to integrate theories on how to manage an efficient energy strategic planning and on how to achieve successful stakeholder participation. This in order to discuss weaknesses and strengths in existing municipal energy planning practices and how to improve energy planning in relation to those theories.Document studies and structured telephone interviews with representatives from 60 municipalities were used to collect data. Around 75 percent of the municipalities in the study had adopted local energy strategies. This figure is surprisingly low; given that participation in the sustainable Municipalities program required energy strategies. In general, processes to develop a strategy included different parts of the municipality, and resulted in concrete measures. There were no correlations between included actors, and measures suggested and themes in the strategies. Most commonly occurring were strategies related to public buildings and other buildings owned by municipality owned companies. The most commonly suggested measures were related to transports. Almost all respondents claimed that they performed follow-ups and that this was planned for already in the set-up phase.Ten out of sixty respondents, who mainly were managers or strategists, meant that they were they alone were the main driving actors in strategic energy issues.The studied municipalities had not adopted energy plans or strategies to a higher degree compared to other Swedish municipalities. Cooperation is often broad within the municipalities but limited when it comes to external actors. The content of the energy plans do not always reflect the content of the measures and goals. The rather limited participation in the process could affect the impact and legitimacy of the strategies in the organizations.
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| 20. |
- Gustafsson (fd Emilsson), Sara, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Management and stakeholder participation in local strategic energy planning – Examples from Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 98, s. 205-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When it comes to improving energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, municipalities are important actors. The Swedish Energy Agency initiated a program called Sustainable Municipalities to support strategic energy activities at the local level. Participating municipalities were mandated to develop local energy and climate strategies. This study gives a general overview of how the 60 participants in the Sustainable Municipalities program developed and used energy strategies. The paper focuses on analyses of whether energy plans or strategies are present, and if present, how the municipalities address the issues, what actors are involved, and whether follow-up of the strategies is pursued. The empirical data were collected using structured telephone interviews and other studies. The paper elucidates local energy strategies from a management perspective, discuss whether and how the composition of actors influences suggested goals and measures, and explore whether there were plans for implementation and follow-ups. The theoretical ambitions are to integrate theories on how to manage efficient strategic energy planning with theories on how to achieve successful participation of stakeholders. These theories are used to discuss weaknesses and strengths in existing municipal energy planning practices and potential improvements.The results from this paper show that only 75% of the municipalities adopted local energy strategies. In addition, it was revealed that the processes to develop the strategies generally included several municipal actors although other stakeholders were rarely represented. The strategies resulted in concrete measures; however, there were no clear correlations between included actors, suggested measures, and identified themes in the strategies. The rather limited participation in the process could affect the impact and legitimacy of the strategies.
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| 21. |
- Gustafsson, Sara, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Översiktlig kartläggning av kommuners erfarenheter kring energi- och klimatstrategiarbete : en enkätstudie
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kommuner har en viktig roll i att bidra till positiv utveckling inom miljö- och hållbarhetsområdet genom myndighetsutövande, som fastighetsägare, informatör och ägare av energibolag et cetera. Alla kommuner måste också, enligt svensk lagstiftning upprätta en energiplan, men flera studier visar att efterlevnaden av denna lag är låg och att dess verkningsfullhet är ifrågasatt. Därför är det intressant att studera och analysera om och hur det energistrategiska arbetet ska utformas för att göra skillnad i lokala energiplaneringsprocesser. Den här rapporten presenterar resultaten från en enkätundersökning som genomfördes vintern 2010/2011 som en deletapp av forskningsprojektet ”Hållbara energi- och klimatstrategier – lärdomar och utvecklingspotential”. Syftet med undersökningen var att ge en övergripande ögonblicksbild av Uthållig kommun-kommunernas arbetet med energistrategier. Enkätundersökningen riktades till de som står som kontaktpersoner för respektive kommun i Uthållig kommun och behandlade frågor såsom: huruvida det finns en energistrategi, vilka områden som omfattas av strategin, vilka aktörer som varit med och utarbetat den, vilka aktörer som driver energi- och klimatarbetet i kommunen, samt om energistrategiarbetet utvärderas eller följs upp. Av de 66 kommuner som kontaktades valde 60 att delta i undersökningen, vilket resulterar i en svarsfrekvens på 92 procent. Resultaten från undersökningen visar att deltagarna i uthållig kommun inte har antagit energistrategier i större omfattning än övriga svenska kommuner och att strategierna främst tagits fram i samverkan inom kommunen och med de kommunala bolagen. Mindre än hälften av kommunerna har samverkat med externa aktörer som industri, medborgare eller handel i framtagandet av strategierna. Förankringen av det energi- och klimatstrategiska arbetet i de kommunala organisationerna tycks vara god och både politiker och tjänstemän är i stor utsträckning drivande. De vanligaste åtgärdsområdena i strategierna är energieffektivisering i kommunala fastigheter och transporter. Majoriteten av kommunerna har genomfört konkreta åtgärder för att implementera strategin och alla säger sig arbeta med uppföljning. Ett stort antal olika benämningar på energistrategier identifierades bland enkätsvaren och variationerna på vad som uppges ingå i energi- och klimatstrategierna är också stor. Att variationerna finns kan förklaras med att det finns fördelar för förankringen av arbetet om arbetsmetoder och semantik anpassas för de lokala förutsättningarna och rådande kultur. Detta kan också leda till osäkerhet när det gäller jämförbarhet med andra kommuner och för samverkan med andra kommuner. Detta kommer att studeras vidare i projektets kommande etapp.
