| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Beal, Jacob, et al.
(författare)
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Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density
- 2020
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Ingår i: Communications Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2399-3642. ; 3:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Chang, Jian, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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MXene/Cellulose Composite Cloth for Integrated Functions (if-Cloth) in Personal Heating and Steam Generation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Advanced fiber materials. - 2524-7921. ; 6:1, s. 252-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Given the abundant solar light available on our planet, it is promising to develop an advanced fabric capable of simultaneously providing personal thermal management and facilitating clean water production in an energy-efficient manner. In this study, we present the fabrication of a photothermally active, biodegradable composite cloth composed of titanium carbide MXene and cellulose, achieved through an electrospinning method. This composite cloth exhibits favorable attributes, including chemical stability, mechanical performance, structural flexibility, and wettability. Notably, our 0.1-mm-thick composite cloth (RC/MXene IV) raises the temperature of simulated skin by 5.6 degrees C when compared to a commercially available cotton cloth, which is five times thicker under identical ambient conditions. Remarkably, the composite cloth (RC/MXene V) demonstrates heightened solar light capture efficiency (87.7%) when in a wet state instead of a dry state. Consequently, this cloth functions exceptionally well as a high-performance steam generator, boasting a superior water evaporation rate of 1.34 kg m(-2) h(-1) under one-sun irradiation (equivalent to 1000 W m(-2)). Moreover, it maintains its performance excellence in solar desalination processes. The multifunctionality of these cloths opens doors to a diverse array of outdoor applications, including solar-driven water evaporation and personal heating, thereby enriching the scope of integrated functionalities for textiles.
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| 6. |
- Pang, Kanglei, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
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Redirecting configuration of atomically dispersed selenium catalytic sites for efficient hydrazine oxidation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Matter. - 2590-2393 .- 2590-2385. ; 7:2, s. 655-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the reconstruction of surface sites is crucial for gaining insights into the true active sites and catalytic mechanisms. While extensive research has been conducted on reconstruction behaviors of atomically dispersed metallic catalytic sites, limited attention has been paid to non-metallic ones despite their potential catalytic activity comparable or even superior to their noble-metal counterpart. Herein, we report a carbonaceous, atomically dispersed non-metallic selenium catalyst that displayed exceptional catalytic activity in the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) in alkaline media, outperforming the noble-metal Pt catalysts. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the pristine SeC4 site pre-adsorbs an ∗OH ligand, followed by HzOR occurring on the other side of the OH–SeC4. Theoretical calculations proposed that the pre-adsorbed ∗OH group pulls electrons from the Se site, resulting in a more positively charged Se and a higher polarity of Se–C bonds, thereby enhancing surface reactivity toward HzO/R.
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| 7. |
- Aragam, KG, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery and systematic characterization of risk variants and genes for coronary artery disease in over a million participants
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 54:12, s. 1803-1815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of genetic loci associated with complex diseases has outpaced the elucidation of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) comprising 181,522 cases among 1,165,690 participants of predominantly European ancestry. We detected 241 associations, including 30 new loci. Cross-ancestry meta-analysis with a Japanese GWAS yielded 38 additional new loci. We prioritized likely causal variants using functionally informed fine-mapping, yielding 42 associations with less than five variants in the 95% credible set. Similarity-based clustering suggested roles for early developmental processes, cell cycle signaling and vascular cell migration and proliferation in the pathogenesis of CAD. We prioritized 220 candidate causal genes, combining eight complementary approaches, including 123 supported by three or more approaches. Using CRISPR–Cas9, we experimentally validated the effect of an enhancer in MYO9B, which appears to mediate CAD risk by regulating vascular cell motility. Our analysis identifies and systematically characterizes >250 risk loci for CAD to inform experimental interrogation of putative causal mechanisms for CAD.
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| 8. |
- Aragam, KG, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery and systematic characterization of risk variants and genes for coronary artery disease in over a million participants
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 54:12, s. 1803-1815
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The discovery of genetic loci associated with complex diseases has outpaced the elucidation of mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Here we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for coronary artery disease (CAD) comprising 181,522 cases among 1,165,690 participants of predominantly European ancestry. We detected 241 associations, including 30 new loci. Cross-ancestry meta-analysis with a Japanese GWAS yielded 38 additional new loci. We prioritized likely causal variants using functionally informed fine-mapping, yielding 42 associations with less than five variants in the 95% credible set. Similarity-based clustering suggested roles for early developmental processes, cell cycle signaling and vascular cell migration and proliferation in the pathogenesis of CAD. We prioritized 220 candidate causal genes, combining eight complementary approaches, including 123 supported by three or more approaches. Using CRISPR–Cas9, we experimentally validated the effect of an enhancer in MYO9B, which appears to mediate CAD risk by regulating vascular cell motility. Our analysis identifies and systematically characterizes >250 risk loci for CAD to inform experimental interrogation of putative causal mechanisms for CAD.
