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1.
  • Cantatore, Valentina, 1986, et al. (author)
  • Design strategy of a graphene based bio-sensor for glucose
  • 2018
  • In: Carbon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6223. ; 137, s. 343-348
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A novel graphene-based glucose sensor-design is formulated and explored in silico. An ad hoc host molecule is tailored to bind to glucose by multiple hydrogen bonds. A pyridinic core is chosen for this receptor in order to allow for “socket-plug” dative bonding to boron sites of boron doped graphene. The modeling employs DFT (Density Functional Theory) together with an effective aqueous environment to take into account the solvation effect. High selectivity is demonstrated for the suggested host molecule towards glucose as compared to other possible competitors in blood such as fructose, biotin and ascorbic acid. A route to achieve improved sensitivity, exploiting the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the host + glucose system for enhanced selective binding to the hydrophobic boron doped graphene support is discussed.
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2.
  • Wang, Nan, 1988, et al. (author)
  • Efficient surface modification of carbon nanotubes for fabricating high performance CNT based hybrid nanostructures
  • 2017
  • In: Carbon. - : Elsevier BV. - 0008-6223. ; 111, s. 402-410
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were chemically modified to achieve strong binding strength with the attached functional components as well as good dispersability and nanoparticle size-uniformity. An efficient multi-oxidation process was developed to create porous out layer with many nanoscale defects on the surface of CNTs for metallic nanoparticle close attachment and bond sufficient oxygen-containing groups, which assisted the dispersion of CNTs in the aqueous solution. The surface modified CNTs have advantages of strong binding capability, large surface area, high mechanical strength and good dispersability, which show great potential as building blocks for hybrid nanomaterials. Monodispersed silver nano particles with an average size of 3 nm were formed from inside the created nanoscale defects on the surface of CNTs without any obvious agglomerations. The fabricated hybrid exhibited much enhanced anti-bacterial performance compared to commercial silver nanoparticles due to the combined antibacterial effects of CNTs and silver nanoparticles. With these superior properties, the developed surface modification process could be widely used for improving the performances of many CNT based hybrid nanomaterials in diverse applications.
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3.
  • Acet, Ömür, et al. (author)
  • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion by epigallocatechin gallate attached polymeric membranes
  • 2023
  • In: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-7765 .- 1873-4367. ; 221
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Microbial adhesion and formation of biofilms cause a serious problem in several areas including but not limited to food spoilage, industrial corrosion and nosocomial infections. These microbial biofilms pose a serious threat to human health since microbial communities in the biofilm matrix are protected with exopolymeric substances and difficult to eradicate with antibiotics. Hence, the prevention of microbial adhesion followed by biofilm formation is one of the promising strategies to prevent these consequences. The attachment of antimicrobial agents, coatings of nanomaterials and synthesis of hybrid materials are widely used approach to develop surfaces having potential to hinder bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. In this study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is attached on p(HEMA-co-GMA) membranes to prevent the bacterial colonization. The attachment of EGCG to membranes was proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The synthesized membrane showed porous structure (SEM), and desirable swelling degree, which are ideal when it comes to the application in biotechnology and biomedicine. Furthermore, EGCG attached membrane showed significant potential to prevent the microbial colonization on the surface. The obtained results suggest that EGCG attached polymer could be used as an alternative approach to prevent the microbial colonization on the biomedical surfaces, food processing equipment as well as development of microbial resistant food packaging systems.
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4.
  • Avaz, S., et al. (author)
  • Graphene based nanosensor for aqueous phase detection of nitroaromatics
  • 2017
  • In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 7:41, s. 25519-25527
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A graphene-based nanosensor was fabricated to selectively detect nitrotriazolone (NTO) molecules with a molecularly imprinted film via simple electrical measurements. Molecularly imprinted polymer comprising chitosan was used as sensitive layer. Gold electrodes for electrical measurements were lithographically fabricated on Si/SiO2 substrate, followed by monolayer graphene transfer and polymeric film coating. Monolayer graphene and molecularly imprinted polymer were characterized by ATR-FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Transfer-length measurements (TLM) indicate that the sensor selectively and linearly responds against aqueous NTO solutions within a wide range of concentration of 0.01-0.1 mg mL(-1) that covers the lowest toxic level of NTO determined by USEPA. This nanosensor with embedded electrodes is re-usable and suitable for field applications, offering real-time electrical measurements unlike current techniques where complex analytics are required.
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5.
  • Cao, Zhejian, 1991, et al. (author)
  • Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks through Enzymatically Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. - 2168-0485. ; 11:43, s. 15506-15512
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as one of the most produced plastics contributes to global waste pollution. Upcycling PET into value-added products therefore is of environmental and economic interest. Terephthalic acid (TPA), the monomer of PET, is a common linker for metal-organic framework (MOF) synthesis; thus, PET-to-MOF upcycling raises much research attention. However, conventional PET-to-MOF upcycling often requires PET depolymerization with strong acids or bases and high temperatures, which can lead to environmental and energy penalties. As an alternative, PETase offers a sustainable approach to depolymerizing PET under mesophilic and mild pH conditions. Here we report UiO-66, MOF-5, and MIL-101 syntheses using enzymatically recycled TPA as linkers. The enzymatically recycled TPA demonstrated low impurity, and the obtained MOFs possessed comparable crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface area. These results reveal the feasibility of MOF synthesis by using enzymatically recycled PET.
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6.
  • Chen, Xin, 1980, et al. (author)
  • Graphene Oxide Attenuates Toxicity of Amyloid-β Aggregates in Yeast by Promoting Disassembly and Boosting Cellular Stress Response
  • 2023
  • In: Advanced Functional Materials. - 1616-3028 .- 1616-301X. ; 33:45
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, with the aggregation of misfolded amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain being one of its histopathological hallmarks. Recently, graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes have attracted significant attention in biomedical areas due to their capacity of suppressing Aβ aggregation in vitro. The mechanism of this beneficial effect has not been fully understood in vivo. Herein, the impact of GO on intracellular Aβ42 aggregates and cytotoxicity is investigated using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the model organism. This study finds that GO nanoflakes can effectively penetrate yeast cells and reduce Aβ42 toxicity. Combination of proteomics data and follow-up experiments show that GO treatment alters cellular metabolism to increases cellular resistance to misfolded protein stress and oxidative stress, and reduces amounts of intracellular Aβ42 oligomers. Additionally, GO treatment also reduces HTT103QP toxicity in the Huntington's disease (HD) yeast model. The findings offer insights for rationally designing GO nanoflakes-based therapies for attenuating cytotoxicity of Aβ42, and potentially of other misfolded proteins involved in neurodegenerative pathology.
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7.
  • Chen, Yanyan, 1990, et al. (author)
  • Graphene nanospikes exert bactericidal effect through mechanical damage and oxidative stress
  • 2024
  • In: Carbon. - 0008-6223. ; 218
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Microbial contamination of biomedical surfaces is an important clinical challenge, driving the development of new antibacterial materials. Nanoprotrusions on the wing surface of some insects have intrinsic antibacterial and antifouling properties, which inspires fabrication of biomimetic nanopatterns on medical devices. Herein, we report a broad-spectrum bactericidal surface consisting of graphene nanospikes synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Similar coatings have been reported before, but the killing mechanism and main parameters for efficiency of such coatings have not been clarified. We investigated the correlation of anti-biofilm efficiency of graphene nanospikes to their major physicochemical parameters. While height and thickness of nanospikes did not directly correlate with bactericidal effects, edge/defect density showed linear correlation with lethality for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. We further demonstrated that the killing mechanism is synergistic, depending on physical rupture of bacterial membranes as well as considerable oxidative damage to the cells. Of note, for the first time, we quantify the level of oxidative stress induced by graphene nanospikes in two bacterial species using genetically encoded biosensors. Our work provides a fundamental understanding of the impact of various parameters of graphene nanostructures on the bactericidal efficiency, enabling rational design of graphene-based bactericidal surfaces.
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8.