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| 22. |
- Gustavsson, Nicklas, et al.
(författare)
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Geotextiles and microplastics in Sweden - an assessment
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the EU, there are ongoing efforts that aim to reduce the presence of microplastic release to the environment. In addition to the proposed restriction under REACH of intentionally added microplastics in products, the strategy also includes measures directed towards the unintentional release of microplastics. In a public consultation, the European Commission included questions related to geotextiles and their release of microplastics. In order to map the situation in Sweden and improve knowledge on geotextiles, the Swedish Environmental protection Agency (Swedish EPA) has commissioned Ramboll to provide this information, to assess geotextiles as a source of microplastics in Sweden and to suggest further studies. The information will also provide input to the ongoing governmental assignment the Swedish EPA has on mapping and monitoring plastic flows towards the transition to a circular economy.Geotextiles are synthetic or natural polymeric textile materials used in contact with soil and/or other materials in geotechnical and civil engineering applications. Its use in Europe began in the 1950’s but accelerated during the 1980’s and -90’s. In Sweden, the use of geotextiles was approximately 14900 tonnes in 2021 and its major use was for separation and filtration applications. A vast majority (>95%) of the geotextiles used are made of nonwoven polypropylene (PP). Geotextiles are classified as construction products and fall under Regulation (EU) No 305/2011. To be placed on the EU market, geotextiles must conform with technical criteria, including durability requirements, in harmonised standards and be CE labelled. Since the service life of geotextiles in many applications is expected to be 100 years, not much of the geotextiles used to date have been recovered or treated as waste and very little experience of this therefore exists. Used geotextiles are sorted as either plastic waste or in fractions for combustible waste. Recycled content in geotextile manufacturing is very limited, partly due to limitations of use laid down in the harmonised standards.There is not much research on geotextiles and their release of microplastics. A previous estimation of global geotextile release of microplastics appears to have used flawed assumptions and exaggerates the release. It is known that geotextiles are exposed to several environmental factors that all can contribute to their degradation, of these, exposure to UV-light is arguably the most important. In this study, two cases are identified that could potentially lead to microplastic release. Hydraulic applications, where geotextiles are in contact with water and exposed to several degradation factors, is a higher risk application. The other identified risk is the use of geotextiles for soil applications that are not installed according to manufacturer’s instructions and left exposed to UV and other degradation factors.In this report, it is estimated that geotextiles currently release 2-32 tonnes of microplastics per year in Sweden. The estimation is based on several assumptions regarding release of microplastics due to lack of information. As a comparison, this is similar to other sources of unintentionally released microplastics such as fishing gear (4–46 tonnes/year) or industrial laundry (2–115 tonnes/year). The estimation also shows that the accumulation and ageing of geotextiles may cause this to become a major source of microplastics in the future. In the worst-case scenario, approximately up to 800 tonnes per year would be released by 2050 and in 100 years from now, the amount would be closer to 21 000 tonnes. The calculation includes several limitations and uncertainties and should be seen as an indication until further research is performed.Ramboll proposes to advance the understanding of microplastics release from geotextiles by performing actual measurements, such as leaching tests and to investigate whether also new unused geotextiles release fibres. It is equally important to develop an understanding of the relationship between degradation and microplastics, i.e., what kind of degradation (measured by e.g., strength retention tests) is required to cause microplastics emissions and at what rate.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Jansson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Pancreatic islet blood flow and its measurement
- 2016
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Ingår i: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - : Uppsala Medical Society. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 121:2, s. 81-95
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pancreatic islets are richly vascularized, and islet blood vessels are uniquely adapted to maintain and support the internal milieu of the islets favoring normal endocrine function. Islet blood flow is normally very high compared with that to the exocrine pancreas and is autonomously regulated through complex interactions between the nervous system, metabolites from insulin secreting beta-cells, endothelium derived mediators, and hormones. The islet blood flow is normally coupled to the needs for insulin release and is usually disturbed during glucose intolerance and overt diabetes. The present review provides a brief background on islet vascular function and especially focuses on available techniques to measure islet blood perfusion. The gold standard for islet blood flow measurements in experimental animals is the microsphere technique, and its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. In humans there are still no methods to measure islet blood flow selectively, but new developments in radiological techniques hold great hopes for the future.
