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1.	Zhou, Yushan, et al. (författare) Micro ion beam analysis for the erosion of beryllium marker tiles in a tokamak limiter 2019 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 450, s. 200-204 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Beryllium limiter marker tiles were exposed to plasma in the Joint European Torus to diagnose the erosion of main chamber wall materials. A limiter marker tile consists of a beryllium coating layer (7-9 mu m) on the top of bulk beryllium, with a nickel interlayer (2-3 mu m) between them. The thickness variation of the beryllium coating layer, after exposure to plasma, could indicate the erosion measured by ion beam analysis with backscattering spectrometry. However, interpretations from broad beam backscattering spectra were limited by the non-uniform surface structures. Therefore, micro-ion beam analysis (mu-IBA) with 3 MeV proton beam for Elastic back scattering spectrometry (EBS) and PIXE was used to scan samples. The spot size was in the range of 3-10 mu m. Scanned areas were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well. Combining results from mu-IBA and SEM, we obtained local spectra from carefully chosen areas on which the surface structures were relatively uniform. Local spectra suggested that the scanned area (approximate to 600 mu m x 1200 mu m) contained regions with serious erosion with only 2-3 mu m coating beryllium left, regions with intact marker tile, and droplets with 90% beryllium. The nonuniform erosion, droplets mainly formed by beryllium, and the possible mixture of beryllium and nickel were the major reasons that confused interpretation from broad beam EBS.
2.	Dalbauer, V, et al. (författare) On the phase formation of cathodic arc evaporated Al1-xCrx-based intermetallic coatings and substoichiometric oxides 2018 Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 352, s. 392-398 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The phase evolution of Al1-xCrx-based intermetallic coatings and corresponding substoichiometric oxides grown by cathodic arc evaporation was investigated in order to obtain a better understanding of the relation between oxygen flow rate, Al and Cr content, and structural evolution of the coatings deposited. When using 20 sccm Ar, or 50 sccm O-2, or 100 sccm O-2 per active source (p.a.s.) the cathode reaction zone consists of various intermetallic Al-Cr-compounds, which are in good agreement with the binary Al-Cr phase diagram. This is generally also reflected in the phase composition of the metallic and substoichiometric oxide coatings. The Al-rich compositions, Al0.75Cr0.25 and Al0.70Cr0.30, show a strong tendency for the formation of gamma(1)-Al8Cr5 phases. Mostly, the coating compositions of the metallic constituents of the synthesised intermetallic and substoichiometric oxide coatings deviate from the elemental compositions of the cathode, show enrichment in Cr. This deviation is more pronounced for Cr-rich cathodes using low O-2 flow rates during deposition. The dense columnar structure of the intermetallic coatings (hardness values between 2.5 and 10.2 GPa) turns into a nano-composite-like morphology for depositions with 50 and 100 sccm O-2 p.a.s., which in turn leads to a significant hardness increase up to similar to 24 GPa. Among all coatings investigated, the Cr-rich compositions have higher hardness and denser morphology than the Al-rich layers.
3.	Englund, Sven, et al. (författare) Characterization of TiN back contact interlayers with varied thickness for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells 2017 Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - : Elsevier BV. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 639, s. 91-97 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract TiN thin films have previously been used as intermediate barrier layers on Mo back contacts in CZTS(e) solar cells to suppress excessive reaction of the Mo in the annealing step. In this work, TiN films with various thickness (20, 50 and 200 nm) were prepared with reactive DC magnetron sputtering on Mo/SLG substrates and annealed, without CZTS(e) layers, in either S or Se atmospheres. The as-deposited references and the annealed samples were characterized with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Time-of-Flight-Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis, Time-of-Flight-Medium-Energy Ion Scattering, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy – Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. It was found that the as-deposited TiN layers below 50 nm show discontinuities, which could be related to the surface roughness of the Mo. Upon annealing, TiN layers dramatically reduced the formation of MoS(e)2, but did not prevent the sulfurization or selenization of Mo. The MoS(e)2 had formed near the discontinuities, both below and above the TiN layers. Another unexpected finding was that the thicker TiN layer increased the amount of Na diffused to the surface after anneal, and we suggest that this effect is related to the Na affinity of the TiN layers and the MoS(e)2 thickness.