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| 9. |
- Bai, Yunfei, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable cellulose foams for all-weather high-performance radiative cooling and building insulation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 333, s. 121951-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) as a zero-energy-consumption cooling technique offers rich opportunities in reducing global energy consumption and mitigating CO2 emissions. Developing high-performance PDRC coolers with practical applicability based on sustainable materials is of great significance, but remains a big challenge. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and esterified cellulose (EC) extracted from sawdust were used as raw materials to construct foams by using a dual-crosslinking assisted-unidirectional freeze-drying strategy followed by hydrophobic surface modification. The resultant PVA/EC (PEC) foams with ideal hierarchical macropore structure displayed various excellent features, such as low thermal conductivity (26.2 mW·m−1·K−1), high solar reflectance (95 %) and infrared emissivity (0.97), superhydrophobicity as well as high mechanical properties. The features allowed the PEC foams to be used as radiative coolers with excellent PDRC performance and thermal insulating materials. A maximum sub-ambient temperature drops of 10.2 °C could be achieved for optimal PEC foams. Building simulations indicated that PEC foams could save 55.8 % of the energy consumption for Xi'an. Our work would give inspiration for designing various types of PDRC coolers, including but certainly not limited to foams-based radiative coolers.
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| 10. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 18:5, s. 459-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.Methods: We estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.Findings: Globally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247–308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8–9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34–44] and DALYs by 15% [9–21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26–30] and DALYs by 27% [24–31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6–46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7–20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0–12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6–10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05–1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5–90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8–35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8–17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).Interpretation: Globally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 11. |
- Héraly, Frédéric, et al.
(författare)
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Cationic cellulose Nanofibrils-based electro-actuators : The effects of counteranion and electrolyte
- 2023
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Ingår i: Sensors and Actuators Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0539. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellulose-based electro-actuators have enormous potential in various applications, e.g. artificial muscles, soft grippers, medical devices, just to name a few, owing to their high mechanical strength, lightness and natural abundance. However, significant challenges remain in the fabrication of such electro-actuators featuring low operating voltage and fast response kinetics. We report here a facile fabrication route towards high-performance electro-actuators composed of CNFs films doped with ionic liquids or lithium salts and sandwiched by two thin film gold electrodes. Large bending motion at voltages as low as 3.0 V could be observed. The size effect of both anions and cations on the actuation was comprehensively investigated. CNF-TFSI@LiTFSI and CNF-BF4@EMIM-BF4 electro-actuators presented the best bending strain under an AC voltage of 3.0 V. This work provides new inspiration in the design of natural polymer-based high-performance electro-actuators.
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| 12. |
- Héraly, Frédéric, 1995-, et al.
(författare)
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Humidity-responsive fiber actuators based on cellulose nanofibrils
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fiber actuators, particularly valuable in soft robotics and environmental sensing, are at the forefront of smart materials and materials innovation. Torsional and tensile biofiber actuators, notable for their cost-effectiveness and biodegradability, mark a critical gap in the development of next-generation functional materials and devices. To address this gap, this study showcases moisture-responsive actuators made from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). It introduces a pioneering torsional actuator, leveraging the hydrophilic nature of CNFs filaments produced through wet-spinning processes. These robust filaments exhibit a mechanical strength of 237.0 MPa, and are twisted to form the high-performance torsional actuator. This torsional actuator demonstrates rapid rotations, achieving up to 1180 revolutions per minute (rpm) within merely 10 seconds of moisture exposure and being durable across multiple cycles. The research here further explores critical factors such as filament morphology and twist density, which significantly impact the performance of this torsional actuator. Additionally, a sheath-run tensile actuator is unveiled, ingeniously combining a moisture-sensitive CNFs layer with a supercoiled nylon core to enhance structural support.
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| 13. |
- Jiang, Pan, et al.