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| 25. |
- Johansson, Peter, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Cultural expertise in Sami land rights litigation: Epistemic strategies in the Girjas and Fosen cases
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Jindal Global Law Review. - : Springer Nature. - 0975-2498 .- 2364-4869. ; 14:2, s. 217-240
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How do parties mobilise cultural expertise in Indigenous rights litigation in Scandinavia? Recently, Sami groups have litigated to claim Indigenous rights to land and natural resources, winning some remarkable victories in the Supreme Courts of Norway and Sweden. In this paper, we draw on socio-legal mobilisation theory to analyse the epistemic strategies of Sami litigants and their adversaries in two recent landmark Supreme Court cases on Indigenous rights to usage of land: the 2020 Girjas case in Sweden and the 2021 Fosen case in Norway. Conceptualising cultural expertise as a strategic framing contest, we analyse how the parties struggled over the epistemic basis of the respective case by legitimating their claims to cultural knowledge, drawing on academic research, and discrediting their opponents’ epistemic claims. Our findings suggest that in both cases, Sami claimants successfully established an epistemic basis where their traditional, experiential knowledge combined with independent academic expertise effectively challenged the knowledge claims of their adversaries. Yet, both cases also demonstrate how the linkage between Sami Indigeneity and reindeer husbandry in the national law of both countries excludes non-reindeer herding Sami persons from the Indigenous rights affirmed by the courts.
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| 26. |
- Laustsen, Christoffer, et al.
(författare)
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High altitude may alter oxygen availability and renal metabolism in diabetics as measured by hyperpolarized [1-C-13]pyruvate magnetic resonance imaging
- 2014
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Ingår i: Kidney International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0085-2538 .- 1523-1755. ; 86:1, s. 67-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The kidneys account for about 10% of the whole body oxygen consumption, whereas only 0.5% of the total body mass. It is known that intrarenal hypoxia is present in several diseases associated with development of kidney disease, including diabetes, and when renal blood flow is unaffected. The importance of deranged oxygen metabolism is further supported by deterioration of kidney function in patients with diabetes living at high altitude. Thus, we argue that reduced oxygen availability alters renal energy metabolism. Here, we introduce a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to monitor metabolic changes associated with diabetes and oxygen availability. Streptozotocin diabetic and control rats were given reduced, normal, or increased inspired oxygen in order to alter tissue oxygenation. The effects on kidney oxygen metabolism were studied using hyperpolarized [1-C-13]pyruvate MRI. Reduced inspired oxygen did not alter renal metabolism in the control group. Reduced oxygen availability in the diabetic kidney altered energy metabolism by increasing lactate and alanine formation by 23% and 34%, respectively, whereas the bicarbonate flux was unchanged. Thus, the increased prevalence and severity of nephropathy in patients with diabetes at high altitudes may originate from the increased sensitivity toward inspired oxygen. This increased lactate production shifts the metabolic routs toward hypoxic pathways.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Luther, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Decreased renal perfusion during acute kidney injury in critical COVID-19 assessed by magnetic resonance imaging : a prospective case control study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Critical Care. - : Springer Nature. - 1364-8535 .- 1466-609X. ; 26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renal hypoperfusion has been suggested to contribute to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critical COVID-19. However, limited data support this. In this prospective case-control study we aimed to investigate differences in renal perfusion, oxygenation and water diffusion using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in critically ill COVID-19 patients with and without AKI. Nineteen patients without prior kidney disease treated in intensive care for respiratory failure were examined. Ten patients had AKI and nine patients did not have AKI using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Creatinine criteria. Age and baseline Plasma-Creatinine were similar in both groups. Total renal blood flow was lower in patients with AKI compared with patients without (median 645 quartile range [423-753] vs. 859 [746-920] ml/min, P = 0.037). Regional perfusion was reduced in both cortex (76 [51-112] vs. 146 [123-169] mL/100g/min, P = 0.015) and medulla (28 [18-47] vs. 47 [38-73] mL/100g/min, P = 0.03). Renal venous saturation was similar in both groups (72% [64-75] vs. 72% [63-84], ns.), as was regional oxygenation (R2*) in cortex (17 [16-19] vs. 17 [16-18] 1/s, ns.) and medulla (29 [24-39] vs. 27 [23-29] 1/s, ns.). We conclude that in critically ill COVID-19 patients with AKI, the total, cortical and medullary renal blood flow are reduced compared with similar patients without AKI, whereas no differences in renal oxygenation were demonstrable in this setting.