4.	Englund, Sven, et al. (författare) TiN Interlayers with Varied Thickness in Cu2ZnSnS(e)(4) Thin Film Solar Cells : Effect on Na Diffusion, Back Contact Stability, and Performance 2018 Ingår i: Physica Status Solidi (a) applications and materials science. - : Wiley. - 1862-6300 .- 1862-6319. ; 215:23 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In this study, interlayers with varied thickness of TiN between Cu2ZnSnS(e)(4) (CZTS(e)) absorbers and Mo on soda-lime glass substrates are investigated for CZTS(e) thin film solar cells. Na diffusion is analyzed using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and it is found that the use of thick TiN interlayers facilitates Na diffusion into the absorbers. The CZTS(e)/TiN/Mo interfaces are scrutinized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). It is found that diffusion of chalcogens present in the precursor occurs through openings, resulting from surface roughness in the Mo, in the otherwise chemically stable TiN interlayers, forming point contacts of MoS(e)(2). It is further established that both chalcogens and Mo diffuse along the TiN interlayer grain boundaries. Solar cell performance for sulfur-annealed samples improved with increased thickness of TiN, and with a 200 nm TiN interlayer, the solar cell performance is comparable to a typical Mo reference. Pure TiN bulk contacts are investigated and shown to work, but the performance is still inferior to the TiN interlayer back contacts. The use of thick TiN interlayers offers a pathway to achieve high efficiency CZTS(e) solar cells on highly inert back contacts.
5.	Fluch, Ulrike, et al. (författare) Uniform distribution of post-synthetic linker exchange in metal-organic frameworks revealed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry 2017 Ingår i: Chemical Communications. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 1359-7345 .- 1364-548X. ; 53:48, s. 6516-6519 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been used for the first time to study post-synthetic linker exchange (PSE) in metal-organic frameworks. RBS is a non-invasive method to quantify the amount of introduced linker, as well as providing a means for depth profiling in order to identify the preferred localization of the introduced linker. The exchange of benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) by similarly sized 2-iodobenzenedicarboxylate (I-bdc) proceeds considerably slower than migration of I-dbc through the UiO-66 crystal. Consequently, the I-bdc is found evenly distributed throughout the UiO-66 samples, even at very short PSE exposure times.
6.	Glechner, T., et al. (författare) Tuning structure and mechanical properties of Ta-C coatings by N-alloying and vacancy population 2018 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tailoring mechanical properties of transition metal carbides by substituting carbon with nitrogen atoms is a highly interesting approach, as thereby the bonding state changes towards a more metallic like character and thus ductility can be increased. Based on ab initio calculations we could prove experimentally, that up to a nitrogen content of about 68% on the non-metallic sublattice, Ta-C-N crystals prevail a face centered cubic structure for sputter deposited thin films. The cubic structure is partly stabilized by non-metallic as well as Ta vacancies-the latter are decisive for nitrogen rich compositions. With increasing nitrogen content, the originally super-hard fcc-TaC0.71 thin films soften from 40 GPa to 26 GPa for TaC0.33N0.67, accompanied by a decrease of the indentation modulus. With increasing nitrogen on the non-metallic sublattice (hence, decreasing C) the damage tolerance of Ta-C based coatings increases, when characterized after the Pugh and Pettifor criteria. Consequently, varying the non-metallic sublattice population allows for an effective tuning and designing of intrinsic coating properties.