  • Chen, Yanyan, 1990, et al. (author)
  • Interactions Between Graphene-Based Materials and Biological Surfaces: A Review of Underlying Molecular Mechanisms
  • 2021
  • In: Advanced Materials Interfaces. - : Wiley. - 2196-7350. ; 8:24
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of how graphene materials (GMs) interact with biological surfaces is the key to develop safe and effective biomedical applications of GMs. Here, a systematic and comprehensive mechanistic perspective of interactions between pristine GMs and biological membranes is provided. To this end, first the known mechanisms of interaction between GMs and membrane components are summarized and classified, with a focus on phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins. Both experimental observations and computational simulations are included. Detailed experimental conditions and physiochemical properties of GMs are listed for each cited application. At the end of this review, current challenges and conflicts that limit biomedical applications of GMs are discussed. Based on reported mechanisms, guidelines for future studies to address the remaining challenges are proposed, specifically with respect to modulating the intrinsic properties of GMs for more efficient and safer therapeutic applications.
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9.
  • Eswaran, Muthusankar, 1988, et al. (author)
  • A flexible multifunctional electrode based on conducting PANI/Pd composite for non-enzymatic glucose sensor and direct alcohol fuel cell applications
  • 2023
  • In: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361. ; 345
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this work, we fabricated a flexible, multifunctional polyimide (PI)/Au-polyaniline (PAN)/Pd nanocomposite electrode with excellent electrochemical properties. Structural geometry, morphological views, and functional group analyses indicated that the physicochemical and electrochemical performance of the electrode is based on the strong and synergistic metal-polymer interaction between the conducting PAN and Pd, which ensured high conductivity, rapid response, and high electron transfer rate through more electroactive spots available in the nanocomposite. Here, we demonstrated that the fabricated PI/Au-PAN/Pd electrodes can be successfully used for biomedical sensing of glucose, as well as for energy conversion application, using the oxidation of alcohols such as methanol and ethanol in fuel cells. The electrochemical analysis shows that the flexible sensor (PI/Au-PAN/Pd) has ultra-high sensitivity of 2140 μA/μM.cm2 with a low detection limit of 0.3 μM for glucose. Also, the interference analysis, reproducibility, and stability studies reveal its excellent capability for glucose sensing. Furthermore, the electrode also demonstrates prominent electrocatalytic behavior to the electrooxidation of methanol and ethanol in an alkaline medium with a current density of 3 mA/cm2 and 0.96 mA/cm2 along with good cyclic stability. Thus, this efficient flexible electrocatalyst with good stability, practicability, and reproducibility claims its potential applications in flexible/wearable healthcare diagnostics systems as well as in alternative energy conversion devices.
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10.
  • Eswaran, Muthusankar, 1988, et al. (author)
  • A Road Map toward Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor Technology for Early Stage Cancer Detection
  • 2022
  • In: Small Methods. - : Wiley. - 2366-9608.
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Field effect transistor (FET)-based nanoelectronic biosensor devices provide a viable route for specific and sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers, which can be used for early stage cancer detection, monitoring the progress of the disease, and evaluating the effectiveness of therapies. On the road to implementation of FET-based devices in cancer diagnostics, several key issues need to be addressed: sensitivity, selectivity, operational conditions, anti-interference, reusability, reproducibility, disposability, large-scale production, and economic viability. To address these well-known issues, significant research efforts have been made recently. An overview of these efforts is provided here, highlighting the approaches and strategies presently engaged at each developmental stage, from the design and fabrication of devices to performance evaluation and data analysis. Specifically, this review discusses the multistep fabrication of FETs, choice of bioreceptors for relevant biomarkers, operational conditions, measurement configuration, and outlines strategies to improve the sensing performance and reach the level required for clinical applications. Finally, this review outlines the expected progress to the future generation of FET-based diagnostic devices and discusses their potential for detection of cancer biomarkers as well as biomarkers of other noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
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11.
  • Gaska, Karolina, 1986, et al. (author)
  • Highly structured graphene polyethylene nanocomposites
  • 2019
  • In: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : Author(s). - 1551-7616 .- 0094-243X. ; 2065
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This research presents an overview of the properties of highly structured, low density polyethylene-graphene nanoplatelets (LDPE-GnP). The influence of nanofiller content, size and processing conditions on the material properties have been investigated. Therefore, rheological and thermal nanocomposite properties were investigated. So-called dry-coating method has been used in order to prepare masterbatches which were thereafter extruded by means of single screw extruder resulting in a strong anisotropy in the extruded samples. Graphene nanoplatelets were oriented in the extrusion direction for all shear rates and flow histories investigated, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The rheological percolation was determined via nonlinear parameters to be around 11wt%. Thermal conductivity measurements revealed strong anisotropy with in-plane conductivity increasing with GnP content.
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12.
  • Helgadóttir, Saga Huld, 1991, et al. (author)
  • Vitamin C Pretreatment Enhances the Antibacterial Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma
  • 2017
  • In: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2235-2988. ; 7:FEB
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bacterial biofilms are three-dimensional structures containing bacterial cells enveloped in a protective polymeric matrix, which renders them highly resistant to antibiotics and the human immune system. Therefore, the capacity to make biofilms is considered as a major virulence factor for pathogenic bacteria. Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) is known to be quite efficient in eradicating planktonic bacteria, but its effectiveness against biofilms has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure of CAP against mature biofilm for different time intervals and to evaluate the effect of combined treatment with vitamin C. We demonstrate that CAP is not very effective against 48 h mature bacterial biofilms of several common opportunistic pathogens: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, if bacterial biofilms are pre-treated with vitamin C for 15 min before exposure to CAP, a significantly stronger bactericidal effect can be obtained. Vitamin C pretreatment enhances the bactericidal effect of cold plasma by reducing the viability from 10 to 2% in E. coli biofilm, 50 to 11% in P. aeruginosa, and 61 to 18% in S. epidermidis biofilm. Since it is not feasible to use extended CAP treatments in medical practice, we argue that the pre-treatment of infectious lesions with vitamin C prior to CAP exposure can be a viable route for efficient eradication of bacterial biofilms in many different applications.
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13.
  • Lanai, Victor, 1990, et al. (author)
  • Differences in interaction of graphene/graphene oxide with bacterial and mammalian cell membranes
  • 2023
  • In: Nanoscale. - 2040-3372 .- 2040-3364. ; 16:3, s. 1156-1166
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Graphene, a single layer, hexagonally packed two-dimensional carbon sheet is an attractive candidate for diverse applications including antibacterial potential and drug delivery. One of the knowledge gaps in biomedical application of graphene is the interaction of these materials with the cells. To address this, we investigated the interaction between graphene materials (graphene and graphene oxide) and plasma membranes of cells (bacterial and mammalian cells). The interactions of four of the most abundant phospholipids in bacteria and mammalian plasma membranes with graphene materials were studied using density functional theory (DFT) at the atomic level. The calculations showed that the mammalian phospholipids have stronger bonding to each other compared to bacterial phospholipids. When the graphene/graphene oxide sheet is approaching the phospholipid pairs, the bacterial pairs exhibit less repulsive interactions, thereby a more stable system with the sheets was found. We also assembled bacterial and mammalian phospholipids into liposomes. We further observed that the bacterial liposomes and cells let the graphene flakes penetrate the membrane. The differential scanning calorimetry measurements of liposomes revealed that the bacterial liposomes have the lowest heat capacity; this strengthens the theoretical predictions of weaker interaction between the bacterial phospholipids compared to the mammalian phospholipids. We further demonstrated that graphene oxide could be internalized into the mammalian liposomes without disrupting the membrane integrity. The results suggest that the weak bonding among bacteria phospholipids and less repulsive force when graphene materials approach, result in graphene materials interacting differently with the bacteria compared to mammalian cells.
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14.