(författare)
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Toward well-defined colloidal particles : Efficient fractionation of lignin by a multi-solvent strategy
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 254:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) have sparked various intriguing insights toward bio-polymeric materials and triggered many lignin-featured innovative applications. Here, we report a multi-solvent sequential fractionation methodology integrating green solvents of acetone, 1-butanol, and ethanol to fractionate industrial lignin for CLPs fabrication. Through a rationally designed fractionation strategy, multigrade lignin fractions with variable hydroxyl group contents, molecular weights, and high purity were obtained without altering their original chemical structures. CLPs with well-defined morphology, narrow size distribution, excellent thermal stability, and long-term colloidal stability can be obtained by rational selection of lignin fractions. We further elucidated that trace elements (S, N) were reorganized onto the near-surface area of CLPs from lignin fractions during the formation process in the form of -SO42− and -NH2. This work provides a sustainable and efficient strategy for refining industrial lignin into high-quality fractions and an in-depth insight into the CLPs formation process, holding great promise for enriching the existing libraries of colloidal materials.
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| 14. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Landes Bioscience. - 1554-8627 .- 1554-8635. ; 4:2, s. 151-175
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,1 and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.2,3 There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.
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| 15. |
- Liu, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Microencapsulated phase change material through cellulose nanofibrils stabilized Pickering emulsion templating
- 2023
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Ingår i: advanced composites and hybrid materials. - 2522-0128. ; 6:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phase change materials (PCMs) possess remarkable capability to store and release substantial amounts of energy during the processes of melting and crystallization across a wide temperature range, thus holding great promise in applications related to temperature regulation and thermal energy storage. Herein, to effectively address PCM leakage and enhance thermal conduction, PCM microcapsules with melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) shell were prepared using in situ polymerization of Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). CNFs were selected as the stabilizers for the Pickering emulsions and as reinforcing nanofillers for the MF shell, owing to their excellent emulsifying capability, high mechanical strength, and sustainable nature. Paraffin wax (PW) was utilized as the PCM material. The resulting PCM microcapsules with MF resin shells and PW core had a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 & mu;m. Results showed that microcapsule with the core-shell ratio of 2 (Micro-2.0) exhibited the highest latent heat of crystallization and latent heat of fusion, measuring approximately 128.40 J/g and 120.23 J/g, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of Micro-2.0 was determined to be approximately 79.84%.
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| 16. |
- Liu, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Pickering multiphase materials using plant-based cellulosic micro/nanoparticles
- 2024
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Ingår i: Aggregate. - 2692-4560.
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pickering multiphase systems stabilized by solid particles have recently attracted increasing attention due to their excellent stability. Among various solid stabilizers, natural and renewable cellulosic micro/nanoparticles that are derived from agricultural and forestry sources have become promising candidates for Pickering stabilization due to their unique morphological features and tunable surface properties. In this review, recent progress on forming and stabilizing Pickering multiphase systems using cellulosic colloidal particles is summarized, including the physicochemical factors affecting their assembly at the interfaces and the preparation methods suitable for producing Pickering emulsions. In addition, relevant application prospects of corresponding Pickering multiphase materials are outlined. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives of such renewable Pickering multiphase systems are presented. This review aims to encourage the utilization of cellulosic micro/nanoparticles as key components in the development of Pickering systems, leading to enhanced performance and unique functionalities. image
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| 17. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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| 18. |
- Meng, Qing-Ling, et al.
(författare)
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Anatomic study of maximum intensity projection of the membranous labyrinth and the internal auditory meatus- MRI scan in 16 Chinese adults
- 2007
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Ingår i: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0001-6489 .- 1651-2251. ; 127:11, s. 1150-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional reconstruction of maximum intensity projection (MIP) might document objectively, stereoscopically and directly the minute structures of the membranous labyrinth and internal auditory meatus. In this study, we establish magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurement criteria of the inner ear in Chinese adults.OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to provide an anatomic basis for otolosurgery and neurosurgery in Chinese adults.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen healthy volunteer subjects were scanned by a GE-signa 1.5T MRI scanner. All original images were transferred to an MRI workstation and all the structures of the inner ear were reconstructed, rotated at various angles and measured with an MIP program.RESULTS: Anatomic structures of the membranous labyrinth and internal auditory meatus were well demonstrated in MIP images in all volunteers. All inner ear structures including utricle, saccule, cochlear duct, internal auditory meatus and three semicircular ducts produced high intensity signals.
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| 19. |
- Murray, Christopher J. L., et al.