7.	Kalamara, A., et al. (författare) Determination of the Ir-193(n, 2n) reaction cross section and correction methodology for the Ir-191(n, gamma) contamination 2019 Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. - : SPRINGER. - 1434-6001 .- 1434-601X. ; 55:10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The cross section of the Ir-193(n, 2n)Ir-192 reaction has been determined by means of the activation technique, relative to the Al-27(n, alpha) and Au-197(n, 2n) reference reactions cross sections, at neutron beam energies ranging from 10 to 21 MeV. The quasi-monoenergetic neutron beams were produced at the 5.5 MV Tandem T11/25 Accelerator Laboratory of NCSR "Demokritos" via the H-2(d, n) and H-3(d, n) reactions. The induced gamma-ray activity of the irradiated target and reference foils was measured with high resolution HPGe detectors. In order to correct for the contribution of the Ir-191(n, gamma)Ir-192 reaction, which is open to low energy parasitic neutrons, a recently developed analysis method was implemented and it is presented in great detail. Furthermore, cross section theoretical calculations were carried out using the EMPIRE and TALYS codes over a wide energy range.
8.	Kantre, Karim-Alexandros, et al. (författare) Assessing electronic energy loss of heavy ions detected in reflection geometry 2021 Ingår i: Surface and Interface Analysis. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0142-2421 .- 1096-9918. ; 53:7, s. 650-657 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We study energy loss spectra of bromine ions scattered from silver thin films in the range of 4 to 36 MeV in forward reflection geometry. The different contributions to the energy loss were analyzed by complementary Monte-Carlo simulations. We assess the dependence of the scattering yield as well as nuclear and electronic losses on the penetration depth of detected ions. To investigate the entanglement of energy loss and depth information, electronic stopping cross sections were deduced from the experimental spectra by two different approaches: a) assuming a single scattering model and b) making use of Monte-Carlo simulations. The data obtained from the two approaches are compared and we assess the relative contributions from nuclear stopping as well as from the effect of multiple scattering on trajectory length. Results of both methods are compared to data from literature, to SRIM predictions and discussed in the context of composition depth‑profiling.
9.	Kantre, Karim-Alexandros, et al. (författare) Investigation of the energy loss of I in Au at energies below the Bragg peak 2019 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 450, s. 37-42 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The energy loss of iodine in gold was investigated at energies below the Bragg peak. With the present work, the range of the available experimental data is extended to significantly lower energies, while the nuclear stopping power contribution is taken into account. Experiments were performed on thin film targets in reflection geometry. Electronic stopping cross sections were extracted by different approaches from experimental spectra. The obtained results have been compared to tabulated values from SRIM and previously published experimental data, where available. For all energies the obtained values are consistently higher than predicted by SRIM. Monte Carlo simulations (TRIM) have been performed to study path length distributions and the influence of nuclear stopping on the total energy loss. The results from the calculations indicate that the experimental geometry might be an important factor affecting the observed energy loss due to a selection of specific trajectories.
10.	Kirnbauer, A., et al. (författare) Mechanical properties and thermal stability of reactively sputtered multi-principal-metal Hf-Ta-Ti-V-Zr nitrides 2020 Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 389 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Crystalline (Hf,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N nitride thin films, with a high-entropy metal-sublattice, were synthesized at 440 degrees C by reactive magnetron sputtering using an equimolar Hf-Ta-Ti-V-Zr-compound target. The coatings are single-phase fcc structured mono-nitrides for N-2/(Ar + N-2) flow-rate-ratios (f(N2)) between 30 and 45%. For higher f(N2) a small fraction of a second phase (next to the fcc matrix) can be detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). All coatings studied (prepared with f(N2) between 30 and 60%) show similar chemical compositions and hardness (H) values between 30.0 and 34.0 GPa with indentation moduli of similar to 460 GPa. Atom probe tomography (APT) indicates a homogenous distribution of all elements within our fcc-(Hf,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N even after vacuum-annealing at 1300 degrees C. While H decreased from 32.5 to 28.1 GPa by this annealing treatment, the coating is still single-phase fcc structured with a defect density (expressed by XRD and SAED features, transmission electron microscopy contrast, and grain sizes) comparable to the as-deposited state. Only after vacuum-annealing at 1500 degrees C, XRD and APT reveal the formation of hexagonal structured (Ta,V)(2)N. The onset of nitrogen-loss - detected by thermogravimetric analysis - is similar to 1350 degrees C. Based on our results we can conclude that the sluggish diffusion within our fcc-(Hf,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N warrants the single-phase fcc structure up to 1300 degrees C, although ab initio based calculations would suggest the lower-entropy products [fcc-(Hf,Zr)N, fcc-(Ta,V)N, and fcc-TiN] and [fcc-(Hf,Zr)N and fcc-(Ta,Ti,V)N] to be energetically more stable up to 1302 K.