  • Merlo, A., et al. (author)
  • Boron nitride nanomaterials: Biocompatibility and bio-applications
  • 2018
  • In: Biomaterials Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2047-4849 .- 2047-4830. ; 6:9, s. 2298-2311
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Boron nitride has structural characteristics similar to carbon 2D materials (graphene and its derivatives) and its layered structure has been exploited to form different nanostructures such as nanohorns, nanotubes, nanoparticles and nanosheets. Unlike graphene and other carbon based 2D materials, boron nitride has a higher chemical stability. Owing to these properties, boron nitride has been used in different applications as a filler, lubricant and as a protective coating. Boron nitride has also been applied in the biomedical field to some extent, but far less than other 2D carbon materials. This review explores the potential of boron nitride for biomedical applications where the focus is on boron nitride biocompatibility in vivo and in vitro, its applicability as a coating material/composite and its anti-bacterial properties. Geometry, material processing and the type of biological analysis appear to be relevant parameters in assessing boron nitride bio-compatibility. Engineering of both these variables and the coating would open the door for some applications in the medical field for boron nitride, such as drug delivery, imaging and cell stimulation.
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15.
  • Mokkapati, Venkata Raghu, 1981, et al. (author)
  • NaB integrated graphene oxide membranes for enhanced cell viability and stem cell properties of human adipose stem cells
  • 2016
  • In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 6:61, s. 56159-56165
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Here we present the integration of boron (NaB) with graphene oxide (GO) to develop a new class of membranes which are biocompatible and cost-effective for cell and tissue culture studies. Ethanol (EtOH) assisted the uniform dispersion of GO flakes on top of a glass substrate. We investigated the effect of a GO + NaB membrane on the growth and proliferation of hASCs. hASCs showed better cell viability on NaB integrated GO membranes compared to their respective controls. The concentrations of NaB and GO are 0.02% and 1/20 of stock (0.024%) respectively. To our knowledge this is the first time that enhanced cell proliferation and attachment ability of hASCs with NaB integrated GO membranes has been observed. Our study provides a platform for the development of 3D-GO scaffold systems combined with NaB in tissue engineering.
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16.
  • Mokkapati, Venkata Raghavendra Subrahmanya Sar, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Bacterial response to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide integrated in agar plates
  • 2018
  • In: Royal Society Open Science. - : The Royal Society. - 2054-5703. ; 5:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • There are contradictory reports in the literature regarding the anti-bacterial activity of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). This controversy is mostly due to variations in key parameters of the reported experiments, like: type of substrate, form of graphene, number of layers, type of solvent and most importantly, type of bacteria. Here, we present experimental data related to bacterial response to GO and rGO integrated in solid agar-based nutrient plates-a standard set-up for bacterial growth that is widely used by microbiologists. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were used for testing bacterial growth. We observed that plate-integrated rGO showed strong anti-bacterial activity against both bacterial species. By contrast, plate-integrated GO was harmless to both bacteria. These results reinforce the notion that the response of bacteria depends critically on the type of graphene material used and can vary dramatically from one bacterial strain to another, depending on bacterial physiology.
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17.
  • More, Pragati Rajendra, et al. (author)
  • Antibacterial applications of biologically synthesized Pichia pastoris silver nanoparticles
  • 2024
  • In: Heliyon. - 2405-8440. ; 10:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: This article highlights the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with their characteristic analysis, and it focuses on the application of synthesized NPs against multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. A cytotoxicity study was performed to assess the biocompatibility. Methods: Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) formation was confirmed by different characterization methods such as UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Dynamic light scattering (DLS)- Zeta, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs was checked against various bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia) by disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration test (MIC), and kinetic studies. The cytotoxicity of NPs against the Vero cell line was studied by cytotoxic assay. Results: The primary analysis of the formation of nanoparticles (NPs) was made by UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis at 400 nm. At the same time, the efficient capping checked by FTIR shows the presence of a functional group at different wavelengths 3284, 1641,1573,1388,1288, and 1068 cm−1. At the same time, the transmission electron microscopic analysis (TEM) and DLS show that the shape and size of the synthesized NPs possess an average size of around ∼10–30 nm with spherical morphology. Further, the zeta potential confirmed the stability of the NPs. While the yield of NPs formation from silver salt was determined by an online yield calculator with the EDX analysis results. Synthesized NPs showed bactericidal effects against all the selected MDR pathogens with nontoxic effects against mammalian cells. Conclusion: Our findings indicate the remarkable antimicrobial activity of the biologically synthesized AgNPs, which can be an antimicrobial agent against multi-drug-resistant bacteria.
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18.
  • More, Pragati Rajendra, et al. (author)
  • Silver Nanoparticles: Bactericidal and Mechanistic Approach against Drug Resistant Pathogens
  • 2023
  • In: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 11:2
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This review highlights the different modes of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from their elemental state to particle format and their mechanism of action against multidrug-resistant and biofilm-forming bacterial pathogens. Various studies have demonstrated that the AgNPs cause oxidative stress, protein dysfunction, membrane disruption, and DNA damage in bacteria, ultimately leading to bacterial death. AgNPs have also been found to alter the adhesion of bacterial cells to prevent biofilm formation. The benefits of using AgNPs in medicine are, to some extent, counter-weighted by their toxic effect on humans and the environment. In this review, we have compiled recent studies demonstrating the antibacterial activity of AgNPs, and we are discussing the known mechanisms of action of AgNPs against bacterial pathogens. Ongoing clinical trials involving AgNPs are briefly presented. A particular focus is placed on the mechanism of interaction of AgNPs with bacterial biofilms, which are a significant pathogenicity determinant. A brief overview of the use of AgNPs in other medical applications (e.g., diagnostics, promotion of wound healing) and the non-medical sectors is presented. Finally, current drawbacks and limitations of AgNPs use in medicine are discussed, and perspectives for the improved future use of functionalized AgNPs in medical applications are presented.
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19.
  • Neissi, Alireza, 1985, et al. (author)
  • Enriched microbial communities for ammonium and nitrite removal from recirculating aquaculture systems
  • 2022
  • In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 295
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The aim of this study was the enrichment of high-performance microbial communities in biofilters for removal of ammonium and nitrite from aquaculture water. Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were enriched from different environmental water samples. The microbial communities with higher ammonium and nitrite removal activity were selected and adapted to different temperatures [9 °C, 15 °C, room temperature (25 °C), and 30 °C]. The expression of genes involved in nitrification including ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) and nitrite oxidoreductase (NXR) were measured in temperature-adapted AOB and NOB microbiomes. The microbial species present in the selected microbiomes were identified via 16s rRNA sequencing. The microbial communities containing Nitrosomonas oligotropha and Nitrobacter winogradskyi showed the highest ammonium and nitrite removal activity at all temperatures used for adaptation. Furthermore, the microbial communities do not contain any pathogenic bacteria. They also exhibited the highest expression of AMO and NXR genes. Using the enriched microbial communities, we achieved a 288% and 181% improvement in ammonium and nitrite removal over the commonly used communities in biofilters at 9 °C, respectively. These results suggest that the selected microbiomes allowed for a significant improvement of water quality in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS).
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20.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Antibacterial effect of boron nitride flakes with controlled orientation in polymer composites
  • 2019
  • In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 9:57, s. 33454-33459
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Boron nitride (BN) is a stable 2D material with physiochemical properties similar to graphene-based nanomaterials. We have recently demonstrated that vertically aligned coatings of graphene-based nanomaterials provide strong antibacterial effects on various surfaces. Here we investigated whether BN, a nanomaterial with extensive similarities to graphene, might exhibit similar antibacterial properties. To test this, we developed a novel composite material using BN and low density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer. The composite was extruded under controlled melt flow conditions leading to highly structured morphology, with BN oriented in the extrusion flow direction. Nanocomposite extruded surfaces perpendicular to the flow direction were etched, thus exposing BN nanoparticles embedded in the matrix. The antimicrobial activity of extruded samples was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus by the colony forming units (CFUs) counting method. Furthermore, the bactericidal effect of oriented BN against E. coli and S. aureus was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and live/dead viability assay. Our results suggest that BN nanoflakes on the extruded BN/LDPE composite physically interact with the bacterial cellular envelope, leading to irreparable physical damage. Therefore, we propose that BN–polymer composites might be useful to develop polymer based biomedical devices protected against bacterial adhesion, and thus minimize device associated infections.