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| 29. |
- Luther, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma expansion and renal perfusion in critical COVID-19 with AKI: a prospective case control study
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction: A decrease in renal perfusion during acute kidney injury (AKI) due to critical COVID-19 have previously been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of plasma expansion with a standardized fluid bolus on renal perfusion in critically ill patients with AKI compared to similar patients without AKI. Methods: A case control study design was used to investigate group differences before and after a standardized intervention. ICU-treated COVID-19 patients without underlying kidney disease were assigned to two groups based on KDIGO Creatinine criteria for AKI. Renal perfusion was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging using phase contrast and arterial spin labeling before and directly after plasma expansion with 7.5ml/kg Ringer’s Acetate (Baxter). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was recorded before plasma infusion and compared with maximum value after. Data was analyzed with a mixed model repeated measures ANOVA for all kidneys using a random effect to account for research subjects. Results: Nine patients with AKI and eight without were included in the study. The hemodynamic response to plasma expansion was similar in both groups with increases in MAP by 18 mmHg (CI 8-28) and 20 mmHg (CI 10-31) in patients with and without AKI respectively. Total renal perfusion and cortical perfusion was not significantly changed by plasma expansion in either group. There were however there was a reduction of medullary perfusion in patients without AKI from 55 (CI 39-79) to 34 (CI 24-48) ml/min/100g (P = 0.0027).Conclusion: Plasma expansion with a standardized fluid bolus did not increase renal perfusion in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
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| 30. |
- Luther, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Renal mitochondrial dysfunction in ovine experimental sepsis-associated acute kidney injury
- 2023
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Physiology - Renal Physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 1931-857X .- 1522-1466. ; 324:6, s. 571-580
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sheep develop sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) during experimental sepsis despite normal to increased renal oxygen delivery. A disturbed relation between oxygen consumption (V_ O2) and renal Na thorn transport has been demonstrated in sheep and in clinical studies of AKI, which could be explained by mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated the function of isolated renal mitochondria compared with renal oxygen handling in an ovine hyperdynamic model of SA-AKI. Anesthetized sheep were randomized to either an infusion of live Escherichia coli with resuscitative measures (sepsis group; n = 13 animals) or served as controls (n = 8 animals) for 28 h. Renal V_ O2 and Na thorn transport were repeatedly measured. Live cortical mitochondria were isolated at baseline and at the end of the experiment and assessed in vitro with high-resolution respirometry. Sepsis markedly reduced creatinine clearance, and the relation between Na thorn transport and renal V_ O2 was decreased in septic sheep compared with control sheep. Cortical mitochondrial function was altered in septic sheep with a reduced respiratory control ratio (6.0 & PLUSMN; 1.5 vs. 8.2 & PLUSMN; 1.6, P = 0.006) and increased complex II-to-complex I ratio during state 3 (1.6 & PLUSMN; 0.2 vs. 1.3 & PLUSMN; 0.1, P = 0.0014) mainly due to decreased complex I-dependent state 3 respiration (P = 0.016). However, no differences in renal mitochondrial efficiency or mitochondrial uncoupling were found. In conclusion, renal mitochondrial dysfunction composed of a reduction of the respiratory control ratio and an increased complex II/complex I relation in state 3 was demonstrated in an ovine model of SA-AKI. However, the disturbed relation between renal V_ O2 and renal Na thorn transport could not be explained by a change in renal cortical mitochondrial efficiency or uncoupling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the function of renal cortical mitochondria in relation to oxygen consumption in an ovine model of sepsis with acute kidney injury. We demonstrated changes in the electron transport chain induced by sepsis consisting of a reduced respiratory control ratio mainly by a reduced complex I-mediated respiration. Neither an increase in mitochondrial uncoupling nor a reduction in mitochondrial efficiency was demonstrated and cannot explain why oxygen consumption was unaffected despite reduced tubular transport.
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| 31. |
- Martin, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Stark inför kirurgi – stark för livet
- 2018
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hälsosamma matvanor och god nutrition har stor betydelse för patientens autonomi, vårdbehov och rehabilitering och är grundläggande för övrig behandling. Att säkerställa att patienten har bästa möjliga nutritionsstatus inför planerad kirurgi, i det akuta efterförloppet och under sin rehabilitering har stor betydelse i omvårdnads- och läkningsprocessen. Rätt mat och näring är en viktig patientsäkerhetsfråga.Undernäring leder till sämre resultat av medicinsk och kirurgisk behandling, förlängd vårdtid och ökad risk för komplikationer, lidande och död. Säker vård avseende nutrition baseras på̊ bedömning av undernäring eller risk för undernäring, utredning av orsak samt adekvat näringsbehandling.God och säker vård är personcentrerad och evidensbaserad. Den bedrivs i team och bygger på kommunikation mellan alla inblandade. Ett strukturerat arbete med ohälsosamma matvanor och nutritionsbehandling inför kirurgi bygger på att olika professioner arbetar tillsammans med patienten i centrum. Dietisten kan erbjuda nutritionsbehandling på̊ individnivå̊.Vi hoppas att denna broschyr kan bidra till ett strukturerat nutritionsarbete inför planerad kirurgi och göra vården kring mat och näring i samband med kirurgi bättre och säkrare för alla som den berör.