(författare)
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Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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| 20. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 21. |
- Sun, Bianjing, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Amylopectin-Derived Miniwindmills for Moisture-Induced Electric Generation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research. - : Wiley. - 2699-9412. ; 3:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Capturing energy from the environment provides the hope for clean energy and enables the formation of self-powered systems. Nanostructured functional materials can interact with water to generate electrical energy, greatly expanding the technical capabilities of water energy harvesting, while those derived from sustainable biomass for this purpose are still in the infancy. Herein, a series of thin self-standing amylopectin-derived membranes of several micrometers can output hydrovoltaic electric energy in the ambient environment. One single-unit flat device (around 0.78 cm2) can generate an instant voltage of up to 0.95 V from high ambient humidity. The underlying mechanism for generating electricity from amylopectin-derived membranes is attributed to the fast adsorption and desorption of water molecules on the membrane surface based on the results of dynamic vapor sorption. Novel moisture-induced miniwindmills as electric generators are fabricated, thanks to these outstanding features such as being self-standing, flexible, lightweight, and having ease of scale production. Such miniwindmill devices with a membrane layer thickness of ≈10 μm can be used to harvest energy with a sustained voltage of around 0.45 V from ambient environment. These results pave the way for developing energy-harvesting powerful minisized devices that exploit water gradients prevalent in nature with biomass materials.
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| 22. |
- Tan, Liping, et al.
(författare)
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Porous fibrous bacterial cellulose/La(OH)3 membrane for superior phosphate removal from water
- 2022
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lanthanum (La)-based nanoparticles (NPs) are promising candidates for phosphate removal owing to their inherently high affinity towards phosphate. However, significant challenges remain to be addressed before their practical deployment, especially the problems associated with their aggregation. Herein, we fabricated a high-efficient sorbent for phosphate removal through in-situ synthesizing La(OH)3 NPs on a natural support, bacterial cellulose (BC), which is pre-modified with polyethyleneimine. The resultant La(OH)3 NPs-immobilized BC with different La contents (BPLa-X) exhibited a highly fibrous porous structure, in which BPLa-3 was selected for further phosphate adsorption studies. BPLa-3 demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of 125.5 mg P g−1, and high adsorption selectivity due to the large surface area and abundant exposed active adsorption sites for phosphate. Additionally, BPLa-3 also displayed high reusability and still possessed high adsorption capacity after four consecutive cycles of adsorption-desorption. Therefore, the present adsorbent is believed to be a promising candidate for practical phosphate removal.
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| 23. |
- Wang, Yaxuan, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable polysaccharide-based materials for intelligent packaging
- 2023
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 313
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unlike traditional food packaging which is mainly used to enhance food quality and provide consumers with product descriptions, intelligent packaging, as a novel type of food packaging system, is capable of executing intelligent functions and has attracted much attention during the past decade. Considering the inherent advantages of polysaccharides such as excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and high abundance, intelligent packaging materials based on such polymers are believed to be one of the most promising candidates among current intelligent food packing systems. This work summarizes the latest research on the development, properties and applications of natural polysaccharide-based intelligent food packaging materials. Moreover, this paper shows that polysaccharides have a good application prospect in the intelligent packaging industry. First, the intelligent packaging system and polysaccharide-based intelligent packaging are summarized, and several representative polysaccharides are introduced. Second, various sensing methods for monitoring changes in food properties are summarized, including those based on variation in temperature, humidity, oxygen levels, pH, chemical composition, or microbial contamination. Then, the application of polysaccharide-based intelligent packaging materials in the food industry is discussed. Finally, the difficulties and future directions of polysaccharide-based materials for intelligent food packaging are discussed.
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| 24. |
- Yu, Han, et al.
(författare)
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The exploration of Ti/SnO2-Sb anode/air diffusion cathode/UV dual photoelectric catalytic coupling system for the biological harmless treatment of real antibiotic industrial wastewater
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947. ; 412
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The real antibiotic industrial wastewater with the characteristics of complex compositions, biological toxic, and degradation-resistant, is still biologically toxic to the ecosystem and human health even if the discharge standards have been met after treatment by traditional methods. Therefore, the biological harmless treatment of real antibiotic industrial wastewater is a valuable and meaningful research field. For the first time, a novel Ti/SnO2-Sb anode/air diffusion cathode/UV dual photo-electro catalysis coupling system (T-A-PE) for real antibiotic industrial wastewater treatment was investigated. Non-significant degradation was found in raw wastewater with high TOC = 2.61 × 103 mg·L−1. However, the increasing TOC removal with more dilution times indicated adaptability of T-A-PE system with lower organic matter loading. The highest 95.6% removal of TOC was obtained at 120 min, with 7.06 mA·cm−2 of current density and 200 dilution times. The high mineralization efficiency of T-A-PE system surpassed those of pure photo and electro catalysis combined, suggesting a significant synergistic effect between photo and electro catalysis. Neutral condition and current density = 7.06 mA·cm−2 are prior for pollutants mineralization, while acidic/alkaline conditions and unproper current density may cause faster side reactions. The GC–MS results demonstrated that the number of pollutant category dropped from 26 to 6 after treatment, with the concentrations of remained ones also remarkably decreased. The acute toxicity analysis using a luminescent bacteria method indicated that the treated wastewater by T-A-PE system was biological harmless.