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21.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Combination of Cold Atmospheric Plasma and Vitamin C Effectively Disrupts Bacterial Biofilms
  • 2017
  • In: Clinical microbiology. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2327-5073. ; 6:3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is increasingly used in medical applications for eradication of bacterial and tumor cells. CAP treatment devices, known as plasma jet pens, produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The produced reactive species are concentrated in a small and precisely defined area, allowing for high precision medical treatments. CAP has been demonstrated as very effective against planktonic bacterial cells. Unfortunately, bacterial cells in biofilms are typically aggregated and protected by dense exopolymeric matrix, synthesized and secreted by the bacterial community. The main limitation in using CAP against bacterial biofilms is the thick protective matrix of extracellular polymers that shields bacterial cells within this complex architecture. CAP has also been shown to effectively eradicate tumor cells, but the main current limitation is the susceptibility of the surrounding healthy tissues to higher doses. We have recently demonstrated that vitamin C, a natural food supplement, can be used to destabilize bacterial biofilms and render them more susceptible to the CAP killing treatment. Here we discuss the possible impact that a pre-treatment with vitamin C could have on CAP applications in medicine. Specifically, we argue that vitamin C could enhance the effectiveness of CAP treatments against both the bacterial biofilms and some selected tumors.
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22.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Graphene-Based Antimicrobial Biomedical Surfaces
  • 2021
  • In: ChemPhysChem. - : Wiley. - 1439-7641 .- 1439-4235. ; 22:3, s. 250-263
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Biomedical application of graphene derivatives have been intensively studied in last decade. With the exceptional structural, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, these materials have attracted immense attention of biomedical scientists to utilize graphene derivatives in biomedical devices to improve their performance or to achieve desired functions. Surfaces of graphene derivatives including graphite, graphene, graphene oxide and reduce graphene oxide have been demonstrated to pave an excellent platform for antimicrobial behavior, enhanced biocompatibility, tissue engineering, biosensors and drug delivery. This review focuses on the recent advancement in the research of biomedical devices with the coatings or highly structured polymer nanocomposite surfaces of graphene derivatives for antimicrobial activity and sterile surfaces comprising an entirely new class of antibacterial materials. Overall, we aim to highlight on the potential of these materials, current understanding and knowledge gap in the antimicrobial behavior and biocompatibility to be utilized of their coatings to prevent the cross infections.
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23.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Graphene-based sensor for detection of bacterial pathogens
  • 2021
  • In: Sensors. - : MDPI AG. - 1424-8220. ; 21:23
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Microbial colonization to biomedical surfaces and biofilm formation is one of the key challenges in the medical field. Recalcitrant biofilms on such surfaces cause serious infections which are difficult to treat using antimicrobial agents, due to their complex structure. Early detection of microbial colonization and monitoring of biofilm growth could turn the tide by providing timely guidance for treatment or replacement of biomedical devices. Hence, there is a need for sensors, which could generate rapid signals upon bacterial colonization. In this study, we developed a simple prototype sensor based on pristine, non-functionalized graphene. The detection principle is a change in electrical resistance of graphene upon exposure to bacterial cells. Without functionalization with specific receptors, such sensors cannot be expected to be selective to certain bacteria. However, we demonstrated that two different bacterial species can be detected and differentiated by our sensor due to their different growth dynamics, adherence pattern, density of adhered bacteria and microcolonies formation. These distinct behaviors of tested bacteria depicted distinguishable pattern of resistance change, resistance versus gate voltage plot and hysteresis effect. This sensor is simple to fabricate, can easily be miniaturized, and can be effective in cases when precise identification of species is not needed.
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24.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Graphene coated magnetic nanoparticles facilitate the release of biofuels and oleochemicals from yeast cell factories
  • 2021
  • In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 11:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Engineering of microbial cells to produce high value chemicals is rapidly advancing. Yeast, bacteria and microalgae are being used to produce high value chemicals by utilizing widely available carbon sources. However, current extraction processes of many high value products from these cells are time- and labor-consuming and require toxic chemicals. This makes the extraction processes detrimental to the environment and not economically feasible. Hence, there is a demand for the development of simple, effective, and environmentally friendly method for the extraction of high value chemicals from these cell factories. Herein, we hypothesized that atomically thin edges of graphene having ability to interact with hydrophobic materials, could be used to extract high value lipids from cell factories. To achieve this, array of axially oriented graphene was deposited on iron nanoparticles. These coated nanoparticles were used to facilitate the release of intracellular lipids from Yarrowia lipolytica cells. Our treatment process can be integrated with the growth procedure and achieved the release of 50% of total cellular lipids from Y. lipolytica cells. Based on this result, we propose that nanoparticles coated with axially oriented graphene could pave efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective way to release intracellular lipids from yeast cell factories.
  •  
25.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Low Concentrations of Vitamin C Reduce the Synthesis of Extracellular Polymers and Destabilize Bacterial Biofilms
  • 2017
  • In: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-302X. ; 8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria form a matrix supporting the complex three-dimensional architecture of biofilms. This EPS matrix is primarily composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA. In addition to supporting the community structure, the EPS matrix protects bacterial biofilms from the environment. Specifically, it shields the bacterial cells inside the biofilm, by preventing antimicrobial agents from getting in contact with them, thereby reducing their killing effect. New strategies for disrupting the formation of the EPS matrix can therefore lead to a more efficient use of existing antimicrobials. Here we examined the mechanism of the known effect of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) on enhancing the activity of various antibacterial agents. Our quantitative proteomics analysis shows that non-lethal concentrations of vitamin C inhibit bacterial quorum sensing and other regulatory mechanisms underpinning biofilm development. As a result, the EPS biosynthesis in reduced, and especially the polysaccharide component of the matrix is depleted. Once the EPS content is reduced beyond a critical point, bacterial cells get fully exposed to the medium. At this stage, the cells are more susceptible to killing, either by vitamin C-induced oxidative stress as reported here, or by other antimicrobials or treatments.
  •  
26.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Polymyxin B complexation enhances the antimicrobial potential of graphene oxide
  • 2023
  • In: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. - 2235-2988. ; 13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • IntroductionThe antibacterial activity of graphene oxide (GO) has been widely explored and tested against various pathogenic bacterial strains. Although antimicrobial activity of GO against planktonic bacterial cells was demonstrated, its bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect alone is not sufficient to damage sedentary and well protected bacterial cells inside biofilms. Thus, to be utilized as an effective antibacterial agent, it is necessary to improve the antibacterial activity of GO either by integration with other nanomaterials or by attachment of antimicrobial agents. In this study, antimicrobial peptide polymyxin B (PMB) was adsorbed onto the surface of pristine GO and GO functionalized with triethylene glycol. MethodsThe antibacterial effects of the resulting materials were examined by evaluating minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, time kill assay, live/dead viability staining and scanning electron microscopy. Results and discussionPMB adsorption significantly enhanced the bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of GO against both planktonic cells and bacterial cells in biofilms. Furthermore, the coatings of PMB-adsorbed GO applied to catheter tubes strongly mitigated biofilm formation, by preventing bacterial adhesion and killing the bacterial cells that managed to attach. The presented results suggest that antibacterial peptide absorption can significantly enhance the antibacterial activity of GO and the resulting material can be effectively used not only against planktonic bacteria but also against infectious biofilms.