11.	Kohlhauser, B., et al. (författare) How microalloying of the Al target can improve process and film characteristics of sputtered alumina 2020 Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 393 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The outstanding thermo-mechanical and chemical stability of Al2O3 thin films attracts particular attention in academia and industry. Here we show that alloying of the powder metallurgically prepared Al targets with 2 as well as 5 at.% of Cr, Mo, or W significantly improves the process stability (e.g., reducing arcing events) for Al2O3, allowing their reactive magnetron sputtering in DC mode (substrate temperature was always 360 degrees C). Contrary to these microalloying elements, Nb did not change or improve the process characteristics of the Al target due to the relatively coarse Nb particles (< 125 mu m). Particularly the small (< 10 mu m) and fine-dispersed W particles are very effective in stopping the collision cascades to concentrate them to the near subsurface target-regions. This leads to a shift of the target-poisoning onset from O-2/(Ar + O-2) flow-rate-ratios of about 32 to 52%, specifically when adding 5 at.% to the Al target. Thereby also improved deposition rates are possible. However, detailed X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy studies show that only thin films developed from the 2 at.% W alloyed Al target have a nanocrystalline gamma-Al2O3-based structure comparable to those prepared from Al or Cr alloyed Al targets. The films are with 28.3 GPa instead of 26.8 GPa slightly harder when sputtered from Al0.98W0.02 instead of Al targets. Higher W contents (and also Nb) in the target lead to the formation of Al2O3-based films with considerably lower crystalline phase fractions and hardness (similar to 13 GPa). Hardest films, with 30.0 and 29.6 GPa, are obtained when using Al0.98Cr0.02 and Al0.98Cr0.05 targets, respectively. The formation of volatile Mo-oxides during film growth interferes the structure development, leading to rather soft films with 8.0 GPa especially when using the higher Mo alloyed Al0.98Cr0.05 target. Based on our results we can conclude that microalloying the Al targets with small and fine-dispersed Cr or W particles not just improves process stability and deposition rate during reactive sputtering of Al2O3, but also their mechanical thin film properties.
12.	Kokkoris, M., et al. (författare) Argon ions deeply implanted in silicon studied by Rutherford/Elastic Backscattering and Grazing Incidence X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy 2019 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 450, s. 144-148 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Synchrotron-radiation based techniques have recently emerged as serious competitors to traditional nuclear analytical ones, not only in the characterization of various materials, but also when the depth profiling of ultra thin surface layers is concerned. The main goal of the present work was to investigate the applicability of Grazing Incidence X-Ray Fluorescence (GIXRF) and Rutherford/Elastic Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS/EBS) techniques with respect to the accurate quantitative determination of the retained doses of Ar ions deep implanted in random direction of Si [1 1 1] polished crystalline wafers. RBS/EBS measurements with protons and deuterons were taken along with GIXRF ones, the results were compared and an attempt was made to explain the occurring similarities and differences, along with the advantages and weaknesses of each applied analytical technique.
13.	Kokkoris, M., et al. (författare) Benchmarking the evaluated proton differential cross sections suitable for the EBS analysis of natSi and 16O 2017 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 405, s. 50-60 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The evaluated proton differential cross sections suitable for the Elastic Backscattering Spectroscopy (EBS) analysis of Si-nat and O-16, as obtained from SigmaCalc 2.0, have been benchmarked over a wide energy and angular range at two different accelerator laboratories, namely at N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece and at Ruder Boskovic Institute (RBI), Zagreb, Croatia, using a variety of high-purity thick targets of known stoichiometry. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms, while the observed discrepancies, as well as, the limits in accuracy of the benchmarking procedure, along with target related effects, are thoroughly discussed and analysed. In the case of oxygen the agreement between simulated and experimental spectra was generally good, while for silicon serious discrepancies were observed above E-p,E-lab = 2.5 MeV, suggesting that a further tuning of the appropriate nuclear model parameters in the evaluated differential cross-section datasets is required.