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| 32. |
- Martin, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Stark inför kirurgi – stark för livet
- 2018
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hälsosamma matvanor och god nutrition har stor betydelse för patientens autonomi, vårdbehov och rehabilitering och är grundläggande för övrig behandling. Att säkerställa att patienten har bästa möjliga nutritionsstatus inför planerad kirurgi, i det akuta efterförloppet och under sin rehabilitering har stor betydelse i omvårdnads- och läkningsprocessen. Rätt mat och näring är en viktig patientsäkerhetsfråga.Undernäring leder till sämre resultat av medicinsk och kirurgisk behandling, förlängd vårdtid och ökad risk för komplikationer, lidande och död. Säker vård avseende nutrition baseras på̊ bedömning av undernäring eller risk för undernäring, utredning av orsak samt adekvat näringsbehandling.God och säker vård är personcentrerad och evidensbaserad. Den bedrivs i team och bygger på kommunikation mellan alla inblandade. Ett strukturerat arbete med ohälsosamma matvanor och nutritionsbehandling inför kirurgi bygger på att olika professioner arbetar tillsammans med patienten i centrum. Dietisten kan erbjuda nutritionsbehandling på̊ individnivå̊.Vi hoppas att denna broschyr kan bidra till ett strukturerat nutritionsarbete inför planerad kirurgi och göra vården kring mat och näring i samband med kirurgi bättre och säkrare för alla som den berör.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Palm, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Counselling in Relation to Female Genital Cutting : Swedish Professionals' Approach to Menstrual Pain as an Empirical Example
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Sexuality & Culture. - : Springer. - 1095-5143 .- 1936-4822. ; 26, s. 1-25
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, as well as in an international context, professionals are urged to acquire knowledge about possible health effects of female genital cutting (FGC) in order to tackle prevention and care in relation to the practice. While professionals are guided by policies and interventions focusing on medical effects of FGC, some scholars have cautioned that many popular beliefs about health risks rest on inconclusive evidence. The way professionals understand and respond to health information about FGC has in this context largely been left unexamined. This article aims to provide a qualitative exploration of how professionals in Sweden approach adolescent sexual and reproductive healthcare encounters in relation to acquired knowledge about FGC, using menstrual pain as an empirical example. The analysis shows that there was a tendency in counselling to differentiate young migrant women's menstrual complaints from ordinary menstrual pain, with professionals understanding pain complaints either in terms of FGC or as culturally influenced. The study shows how professionals navigated their various sources of knowledge where FGC awareness worked as a lens through which young women's health complaints were understood. Biomedical knowledge and culture-specific expectations and assumptions regarding menstrual pain also informed counselling. Finally, the article discusses how FGC awareness about health risks was used constructively as a tool to establish rapport and take a history on both menstrual pain and FGC. The analysis also recognises potential pitfalls of the approaches used, if not based in well-informed policies and interventions in the first place.
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| 38. |
- Palm, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual health counselling targeting girls and young women with female genital cutting in Sweden : mind–body dualism affecting social and health care professionals’ perspectives
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2641-0397. ; 27:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Female genital mutilation (FGM), also referred to as female genital cutting (FGC), has become the subject of an intense debate exposing tensions between varying cultural values about bodies and sexuality. These issues are brought to the fore in settings where professionals provide sexual counselling to young circumcised women and girls in Western, multicultural societies. This article is based on interviews and focus group discussions with professionals in social and healthcare services. The aim of this study was to examine how professionals reflect upon and talk about sexuality and the promotion of sexual wellbeing in young circumcised women and girls. Policy documents guide their obligations, yet they are also influenced by culture-specific notions about bodies and sexuality and what can be called “the FGM standard tale”. The study found that professionals showed great commitment to helping the girls and young women in the best possible way. Their basic starting point, however, was characterised by a reductionist focus on the genitalia’s role in sexuality, thus neglecting other important dimensions in lived sexuality. In some cases, such an attitude may negatively affect an individual’s body image and sexual self-esteem. Future policy making in the field of sexual health among girls and young women with FGC would benefit from taking a broader holistic approach to sexuality. Professionals need to find ways of working that promote sexual wellbeing in girls, and must avoid messages that evoke body shame or feelings of loss of sexual capacity among those affected by FGC.
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| 39. |
- Palm, Frida, et al.
(författare)
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Distinct Serotypes of Streptococcal M Proteins Mediate Fibrinogen-Dependent Platelet Activation and Proinflammatory Effects
- 2022
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Ingår i: Infection and Immunity. - 1098-5522. ; 90:2, s. 1-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of infection that is characterised by a dysregulated inflammatory state and disturbed hemostasis. Platelets are the main regulators of hemostasis, and they also respond to inflammation. The human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes can cause local infection that may progress to sepsis. There are more than 200 different serotypes of S. pyogenes defined according to sequence variations in the M protein. The M1 serotype is among ten serotypes that are predominant in invasive infection. M1 protein can be released from the surface and has previously been shown to generate platelet, neutrophil and monocyte activation. The platelet dependent pro-inflammatory effects of other serotypes of M protein associated with invasive infection (M3, M5, M28, M49 and M89) is now investigated using a combination of multiparameter flow cytometry, ELISA, aggregometry and quantitative mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that only M1-, M3- and M5 protein serotypes can bind fibrinogen in plasma and mediate fibrinogen and IgG dependent platelet activation and aggregation, release of granule proteins, upregulation of CD62P to the platelet surface, and complex formation with neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil and monocyte activation, determined as upregulation of surface CD11b, is also mediated by M1-, M3- and M5 protein serotypes, while M28-, M49- or M89 proteins failed to mediate activation of platelets or leukocytes. Collectively, our findings reveal novel aspects of the immunomodulatory role of fibrinogen acquisition and platelet activation during streptococcal infections.