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| 25. |
- Zhang, Jialin, et al.
(författare)
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A Cooperation-Free Resource Allocation Algorithm Enhanced by Reinforcement Learning for Coexisting IIoTs
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, WFCS 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs) plays an important role in various industrial applications, which require multiple time-critical networks to be deployed in the same region. The limited communication resources inevitably incur network coexistence problems. For scenarios where coexisting networks cannot coordinate effectively, the centralized or partial-information-based decentralized resource allocation methods cannot be implemented. To address this concern, we propose a Cooperation-Free Reinforcement Learning (CF-RL) algorithm for the fully distributed resource allocation problem in coexisting IIoT systems. Each network adopts the proposed algorithm to minimize collisions through a trial-And-error approach without any information interaction. To resist the influence of environmental dynamics, each coexisting network learns the state transition probability of the resource block instead of the resource block's position. Moreover, to potentially ensure the overall system performance, each network additionally considers the period offset in the initialization phase and action selection phase, so that the coexisting networks have different preferences for different state transitions. We conduct extensive simulations to verify the convergence performance. Evaluation results show that the CF-RL algorithm almost achieves (more than 99.88%) the effect of centralized resource allocation and has obvious superiorities over other cooperation-free algorithms in terms of the convergence rate, the number of collisions, and the resource utilization ratio.
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| 26. |
- Zhang, Meizhen, et al.
(författare)
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Fabrication and Application of Ag@SiO2/Au Core-Shell SERS Composite in Detecting Cu2+ in Water Environment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Molecules. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 29:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A sensitive and simple method for detecting Cu2+ in the water source was proposed by using surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS) based on the Ag@SiO2/Au core-shell composite. The Ag@SiO2 SERS tag was synthesized by a simple approach, in which Ag nanoparticles were first embedded with Raman reporter PATP and next coated with a SiO2 shell. The Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles had strong stability even in a high-concentration salty solution, and there were no changes to their properties and appearance within one month. The Ag@SiO2/Au composite was fabricated through a controllable self-assemble process. L-cysteine was decorated on the surface of a functionalized Ag@SiO2/Au composite, as the amino and carboxyl groups of it can form coordinate covalent bond with Cu2+, which shows that the Ag@SiO2/Au composite labelled with L-cysteine has excellent performance for the detection of Cu2+ in aqueous media. In this study, the SERS detection of Cu2+ was carried out using Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles, and the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.1 mg/L was achieved.
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| 27. |
- Zhang, Yinlong, et al.
(författare)
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GCMVF-AGV : Globally Consistent Multiview Visual-Inertial Fusion for AGV Navigation in Digital Workshops
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An accurate and globally consistent navigation system is crucial for estimating the positions and attitudes of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in digital workshops. A promising navigation technology for this purpose is tightly coupled visual-inertial fusion, which offers advantages such as quick response (QR), absolute scale, and accuracy. However, existing visual-inertial fusion systems have limitations, including long-term drift, tracking failures in textureless or poorly illuminated environments, and a lack of absolute references. To create a reliable and consistent AGV navigation framework and correct for long-term drift, we have designed a novel framework, globally consistent multiview visual-inertial fusion for AGV navigation (GCMVF-AGV). This framework uses a downward-looking QR vision sensor and a forward-looking visual-inertial sensor together to estimate AGV poses in real time. The downward camera provides absolute AGV positions and attitudes with reference to the global workshop frame. Furthermore, long-term visual-inertial drift, inertial biases, and velocities are periodically compensated between spatial intervals of QR codes by minimizing visual-inertial residuals with the rigid constraints of absolute poses estimated from the downward visual measurements. We have evaluated the proposed method on the developed AGV navigation platform, and experimental results demonstrate the position and attitude errors of less than 0.05 m and 2 degrees, respectively.
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| 28. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
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- 2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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