14.	Lasfargues, H., et al. (författare) Non-reactively sputtered ultra-high temperature Hf-C and Ta-C coatings 2017 Ingår i: Surface & Coatings Technology. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0257-8972 .- 1879-3347. ; 309, s. 436-444 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Transition metal carbides are known for their exceptional thermal stability and mechanical properties, notably governed by the carbon content and the prevalent vacancies on the non-metallic sublattice. However, when using reactive deposition techniques, the formation of amorphous C-containing phases is often observed. Here, we show that non-reactive magnetron sputtering of HfC0.89 or TaC0.92 targets lead to fully crystalline coatings. Their C content depends on the target-to-substrate alignment and globally increases from HfC0.66 to HfC0.76 and from TaC0.69 to TaC0.75 with increasing bias potential from floating to - 100 V, respectively, when using a substrate temperature T-sub of 500 degrees C. Increasing T-sub to 700 degrees C leads to variations from TaC0.71 to TaC0.81. All HfCy films are single-phase face-centered cubic, whereas the TaCy films also contain small fractions of the hexagonal Ta2C phase. The highest hardness and indentation modulus among all coatings studied is obtained for TaC0.75 with H = 41.9 +/- 03 GPa and E = 466.8 +/- 15 GPa. Ab initio calculations predict an easy formation of vacancies on the C-sublattice, especially in the Ta-C system, and a temperature driven stabilization of defected structures at high temperatures, with fewer vacancies on the C sublattice for Hf-C than for Ta-C The predicted phase stability is proven up to 2400 C for both systems by annealing experiments in vacuum.
15.	Liseev, Timofey, et al. (författare) Depth-profiling of intact metal-organic framework single crystals after post-synthetic modification Recension (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
16.	Lohmann, Svenja, et al. (författare) Analysis of photon emission induced by light and heavy ions in time-of-flight medium energy ion scattering 2018 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 417, s. 75-80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present a systematic analysis of the photon emission observed due to impact of pulsed keV ion beams in time-of-flight medium energy ion scattering (ToF-MEIS) experiments. Hereby, hydrogen, helium and neon ions served as projectiles and thin gold and titanium nitride films on different substrates were employed as target materials. The present experimental evidence indicates that a significant fraction of the photons has energies of around 10 eV, i.e. on the order of typical valence and conduction band transitions in solids. Furthermore, the scaling properties of the photon emission with respect to several experimental parameters were studied. A dependence of the photon yield on the projectile velocity was observed in all experiments. The photon yield exhibits a dependence on the film thickness and the scattering angle, which can be explained by photon production along the path of the incident ion through the material. Additionally, a strong dependence on the projectile type was found with the photon emission being higher for heavier projectiles. This difference is larger than the respective difference in electronic stopping cross section. The photon yield shows a strong material dependence, and according to a comparison of SiO2 and Si seems to be subject to matrix effects. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
17.	McCarthy, Brian D., et al. (författare) Elemental Depth Profiling of Intact Metal-Organic Framework Single Crystals by Scanning Nuclear Microprobe 2021 Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 143:44, s. 18626-18634 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The growing field of MOF-catalyst composites often relies on postsynthetic modifications for the installation of active sites. In the resulting MOFs, the spatial distribution of the inserted catalysts has far-reaching ramifications for the performance of the system and thus needs to be precisely determined. Herein, we report the application of a scanning nuclear microprobe for accurate and nondestructive depth profiling of individual UiO-66 and UiO-67 (UiO = Universitetet i Oslo) single crystals. Initial optimization work using native UiO-66 crystals yielded a microbeam method which avoided beam damage,y while subsequent analysis of Zr/Hf mixed-metal UiO-66 crystals demonstrated the potential of the method to obtain high-resolution depth profiles. The microbeam method was further used to analyze the depth distribution of postsynthetically introduced organic moieties, revealing either core-shell or uniform incorporation can be obtained depending on the size of the introduced molecule, as well as the number of carboxylate binding groups. Finally, the spatial distribution of platinum centers that were postsynthetically installed in the bpy binding pockets of UiO-67-bpy (bpy = 5,5'dicarboxyy-2,2'-bipyridine) was analyzed by microbeam and contextualized. We expect that the method presented herein will be applicable for characterizing a wide variety of MOFs subjected to postsynthetic modifications and provide information crucial for their optimization as functional materials.