  •  
27.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Precontrolled Alignment of Graphite Nanoplatelets in Polymeric Composites Prevents Bacterial Attachment
  • 2020
  • In: Small. - : Wiley. - 1613-6810 .- 1613-6829. ; 16:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Graphene coatings composed of vertical spikes are shown to mitigate bacterial attachment. Such coatings present hydrophobic edges of graphene, which penetrate the lipid bilayers causing physical disruption of bacterial cells. However, manufacturing of such surfaces on a scale required for antibacterial applications is currently not feasible. This study explores whether graphite can be used as a cheaper alternative to graphene coatings. To examine this, composites of graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) are extruded in controlled conditions to obtain controlled orientation of GNP flakes within the polymer matrix. Flakes are exposed by etching the surface of GNP–LDPE nanocomposites and antibacterial activity is evaluated. GNP nanoflakes on the extruded samples interact with bacterial cell membranes, physically damaging the cells. Bactericidal activity is observed dependent on orientation and nanoflakes density. Composites with high density of GNP (≥15%) present two key advantages: i) they decrease bacterial viability by a factor of 99.9999%, which is 10 000-fold improvement on the current benchmark, and ii) prevent bacterial colonization, thus drastically reducing the numbers of dead cells on the surface. The latter is a key advantage for longer-term biomedical applications, since these surfaces will not have to be cleaned or replaced for longer periods.
  •  
28.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Sustained release of usnic acid from graphene coatings ensures long term antibiofilm protection
  • 2021
  • In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 11:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Protecting surfaces from bacterial colonization and biofilm development is an important challenge for the medical sector, particularly when it comes to biomedical devices and implants that spend longer periods in contact with the human body. A particularly difficult challenge is ensuring long-term protection, which is usually attempted by ensuring sustained release of antibacterial compounds loaded onto various coatings. Graphene have a considerable potential to reversibly interact water insoluble molecules, which makes them promising cargo systems for sustained release of such compounds. In this study, we developed graphene coatings that act as carriers capable of sustained release of usnic acid (UA), and hence enable long-term protection of surfaces against colonization by bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Our coatings exhibited several features that made them particularly effective for antibiofilm protection: (i) UA was successfully integrated with the graphene material, (ii) a steady release of UA was documented, (iii) steady UA release ensured strong inhibition of bacterial biofilm formation. Interestingly, even after the initial burst release of UA, the second phase of steady release was sufficient to block bacterial colonization. Based on these results, we propose that graphene coatings loaded with UA can serve as effective antibiofilm protection of biomedical surfaces.
  •  
29.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • The Exo-Polysaccharide Component of Extracellular Matrix is Essential for the Viscoelastic Properties of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms
  • 2020
  • In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 21:18, s. 1-17
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bacteria are known to form biofilms on various surfaces. Biofilms are multicellular aggregates, held together by an extracellular matrix, which is composed of biological polymers. Three principal components of the biofilm matrix are exopolysaccharides (EPS), proteins, and nucleic acids. The biofilm matrix is essential for biofilms to remain organized under mechanical stress. Thanks to their polymeric nature, biofilms exhibit both elastic and viscous mechanical characteristics; therefore, an accurate mechanical description needs to take into account their viscoelastic nature. Their viscoelastic properties, including during their growth dynamics, are crucial for biofilm survival in many environments, particularly during infection processes. How changes in the composition of the biofilm matrix affect viscoelasticity has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we used interfacial rheology to study the contribution of the EPS component of the matrix to viscoelasticity of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Two strategies were used to specifically deplete the EPS component of the biofilm matrix, namely (i) treatment with sub-lethal doses of vitamin C and (ii) seamless inactivation of the eps operon responsible for biosynthesis of the EPS. In both cases, the obtained results suggest that the EPS component of the matrix is essential for maintaining the viscoelastic properties of bacterial biofilms during their growth. If the EPS component of the matrix is depleted, the mechanical stability of biofilms is compromised and the biofilms become more susceptible to eradication by mechanical stress.
  •  
30.
  • Pandit, Santosh, 1987, et al. (author)
  • Vertically Aligned Graphene Coating is Bactericidal and Prevents the Formation of Bacterial Biofilms
  • 2018
  • In: Advanced Materials Interfaces. - : Wiley. - 2196-7350. ; 5:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The key first step in developing bacterial infections related to implants and medical devices is the attachment of planktonic bacterial cells, and subsequent formation of biofilms. Herein, it is reported that graphene, a 2D carbon-based material, can be effectively used to prevent bacterial attachment. The key parameter for this effect is the orientation of graphene with respect to the coated surface. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene, deposited horizontally on the surface, exhibits no antibacterial effect. By contrast, an array of graphene flakes grown perpendicularly to the surface by a plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) process prevent biofilm formation. Electron microscopy reveals that the exposed edges of vertically aligned graphene flakes penetrate the bacterial membrane and drain the cytosolic content. Bacteria are not able to develop resistance to this killing mechanism during multiple exposures. By keeping the height of the vertical graphene coating between 60 and 100 nm, the coating is able to effectively kill bacteria, while being completely harmless to mammalian cells.
  •  
31.
  • Rahimi, Shadi, 1982, et al. (author)
  • Automated Prediction of Bacterial Exclusion Areas on SEM Images of Graphene–Polymer Composites
  • 2023
  • In: Nanomaterials. - 2079-4991. ; 13:10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To counter the rising threat of bacterial infections in the post-antibiotic age, intensive efforts are invested in engineering new materials with antibacterial properties. The key bottleneck in this initiative is the speed of evaluation of the antibacterial potential of new materials. To overcome this, we developed an automated pipeline for the prediction of antibacterial potential based on scanning electron microscopy images of engineered surfaces. We developed polymer composites containing graphite-oriented nanoplatelets (GNPs). The key property that the algorithm needs to consider is the density of sharp exposed edges of GNPs that kill bacteria on contact. The surface area of these sharp exposed edges of GNPs, accessible to bacteria, needs to be inferior to the diameter of a typical bacterial cell. To test this assumption, we prepared several composites with variable distribution of exposed edges of GNP. For each of them, the percentage of bacterial exclusion area was predicted by our algorithm and validated experimentally by measuring the loss of viability of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis. We observed a remarkable linear correlation between predicted bacterial exclusion area and measured loss of viability (R2 = 0.95). The algorithm parameters we used are not generally applicable to any antibacterial surface. For each surface, key mechanistic parameters must be defined for successful prediction.
  •  
32.
  • Rahimi, Shadi, 1982, et al. (author)
  • Cellular and subcellular interactions of graphene-based materials with cancerous and non-cancerous cells
  • 2022
  • In: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-409X .- 1872-8294. ; 189
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Despite significant advances in early detection and personalized treatment, cancer is still among the leading causes of death globally. One of the possible anticancer approaches that is presently receiving a lot of attention is the development of nanocarriers capable of specific and efficient delivery of anticancer drugs. Graphene-based materials are promising nanocarriers in this respect, due to their high drug loading capacity and biocompatibility. In this review, we present an overview on the interactions of graphene-based materials with normal mammalian cells at the molecular level as well as cellular and subcellular levels, including plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and membrane-bound organelles such as lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisome. In parallel, we assemble the knowledge about the interactions of graphene-based materials with cancerous cells, that are considered as the potential applications of these materials for cancer therapy including metastasis treatment, targeted drug delivery, and differentiation to non-cancer stem cells. We highlight the influence of key parameters, such as the size and surface chemistry of graphene-based materials that govern the efficiency of internalization and biocompatibility of these particles in vitro and in vivo. Finally, this review aims to correlate the key parameters of graphene-based nanomaterials specially graphene oxide, such as size and surface modifications, to their interactions with the cancerous and non-cancerous cells for designing and engineering them for bio-applications and especially for therapeutic purposes.
  •  
33.