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| 40. |
- Palm, Jenny, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to and enablers of district cooling expansion in Sweden
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 172, s. 39-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although Sweden is a northern country with fairly low outdoor temperatures most of the year, its districtcooling (DC) systems are expected to expand. Some actors claim that there is potential for at least adoubling of DC in Sweden. One reason for this is that demand for cooling increases with the increaseduse of electronics such as computers, resulting in higher indoor temperatures from waste heat production.Although DC should have considerable growth potential based on its convenience and climatebenefits, its growth has been surprisingly slow.This article discusses the barriers to and enablers of DC expansion. We examine how energy companies,property owners, and tenants perceive the barriers to and enablers of installing and using DC.How do these actors view the present and future need for cooling? What would make DC more attractiveaccording to these actors? These questions were studied using surveys and in-depth interviews.The results indicate that lack of information is the most important current barrier to DC expansion, abarrier that could easily be addressed, making information an enabler of DC. Earlier grid-based energysystems in Sweden were established through publiceprivate collaboration, and such collaboration couldpromote the ongoing expansion of DC. For example, municipalities played an important role whendistrict heating was built, but this has not been the case for DC. Another possible enabler is the ecolabellingof DC, which has so far played a minor role in the Swedish system.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol and Endogenous Opioids
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. - Amsterdam : Academic Press. - 9780128003763 - 9780128002131 ; , s. 401-410
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The endogenous opioid system is involved in alcohol-induced reward and development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol exposure induces a number of changes in the endogenous opioid system, both after acute and chronic intake. Opioid agonists and antagonists can modulate alcohol consumption and opioid antagonists are therefore used in pharmacotherapy of AUD. There are three different receptor types-mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors-with different affinity for the three opioid peptides: beta-endorphin, enkephalin, and dynorphin. The three systems also mediate different effects. Positive effects are generally attributed to the endorphins and enkephalins, while negative effects are mediated by dynorphins. Dysfunction in any or all of these systems contribute to development of AUD. Genetic and environmental factors interact to cause long-term changes in endogenous opioid function, which can affect vulnerability to AUD and efficacy of treatment with opioid antagonists.
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| 43. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol-Induced Changes in Opioid Peptide Levels in Adolescent Rats Are Dependent on Housing Conditions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 38:12, s. 2978-2987
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Endogenous opioids are implicated in the mechanism of action of alcohol and alcohol affects opioids in a number of brain areas, although little is known about alcohol's effects on opioids in the adolescent brain. One concern, in particular when studying young animals, is that alcohol intake models often are based on single housing that may result in alcohol effects confounded by the lack of social interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate short- and long-term alcohol effects on opioids and the influence of housing conditions on these effects.METHODS: In the first part, opioid peptide levels were measured after one 24-hour session of single housing and 2-hour voluntary alcohol intake in adolescent and adult rats. In the second part, a model with a cage divider inserted during 2-hour drinking sessions was tested and the effects on opioids were examined after 6 weeks of adolescent voluntary intake in single-and pair-housed rats, respectively.RESULTS: The effects of single housing were age specific and affected Met-enkephalin-Arg(6) Phe(7) (MEAP) in particular. In adolescent rats, it was difficult to distinguish between effects induced by alcohol and single housing, whereas alcohol-specific effects were seen in dynorphin B (DYNB), beta-endorphin (BEND), and MEAP levels in adults. Voluntary drinking affected several brain areas and the majority of alcohol-induced effects were not dependent on housing. However, alcohol effects on DYNB and BEND in the amygdala were dependent on housing. Housing alone affected MEAP in the cingulate cortex.CONCLUSIONS: Age-specific housing- and alcohol-induced effects on opioids were found. In addition, prolonged voluntary alcohol intake under different housing conditions produced several alcohol-induced effects independent of housing. However, housing-dependent effects were found in areas implicated in stress, emotionality, and alcohol use disorder. Housing condition and age may therefore affect the reasons and underlying mechanisms for drinking and could potentially affect the outcome of a number of end points in research on alcohol intake.