18.	Moraes, V., et al. (författare) Substoichiometry and tantalum dependent thermal stability of alpha-structured W-Ta-B thin films 2018 Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-6462 .- 1872-8456. ; 155, s. 5-10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Physical vapor deposited (PVD) WB2 thin films crystallize in the alpha-AIB(2)-prototype structure rather than in their thermodynamically stable (omega-W2B5-z-prototype structure. Contrary to the majority of alpha-AlB2-type transition metal diborides (TMB2), alpha-WB2 exhibits a more ductile character. Combining density functional theory and sophisticated experiments, we show that the stability of alpha-WB2 thin films is basically influenced by point defects such as vacancies present in PVD materials. With the help of alpha-TaB2 (one of the most ductile TMB2 with high preference for alpha-AlB2-type), the thermally driven decomposition and phase transformation of alpha-W1-xTaxB2-z to the omega-W2B5-z-type can be shifted to temperatures above 1200 degrees C.
19.	Paneta, Valentina, et al. (författare) Accurate accelerator energy calibration using selected resonances in proton elastic scattering and in (p,gamma) and (p,p'gamma) reactions 2017 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 406, s. 108-111 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The present work aims at contributing to the field of Ion Beam Analysis by providing a set of standard, high-accuracy nuclear resonance reaction data points to be used for accelerator energy calibration up to 4.6 MeV, more specifically with the use of the Al-27(p,gamma),C-13(p,gamma), C-12(p,p(0)) and S-32(p,p'gamma) resonant reactions, as a result of a comprehensive investigation in two different laboratories. The use of resonances at higher energies, namely up to 6 MeV, is also discussed. The measurements have been performed at two different electrostatic accelerators, namely at the 5.5 MV HV TN-11 of NCSR "Demokritos", Greece, and at the 5 MV 15SDH-2 Pelletron Tandem accelerator at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden. Common points were used to normalize and validate the data. The possible use of the O-16(p,p(o)) resonance at 3.47 MeV is also discussed and analyzed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
20.	Paneta, Valentina, et al. (författare) Characterization of compositional modifications in metal-organic frameworks using carbon and alpha particle microbeams 2017 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 404, s. 198-201 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Zirconium-oxide based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were grown on p-type Si wafers. A modified linker molecule containing iodine was introduced by post synthetic exchange (PSE). Samples have been studied using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) techniques, employing the 5 MV 15SDH-2 Pelletron Tandem accelerator at the Angstrom laboratory. The degree of post synthetic uptake of the iodine-containing linker has been investigated with both a broad beam and a focused beam of carbon and alpha particles targeting different kind of MOF crystals which were of similar to 1-10 mu m in size, depending on the linker used. Iodine concentrations in MOF crystallites were also measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and are compared to the RBS results. In parallel to the ion beam studies, samples were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to quantify possible crystallite clustering, develop optimum sample preparation routines and to characterize the potential ion beam induced sample damage and its dependence on different parameters. Based on these results the reliability and accuracy of ion beam data is assessed.
21.	Paneta, Valentina, et al. (författare) Ion-beam based characterization of TiN back contact interlayers for CZTS(e), thin film solar cells 2019 Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-583X .- 1872-9584. ; 450, s. 262-266 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Time-of-Flight Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ToF-ERDA) and Time-of-Flight Medium-Energy Ion Scattering (ToF-MEIS) have been employed to investigate the potential of TiN thin films as intermediate layers on Mo back contact in CZTS(e) solar cells. TiN films of various thicknesses (20, 50 and 200 nm) were prepared with reactive DC magnetron sputtering and atomic layer deposition on Mo/SLG (soda-lime glass) substrates and annealed ex situ in either S or Se atmosphere. In situ annealing of the samples to different temperatures was also performed in the MEIS setup together with subsequent ToF-MEIS and ERDA analysis. The results of the sample and interlayer composition profiles, layer quality and thickness distributions are discussed in context with complementary experimental findings partially obtained previously by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy- Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (STEM - EELS).