  • Rahimi, Shadi, 1982, et al. (author)
  • Co-culturing Bacillus subtilis and wastewater microbial community in a bio-electrochemical system enhances denitrification and butyrate formation
  • 2020
  • In: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947. ; 397
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bio-augmentation could be a promising strategy to improve processes for treatment and resource recovery from wastewater. In this study, the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis was co-cultured with the microbial communities present in wastewater samples with high concentrations of nitrate or ammonium. Glucose supplementation (1%) was used to boost biomass growth in all wastewater samples. In anaerobic conditions, the indigenous microbial community bio-augmented with B. subtilis was able to rapidly remove nitrate from wastewater. In these conditions, B. subtilis overexpressed nitrogen assimilatory and respiratory genes including nasD, nasE, narG, narH, and narI, which arguably accounted for the observed boost in denitrification. Next, we attempted to use the ammonium- and nitrate-enriched wastewater samples bio-augmented with B. subtilis in the cathodic compartment of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) operated in anaerobic condition. B. subtilis only had low relative abundance in the microbial community, but bio-augmentation promoted the growth of Clostridium butyricum and C. beijerinckii, which became the dominant species. Both bio-augmentation with B. subtilis and electrical current from the cathode in the BES promoted butyrate production during fermentation of glucose. A concentration of 3.4 g/L butyrate was reached with a combination of cathodic current and bio-augmentation in ammonium-enriched wastewater. With nitrate-enriched wastewater, the BES effectively removed nitrate reaching 3.2 mg/L after 48 h. In addition, 3.9 g/L butyrate was produced. We propose that bio-augmentation of wastewater with B. subtilis in combination with bioelectrochemical processes could both boost denitrification in nitrate-containing wastewater and enable commercial production of butyrate from carbohydrate- containing wastewater, e.g. dairy industry discharges. These results suggest that B. subtilis bio-augmentation in our BES promotes simultaneous wastewater treatment and butyrate production. © 2020 The Authors
  •  
34.
  • Rahimi, Shadi, 1982, et al. (author)
  • Ginsenoside Rg3 Reduces the Toxicity of Graphene Oxide Used for pH-Responsive Delivery of Doxorubicin to Liver and Breast Cancer Cells
  • 2023
  • In: Pharmaceutics. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4923. ; 15:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Doxorubicin (DOX) is extensively used in chemotherapy, but it has serious side effects and is inefficient against some cancers, e.g., hepatocarcinoma. To ameliorate the delivery of DOX and reduce its side effects, we designed a pH-responsive delivery system based on graphene oxide (GO) that is capable of a targeted drug release in the acidic tumor microenvironment. GO itself disrupted glutathione biosynthesis and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in human cells. It induced IL17-directed JAK-STAT signaling and VEGF gene expression, leading to increased cell proliferation as an unwanted effect. To counter this, GO was conjugated with the antioxidant, ginsenoside Rg3, prior to loading with DOX. The conjugation of Rg3 to GO significantly reduced the toxicity of the GO carrier by abolishing ROS production. Furthermore, treatment of cells with GO–Rg3 did not induce IL17-directed JAK-STAT signaling and VEGF gene expression—nor cell proliferation—suggesting GO–Rg3 as a promising drug carrier. The anticancer activity of GO–Rg3–DOX conjugates was investigated against Huh7 hepatocarcinoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. GO–Rg3–DOX conjugates significantly reduced cancer cell viability, primarily via downregulation of transcription regulatory genes and upregulation of apoptosis genes. GO–Rg3 is an effective, biocompatible, and pH responsive DOX carrier with potential to improve chemotherapy—at least against liver and breast cancers.
  •  
35.
  • Ravikumar, V., et al. (author)
  • Antimicrobial Activity of Graphene Oxide Contributes to Alteration of Key Stress-Related and Membrane Bound Proteins
  • 2022
  • In: International journal of nanomedicine. - 1176-9114 .- 1178-2013. ; 17, s. 6707-6721
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction: Antibacterial activity of graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively studied, wherein penetration of the bacterial cell membrane and oxidative stress are considered to play a major role in the bactericidal activity of GO. However, the specific mechanism responsible for the antibacterial activity of GO remains largely unknown. Hence, the goal of this study was to explore the mode of action of GO, via an in-depth proteomic analysis of the targeted bacteria. Methods: Staphylococcus aureus was grown in the presence of GO and samples were collected at different growth phases to examine the cell viability and to analyze the changes in protein expression. Antimicrobial efficiency of GO was tested by assessing bacterial viability, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by GO treatment were examined by fluorescence microscopy. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis was performed to examine the differentially regulated proteins in S. aureus after GO treatment. Results: GO treatment was observed to reduce S. aureus viability, from 50 ± 17% after 4 h, to 93 ± 2% after 24 h. The live/dead staining confirmed this progressive antimicrobial effect of GO. SEM images revealed the wrapping of bacterial cells and their morphological disruption by means of pore formation due to GO insertion. GO treatment was observed to generate intracellular ROS, correlating to the loss of cell viability. The proteomics analysis revealed alteration in the expression of cell membrane, oxidative stress response, general stress response, and virulence-associated proteins in GO-treated bacterial cells. The time-dependent bactericidal activity of GO correlated with a higher number of differentially regulated proteins involved in the above.-mentioned processes. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that the time-dependent bactericidal effect of GO is attributed to its wrapping/trapping ability, ROS production and due to physical disruption of the cell membrane.
  •  
36.
  • Ruan, Hengzhi, 1995, et al. (author)
  • Biomimetic Antibacterial Gelatin Hydrogels with Multifunctional Properties for Biomedical Applications
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - 1944-8252 .- 1944-8244. ; 15:47, s. 54249-54249–54265
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A facile novel approach of introducing dopamine and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide via dopamine-triggered in situ synthesis into gelatin hydrogels in the presence of ZnSO4 is presented in this study. Remarkably, the resulting hydrogels showed 99.99 and 100% antibacterial efficiency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, making them the highest performing surfaces in their class. Furthermore, the hydrogels showed adhesive properties, self-healing ability, antifreeze properties, electrical conductivity, fatigue resistance, and mechanical stability from −100 to 80 °C. The added multifunctional performance overcomes several disadvantages of gelatin-based hydrogels such as poor mechanical properties and limited thermostability. Overall, the newly developed hydrogels show significant potential for numerous biomedical applications, such as wearable monitoring sensors and antibacterial coatings.
  •  
37.
  • Ruan, Hengzhi, 1995, et al. (author)
  • Polysaccharide-based antibacterial coating technologies
  • 2023
  • In: Acta Biomaterialia. - 1878-7568 .- 1742-7061. ; 168, s. 42-77
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To tackle antimicrobial resistance, a global threat identified by the United Nations, is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and is responsible for significant costs on healthcare systems, a substantial amount of research has been devoted to developing polysaccharide-based strategies that prevent bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on surfaces. Polysaccharides are essential building blocks for life and an abundant renewable resource that have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic remarkable biological potential antibacterial activities. If converted into efficient antibacterial coatings that could be applied to a broad range of surfaces and applications, polysaccharide-based coatings could have a significant potential global impact. However, the ultimate success of polysaccharide-based antibacterial materials will be determined by their potential for use in manufacturing processes that are scalable, versatile, and affordable. Therefore, in this review we focus on recent advances in polysaccharide-based antibacterial coatings from the perspective of fabrication methods. We first provide an overview of strategies for designing polysaccharide-based antimicrobial formulations and methods to assess the antibacterial properties of coatings. Recent advances on manufacturing polysaccharide-based coatings using some of the most common polysaccharides and fabrication methods are then detailed, followed by a critical comparative overview of associated challenges and opportunities for future developments. Statement of significance: Our review presents a timely perspective by being the first review in the field to focus on advances on polysaccharide-based antibacterial coatings from the perspective of fabrication methods along with an overview of strategies for designing polysaccharide-based antimicrobial formulations, methods to assess the antibacterial properties of coatings as well as a critical comparative overview of associated challenges and opportunities for future developments. Meanwhile this work is specifically targeted at an audience focused on featuring critical information and guidelines for developing polysaccharide-based coatings. Including such a complementary work in the journal could lead to further developments on polysaccharide antibacterial applications.
  •  
38.