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| 44. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
-
Behavioral profiling before and after adolescent ethanol intake in rats subjected to different early-life conditions
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Causal links between the early-life environment and later psychiatric dysfunction are difficult to study in a clinical setting. Animal studies have therefore provided valuable insights into the basis of early-life impact on disorders later in life. For instance, repeated periods of short or prolonged maternal separation differentially affect behavior and voluntary ethanol intake in adult rats. This study examined the behavioral consequences of adolescent voluntary ethanol intake in rats subjected to different rearing environments.Rat pups were subjected to daily separation from the dams for 15 min (MS15) or 360 min (MS360) during the first 21 postnatal days. At 4 weeks of age their behavior was profiled using the multivariate concentric square field™ (MCSF) test. This test has an ethological foundation and is designed to provoke exploration and behaviors associated with risk assessment, risk taking and shelter seeking. At 5 weeks of age they were given intermittent access to 20% ethanol in a two-bottle free-choice paradigm. During a deprivation period after 9 weeks of access they were again tested in the MCSF. Water drinking MS15 and MS360 rats, and animal facility reared rats were included in the profiling.A principal component analysis (PCA) indicated large individual differences in behavioral profiles within the two MS groups. A trend analysis also revealed differences between the MS15 and the MS360 in risk assessment. The median ethanol intake in the MS groups was approximately 3 g/kg/day and did not differ between groups or change over time, whereas the ethanol preference increased significantly to 30%. Thus, in line with previous findings, adolescent access to ethanol abolishes differences in intake between MS groups. Examination of the behavior before ethanol access showed that parameters correlated with initial intake differed between MS15 and MS360 rats. The effects on behavior over time also differed depending on the early environment and ethanol access. The PCA for the second MCSF test revealed that ethanol intake in the MS360 group resulted in a more homogenous behavioral profile as compared to the first trial. Correlations between ethanol intake and the profiles from the second MCSF trial were also found in different parameters depending on the rearing environment.The results show that the early environment has effects on behavior in early adolescence, as well as differential effects on adult behavior after ethanol access. Furthermore, the behavioral profiles given by the MCSF tests makes it possible to follow an individual over time in order to look at causal links between behavior and voluntary ethanol intake.
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| 45. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in basal and ethanol-induced levels of opioid peptides in Wistar rats from five different suppliers
- 2012
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Ingår i: Peptides. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-9781 .- 1873-5169. ; 36:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One major cause for discrepancies in results from animal experimental studies is the use of different animal strains and suppliers. We have previously reported that Wistar rats from five different suppliers display profound differences in ethanol intake and behavior. One of the neurobiological processes that could be underlying these differences is the endogenous opioid system, which has been implicated in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of alcohol. We therefore hypothesized that the differences between the supplier groups would also be evident in the endogenous opioid system. Radioimmunoassay was used to determine the levels of the opioid peptides Met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) and dynorphin B in several brain areas of ethanol-drinking and ethanol naive Wistar rats from five different suppliers. In the ethanol naive animals, differences between the supplier groups were found in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, frontal cortex, dorsal striatum and hippocampus. In the ethanol-drinking rats, differences were found in the same structures, with the addition of medial prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra. Correlations between ethanol intake and peptide levels were also found in several of the areas examined. The structures in which differences were found have all been implicated in the transition from drug use to addiction and these differences may lead to different propensities and vulnerability to this transition. Because the endogenous opioids have been suggested to be involved in a number of neurobiological disorders the results do not only have implications for research on alcohol or drug addiction, but many other fields as well.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in voluntary ethanol consumption in Wistar rats from five different suppliers
- 2011
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Ingår i: Alcohol. - : Elsevier BV. - 0741-8329 .- 1873-6823. ; 45:6, s. 607-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the mechanism of action of ethanol and the neurobiological substrates for alcohol use disorders is challenging. In search of this knowledge, it is imperative to use valid animal experimental models. The Wistar rat is one example of a commonly used strain that also exert foundation stock for several rat lines selectively bred for high and low voluntary ethanol intake. Different studies report varying ethanol intake in Wistar rats posing the question of whether this is because of the methodological differences or the rat strain. The purpose of this study was therefore to compare voluntary ethanol intake in Wistar rats from five different suppliers. Rats from B&K Universal, UK (BK); Charles River, Germany; Harlan Laboratories, IN (Hsd); Harlan Laboratories, The Netherlands (RccHan™); and Taconic, Denmark were exposed to a three-bottle free-choice paradigm with intermittent 24h access to 5 and 20% ethanol and water three times per week for 6 weeks. A general finding was that the RccHan™ rats differed significantly from the other groups. At the end of the experiment, the RccHan™ group had the highest median ethanol intake of 3.85g/kg/24h, whereas the BK rats had the lowest intake of 1.84g/kg/24h. The preference for ethanol was also different throughout the experiment. At the end of the experiment, the RccHan™ rats had the highest preference of approximately 80%, whereas the BK rats had the lowest preference around 25%. During the 6-week drinking period, only the Hsd rats increased their ethanol intake, as evidenced by a significant increase of 5% ethanol intake. Although all rats are of Wistar origin, they display profound differences in voluntary ethanol consumption depending on the supplier. The choice of Wistar can therefore have implications for the outcome and make comparisons between studies difficult. The present findings highlight the supplier as an important parameter to consider when planning and performing preclinical animal studies in the field of alcohol research.