22.	Riedl, H., et al. (författare) Influence of carbon deficiency on phase formation of super-hard TaCy thin films 2018 Ingår i: Scripta Materialia. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1359-6462 .- 1872-8456. ; 149, s. 150-154 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using nonreactive sputter deposition allows the preparation of single-phase fcc structured TaCy thin films over a wide compositional range with y between 0.63 and 1.04. Among this composition range, the C-deficient TaC0.78 exhibits the highest as deposited hardness of 43.4 +/- 0.65 GPa combined with the highest thermal stability. Even after vacuum annealing to 2400 degrees C, no vacancy-ordered or faulted Ta-C based phases can be detected. The stabilization of carbon deficient fcc structured TaCy near y of about 0.75, revealed the decisive character of vacancy engineered thin films materials for ultra-high temperature applications. (C) 2018 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
23.	Roth, D., et al. (författare) Electronic Stopping of Slow Protons in Oxides : Scaling Properties 2017 Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 119:16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Electronic stopping of slow protons in ZnO, VO2 (metal and semiconductor phases), HfO2, and Ta2O5 was investigated experimentally. As a comparison of the resulting stopping cross sections (SCS) to data for Al2O3 and SiO2 reveals, electronic stopping of slow protons does not correlate with electronic properties of the specific material such as band gap energies. Instead, the oxygen 2p states are decisive, as corroborated by density functional theory calculations of the electronic densities of states. Hence, at low ion velocities the SCS of an oxide primarily scales with its oxygen density.
24.	Sortica, Mauricio A., et al. (författare) Electronic energy-loss mechanisms for H, He, and Ne in TiN 2017 Ingår i: Physical Review A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. - 2469-9926 .- 2469-9934. ; 96:3 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The specific energy loss of medium-energy hydrogen, helium, and neon ions in titanium nitride is studied. Electronic stopping cross sections of ions in the energy range of 3-140 keV/amu weremeasured in backscattering geometry using time-of-flight medium-energy ion scattering, from the energy loss experienced in TiN thin films on Si. For the lowest energies, data for H show a strong deviation from Bragg's rule. For hydrogen and Ne ions, electronic stopping exhibits velocity proportionality at ion velocities below 1 a.u. Comparison to density functional theory calculations of the stopping power yields very good agreement for H, while for He and Ne, the experimentally observed electronic stopping power is considerably higher than predicted. For He the extrapolation of the stopping power at low energies points to a nonvanishing energy loss at vanishing ion velocity. The present data can thus be taken as an indication of additional energy- loss processes different from direct electron-hole pair excitation. Furthermore, the results provide reference values for ion-beam-based analysis of TiN, a material with huge technological relevance.
25.	Sortica, Mauricio A., et al. (författare) On the Z(1)-dependence of electronic stopping in TiN 2019 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We present a thorough experimental study of electronic stopping of H, He, B, N, Ne and Al ions in TiN with the aim to learn about the energy loss mechanisms of slow ions. The energy loss was measured by means of time-of-flight medium-energy ion scattering. Thin films of TiN on silicon with a delta-layer of W at the TiN/Si interface were used as targets. We compare our results to non-linear density functional theory calculations, examining electron-hole pair excitations by screened ions in a free electron gas in the static limit, with a density equivalent to the expected value for TiN. These calculations predict oscillations in the electronic stopping power for increasing atomic number Z(1) of the projectile. An increasing discrepancy between our experimental results and predictions by theory for increasing Z(1) was observed. This observation can be attributed to contributions from energy loss channels different from electron-hole pair excitation in binary Coulomb collisions.

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