  • Shi, Lei, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Connection between protein-tyrosine kinase inhibition and coping with oxidative stress in Bacillus subtilis
  • 2024
  • In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 121:25
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In bacteria, attenuation of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation occurs during oxidative stress. The main described mechanism behind this effect is the H2O2-triggered conversion of bacterial phospho-tyrosines to protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. This disrupts the bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation-based signaling network, which alters the bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis. Herein, we report an alternative mechanism, in which oxidative stress leads to a direct inhibition of bacterial protein-tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases). We show that DefA, a minor peptide deformylase, inhibits the activity of BY-kinase PtkA when Bacillus subtilis is exposed to oxidative stress. High levels of PtkA activity are known to destabilize B. subtilis pellicle formation, which leads to higher sensitivity to oxidative stress. Interaction with DefA inhibits both PtkA autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of its substrate Ugd, which is involved in exopolysaccharide formation. Inactivation of defA drastically reduces the capacity of B. subtilis to cope with oxidative stress, but it does not affect the major oxidative stress regulons PerR, OhrR, and Spx, indicating that PtkA inhibition is the main pathway for DefA involvement in this stress response. Structural analysis identified DefA residues Asn95, Tyr150, and Glu152 as essential for interaction with PtkA. Inhibition of PtkA depends also on the presence of a C-terminal α-helix of DefA, which resembles PtkA-interacting motifs from known PtkA activators, TkmA, SalA, and MinD. Loss of either the key interacting residues or the inhibitory helix of DefA abolishes inhibition of PtkA in vitro and impairs postoxidative stress recovery in vivo, confirming the involvement of these structural features in the proposed mechanism.
  •  
39.
  • Shi, Lei, 1981, et al. (author)
  • Evolutionary Analysis of the Bacillus subtilis Genome Reveals New Genes Involved in Sporulation
  • 2020
  • In: Molecular biology and evolution. - : Oxford University Press. - 0737-4038 .- 1537-1719. ; 37:6, s. 1667-1678
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bacilli can form dormant, highly resistant, and metabolically inactive spores to cope with extreme environmental challenges. In this study, we examined the evolutionary age of Bacillus subtilis sporulation genes using the approach known as genomic phylostratigraphy. We found that B. subtilis sporulation genes cluster in several groups that emerged at distant evolutionary time-points, suggesting that the sporulation process underwent several stages of expansion. Next, we asked whether such evolutionary stratification of the genome could be used to predict involvement in sporulation of presently uncharacterized genes (y-genes). We individually inactivated a representative sample of uncharacterized genes that arose during the same evolutionary periods as the known sporulation genes and tested the resulting strains for sporulation phenotypes. Sporulation was significantly affected in 16 out of 37 (43%) tested strains. In addition to expanding the knowledge base on B. subtilis sporulation, our findings suggest that evolutionary age could be used to help with genome mining.
  •  
40.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • A Sustainable Approach for the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Solibacillus isronensis sp. and Their Application in Biofilm Inhibition
  • 2020
  • In: Molecules. - : MDPI AG. - 1420-3049 .- 1420-3049. ; 25:12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The use of bacteria as nanofactories for the green synthesis of nanoparticles is considered a sustainable approach, owing to the stability, biocompatibility, high yields and facile synthesis of nanoparticles. The green synthesis provides the coating or capping of biomolecules on nanoparticles surface, which confer their biological activity. In this study, we report green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by an environmental isolate; named as AgNPs1, which showed 100% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Solibacillus isronensis. UV/visible analysis (UV/Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The stable nature of nanoparticles was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Further, these nanoparticles were tested for biofilm inhibition against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The AgNPs showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 3.12 µg/mL and 6.25 µg/mL for E. coli, and 1.56 µg/mL and 3.12 µg/mL for P. aeruginosa, respectively.
  •  
41.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • Anti-biofilm effects of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized by the Rhodiola rosea rhizome extracts
  • 2018
  • In: Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine and Biotechnology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2169-1401 .- 2169-141X. ; 46:sup3, s. S886-S899
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bacterial biofilm represents a major problem in medicine. They colonize and damage medical devices and implants and, in many cases, foster development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Biofilm development starts by bacterial attachment to the surface and the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS forms a structural scaffold for dividing bacterial cells. The EPS layers also play a protective role, preventing the access of antibiotics to biofilm-associated microorganisms. The aim of this work was to investigate the production nanoparticles that could be used to inhibit biofilm formation. The applied production procedure from rhizome extracts of Rhodiola rosea is simple and environmentally friendly, as it requires no additional reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. The produced nanoparticles were stable and crystalline in nature with an average diameter of 13–17 nm for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and 15–30 nm for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis revealed the concentration of synthesized nanoparticles as 3.3 and 5.3 mg/ml for AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy detected the presence of flavonoids, terpenes and phenols on the nanoparticle surface, which could be responsible for reducing the Au and Ag salts to nanoparticles and further stabilizing them. Furthermore, we explored the AgNPs for inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilms. AgNPs exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/ml, against P. aeruginosa and E. coli, respectively. The respective minimum bactericidal concentrations were 100 and 200 µg/ml. These results suggest that using the rhizome extracts of the medicinal plant R. rosea represents a viable route for green production of nanoparticles with anti-biofilm effects.
  •  
42.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • Antimicrobial effects of biogenic nanoparticles
  • 2018
  • In: Nanomaterials. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-4991. ; 8:12
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Infectious diseases pose one of the greatest health challenges in the medical world. Though numerous antimicrobial drugs are commercially available, they often lack effectiveness against recently developed multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This results in high antibiotic dose administration and a need to develop new antibiotics, which in turn requires time, money, and labor investments. Recently, biogenic metallic nanoparticles have proven their effectiveness against MDR microorganisms, individually and in synergy with the current/conventional antibiotics. Importantly, biogenic nanoparticles are easy to produce, facile, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly in nature. In addition, biogenic nanoparticles are surrounded by capping layers, which provide them with biocompatibility and long-term stability. Moreover, these capping layers provide an active surface for interaction with biological components, facilitated by free active surface functional groups. These groups are available for modification, such as conjugation with antimicrobial drugs, genes, and peptides, in order to enhance their efficacy and delivery. This review summarizes the conventional antibiotic treatments and highlights the benefits of using nanoparticles in combating infectious diseases.
  •  
43.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • Gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and therapeutics for human cancer
  • 2018
  • In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 19:7
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The application of nanotechnology for the treatment of cancer is mostly based on early tumor detection and diagnosis by nanodevices capable of selective targeting and delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the specific tumor site. Due to the remarkable properties of gold nanoparticles, they have long been considered as a potential tool for diagnosis of various cancers and for drug delivery applications. These properties include high surface area to volume ratio, surface plasmon resonance, surface chemistry and multi-functionalization, facile synthesis, and stable nature. Moreover, the non-toxic and non-immunogenic nature of gold nanoparticles and the high permeability and retention effect provide additional benefits by enabling easy penetration and accumulation of drugs at the tumor sites. Various innovative approaches with gold nanoparticles are under development. In this review, we provide an overview of recent progress made in the application of gold nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer by tumor detection, drug delivery, imaging, photothermal and photodynamic therapy and their current limitations in terms of bioavailability and the fate of the nanoparticles.
  •  
44.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa (industrial hemp) and their capacity for biofilm inhibition
  • 2018
  • In: International journal of nanomedicine. - 1176-9114 .- 1178-2013. ; 13, s. 3571-3591
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Cannabis saliva(hemp) is a source of various biologically active compounds, for instance, cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, which exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. With the purpose of expanding the auxiliary application of C. sativa in the field of bio-nanotechnology, we explored the plant for green and efficient synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods and results: The nanoparticles were synthesized by utilizing an aqueous extract of C. sativa stem separated into two different fractions (cortex and core [xylem part]) without any additional reducing, stabilizing and capping agents. In the synthesis of AuNPs using the cortex enriched in bast fibers, fiber-AuNPs (F-AuNPs) were achieved. When using the core part of the stem, which is enriched with phenolic compounds such as alkaloids and cannabinoids, core-AuNPs (C-AuNPs) and core-AgNPs (C-AgNPs) were formed. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-visible analysis, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization timeof-flight. In addition, the stable nature of nanoparticles has been shown by thermogravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Finally, the AgNPs were explored for the inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli biofilms. Condusion: The synthesized nanoparticles were crystalline with an average diameter between 12 and 18 nm for F-AuNPs and C-AuNPs and in the range of 20-40 nm for C-AgN Ps. ICP-MS analysis revealed concentrations of synthesized nanoparticles as 0.7, 4.5 and 3.6 mg/mL for F-AuNPs, C-AuNPs and C-AgNPs, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of flavonoids, cannabinoids, terpenes and phenols on the nanoparticle surface, which could be responsible for reducing the salts to nanoparticles and further stabilizing them. In addition, the stable nature of synthesized nanoparticles has been shown by thermogravimetric analysis and ICP-MS. Finally, the AgNPs were explored for the inhibition of P. aeruginosa and E. coli biofilms. The nanoparticles exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration values of 6.25 and 5 mu g/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration values of 12.5 and 25 mu g/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coil, respectively.