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| 48. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Dopamine Release Dynamics Change during Adolescence and after Voluntary Alcohol Intake
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:5, s. e96337-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adolescence is associated with high impulsivity and risk taking, making adolescent individuals more inclined to use drugs. Early drug use is correlated to increased risk for substance use disorders later in life but the neurobiological basis is unclear. The brain undergoes extensive development during adolescence and disturbances at this time are hypothesized to contribute to increased vulnerability. The transition from controlled to compulsive drug use and addiction involve long-lasting changes in neural networks including a shift from the nucleus accumbens, mediating acute reinforcing effects, to recruitment of the dorsal striatum and habit formation. This study aimed to test the hypothesis of increased dopamine release after a pharmacological challenge in adolescent rats. Potassium-evoked dopamine release and uptake was investigated using chronoamperometric dopamine recordings in combination with a challenge by amphetamine in early and late adolescent rats and in adult rats. In addition, the consequences of voluntary alcohol intake during adolescence on these effects were investigated. The data show a gradual increase of evoked dopamine release with age, supporting previous studies suggesting that the pool of releasable dopamine increases with age. In contrast, a gradual decrease in evoked release with age was seen in response to amphetamine, supporting a proportionally larger storage pool of dopamine in younger animals. Dopamine measures after voluntary alcohol intake resulted in lower release amplitudes in response to potassium-chloride, indicating that alcohol affects the releasable pool of dopamine and this may have implications for vulnerability to addiction and other psychiatric diagnoses involving dopamine in the dorsal striatum.
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| 49. |
- Palm, Sara, 1984-
(författare)
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Early Environment, Adolescent Alcohol Drinking and Neurobiological Responses to Drugs
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Genes and environment interact to determine an individual’s vulnerability or resilience to several psychiatric disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Alcohol use is often initiated during adolescence and early onset drinking is associated with increased risk for later AUD. Childhood and adolescence are periods of extensive brain maturation, which makes young individuals more susceptible to environmental influence. However, little is known about early environmental influence on reward pathways and behaviors involved in the development of AUD. Changes in the endogenous opioid and dopamine systems, as well as individual differences in risk behaviors are all believed to play important roles in the increased vulnerability seen after adverse early life events and early onset drinking. The overall aim of the thesis was therefore to investigate the influence of early environmental factors on adolescent alcohol intake, endogenous opioids, dopamine dynamics and alcohol-induced effects in rats to increase our knowledge of neurobiological factors underlying vulnerability to AUD. Furthermore, individual behavioral differences and their correlation to basal and drug-induced neurobiological responses in rats were also investigated. Animal models of different early environments, e.g. maternal separation and social vs. single housing, and adolescent alcohol consumption have been used to study effects on behavior, endogenous opioid peptides and dopamine dynamics. The results identified the amygdala and dorsal striatum as interesting brain regions in which endogenous opioids and dopamine, respectively, are impacted by early environmental factors. The amygdala and the dorsal striatum are both hypothesized to be involved in the shift from initial drug use to compulsive use and changes in these areas may be underlying environmentally increased vulnerability to AUD. Furthermore, behavioral phenotypes in relation to individual neurobiological responses were identified. High risk-taking behavior was associated with a more pronounced response to amphetamine, but the inherent dopamine response was instead associated with risk-assessment behavior. In conclusion, several brain regions of interest for future research were identified. Furthermore, the results contribute to increased understanding of factors involved in the development of vulnerability for AUD in adolescents and young adults.
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| 50. |
- Palm, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Rearing Conditions on Behaviour and Endogenous Opioids in Rats with Alcohol Access during Adolescence
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:10, s. e76591-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract: Causal links between early-life stress, genes and later psychiatric diagnoses are not possible to fully address in human studies. Animal models therefore provide an important complement in which conditions can be well controlled and are here used to study and distinguish effects of early-life stress and alcohol exposure. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of rearing conditions on behaviour in young rats and if these changes could be followed over time and to examine interaction effects between early-life environment and adolescent alcohol drinking on behaviour and immunoreactive levels of the opioid peptides dynorphin B, met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) and beta-endorphin. We employed a rodent model, maternal separation, to study the impact of rearing conditions on behaviour, voluntary alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced effects. The consequences of short, 15 min (MS 15), and long, 360 min (MS 360), maternal separation in combination with adolescent voluntary alcohol consumption on behaviour and peptides were examined. A difference in the development of risk taking behaviour was found between the MS15 and MS360 while the development of general activity was found to differ between intake groups. Beta-endorphin levels in the pituitary and the periaqueductal gray area was found to be higher in the MS15 than the MS360. Adolescent drinking resulted in higher dynorphin B levels in the hippocampus and higher met-enkephalin-Arg(6)Phe(7) levels in the amygdala. Amygdala and hippocampus are involved in addiction processes and changes in these brain areas after adolescent alcohol drinking may have consequences for cognitive function and drug consumption behaviour in adulthood. The study shows that individual behavioural profiling over time in combination with neurobiological investigations provides means for studies of causality between early-life stress, behaviour and vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
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