  •  
45.
  • Singh, Priyanka, et al. (author)
  • Silver nanoparticles produced from Cedecea sp. exhibit antibiofilm activity and remarkable stability
  • 2021
  • In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322 .- 2045-2322. ; 11:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • With multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens on the rise, there is a strong research focus on alternative antibacterial treatments that could replace or complement classical antibiotics. Metallic nanoparticles, and in particular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been shown to kill bacterial biofilms effectively, but their chemical synthesis often involves environmentally unfriendly by-products. Recent studies have shown that microbial and plant extracts can be used for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs. Herein we report a procedure for producing AgNPs using a putative Cedecea sp. strain isolated from soil. The isolated bacterial strain showed a remarkable potential for producing spherical, crystalline and stable AgNPs characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The concentration of produced nanoparticles was 1.31 µg/µl with a negative surface charge of − 15.3 mV and nanoparticles size ranging from 10–40 nm. The AgNPs was tested against four pathogenic microorganisms S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The nanoparticles exhibited strong minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 and 6.25 µg/µl and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 12.5 and 12.5 µg/mL against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. One distinguishing feature of AgNPs produced by Cedecea sp. extracts is their extreme stability. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the produced AgNPs are stable for periods exceeding one year. This means that their strong antibacterial effects, demonstrated against E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms, can be expected to persist during extended periods.
  •  
46.
  • Sun, Jie, 1977, et al. (author)
  • Insights into the Mechanism for Vertical Graphene Growth by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
  • 2022
  • In: Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 14:5, s. 7152-7160
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Vertically oriented graphene (VG) has attracted attention for years, but the growth mechanism is still not fully revealed. The electric field may play a role, but the direct evidence and exactly what role it plays remains unclear. Here, we conduct a systematic study and find that in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, the VG growth preferably occurs at spots where the local field is stronger, for example, at GaN nanowire tips. On almost round-shaped nanoparticles, instead of being perpendicular to the substrate, the VG grows along the field direction, that is, perpendicular to the particles' local surfaces. Even more convincingly, the sheath field is screened to different degrees, and a direct correlation between the field strength and the VG growth is observed. Numerical calculation suggests that during the growth, the field helps accumulate charges on graphene, which eventually changes the cohesive graphene layers into separate three-dimensional VG flakes. Furthermore, the field helps attract charged precursors to places sticking out from the substrate and makes them even sharper and turn into VG. Finally, we demonstrate that the VG-covered nanoparticles are benign to human blood leukocytes and could be considered for drug delivery. Our research may serve as a starting point for further vertical two-dimensional material growth mechanism studies.
  •  
47.
  • Xu, Li, 1986, et al. (author)
  • Graphene-based biosensors for the detection of prostate cancer protein biomarkers: a review
  • 2019
  • In: BMC Chemistry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2661-801X. ; 13:1
  • Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Prostate cancer (PC) is the sixth most common cancer type in the world, which causes approximately 10% of total cancer fatalities. The detection of protein biomarkers in body fluids is the key topic for the diagnosis and prognosis of PC. Highly sensitive screening of PC is the most effective approach for reducing mortality. Thus, there are a growing number of literature that recognizes the importance of new technologies for early diagnosis of PC. Graphene is playing an important role in the biosensor field with remarkable physical, optical, electrochemical and magnetic properties. Many recent studies demonstrated the potential of graphene materials for sensitive detection of protein biomarkers. In this review, the graphene-based biosensors toward PC analysis are mainly discussed in two groups: Firstly, novel biosensor interfaces were constructed through the modification of graphene materials onto sensor surfaces. Secondly, ingenious signal amplification strategies were developed using graphene materials as catalysts or carriers. Graphene-based biosensors have exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide detection ranges, and long-term stabilities.
  •  
48.
  • Zhang, Jian, 1989, et al. (author)
  • Antibiotic-Loaded Boron Nitride Nanoconjugate with Strong Performance against Planktonic Bacteria and Biofilms
  • 2023
  • In: ACS Applied Bio Materials. - 2576-6422. ; 6:8, s. 3131-3142
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Protecting surfacesfrom biofilm formation presents a significantchallenge in the biomedical field. The utilization of antimicrobialcomponent-conjugated nanoparticles is becoming an attractive strategyagainst infectious biofilms. Boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials havea unique biomedical application value due to their excellent biocompatibility.Here, we developed antibiotic-loaded BN nanoconjugates to combat bacterialbiofilms. Antibiofilm testing included two types of pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichiacoli. Gentamicin was loaded on polydopamine-modifiedBN nanoparticles (GPBN) to construct a nanoconjugate, which was veryeffective in killing E. coli and S. aureus planktonic cells. GPBN exhibited equallystrong capacity for biofilm destruction, tested on preformed biofilms.A 24 h treatment with the nanoconjugate reduced cell viability bymore than 90%. Our results suggest that GPBN adheres to the surfaceof the biofilm, penetrates inside the biofilm matrix, and finallydeactivates the cells. Interestingly, the GPBN coatings also stronglyinhibited the formation of bacterial biofilms. Based on these results,we suggest that GPBN could serve as an effective means for treatingbiofilm-associated infections and as coatings for biofilm prevention.
  •  
49.
  • Zhang, Jian, 1989, et al. (author)
  • Polydopamine/graphene oxide coatings loaded with tetracycline and green Ag nanoparticles for effective prevention of biofilms
  • 2023
  • In: Applied Surface Science. - 0169-4332. ; 626
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are significant challenges for medical devices and implants. Surface modification to alter the surface properties of biomedical device surfaces to prevent the biofilm formation is an important driving force for the development of anti-biofilm coatings. Here, a simple and feasible method to fabricate antibacterial coatings that combines the adhesion properties of polydopamine (PDA) and the high drug loading capacity of graphene oxide (GO). Tetracycline and green-synthesized silver nanoparticles were successfully assembled onto the coating surface, endowing the coating an anti-biofilm effect and exhibit strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus and E. coli biofilms by a factor of more than 1000 (3 log10 units). Kirby-Bauer diffusion test, colony forming unit (CFU) counts, biofilm topography studies and live/dead staining were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the coatings. This study is proposed that PDA/GO coatings loaded with antibiotics or silver nanoparticles can be used as a potential approach to prevent infection associated with implantable biomedical devices.
  •  
50.
  • Zhang, Jian, 1989, et al. (author)
  • Polydopamine Modified Carbon Nitride and PAMAM Assembled Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of Indole-3-Acetic Acid
  • 2024
  • In: ChemElectroChem. - 2196-0216. ; 11:11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) assumes a pivotal role as a phytohormone of utmost importance, intricately orchestrating the nuanced processes associated with the growth and developmental trajectories of botanical organisms. In this study, we have designed and fabricated a label-free electrochemical impedance immunosensor for the precise detection of IAA. The detection strategy predominantly relied upon polydopamine modified carbon nitride (C3N4) nanosheets (PCN) and polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. Through the modification with PCN and PAMAM, the electrode has increased the active area and enhanced the immobilization capacity of antibodies for IAA. The immunosensor‘s ability to capture IAA was significantly improved by enhancing the immunoreaction between the antibody and antigen. This enhancement led to an increased response in the electrochemical behavior of the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox probe. The impedance immunosensor developed exhibits remarkable sensitivity, exceptional selectivity, and consistent performance in the detection of IAA. This assay method, with the potential to replace antibodies, could offer an alternative approach for detecting various phytohormones.
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