| 1. |
- Castaneto, Marisol S., et al.
(author)
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Identification of AB-FUBINACA metabolites in human hepatocytes and urine using high-resolution mass spectrometry
- 2015
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In: Forensic Toxicology. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1860-8965 .- 1860-8973. ; 33:2, s. 295-310
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AB-FUBINACA, N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, is an indazole synthetic cannabinoid identified in drug seizures around the world. Few metabolism data are available, despite the need for human urinary markers to detect AB-FUBINACA intake. Our main objective was to identify suitable analytical targets by analyzing human hepatocyte incubation samples with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and to confirm the results in authentic urine specimens. We also determined AB-FUBINACAs metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and compared hepatocyte and urine results with in silico predictions. The metabolic stability of AB-FUBINACA was determined in pooled HLMs (1 A mu mol/l, up to 1 h). The metabolite profile of human hepatocytes (10 A mu mol/l, 1 and 3 h) and urine samples from two subjects were determined by HRMS using information-dependent tandem-mass spectrometry (MS-MS) acquisition. Data were analyzed with MetabolitePilot (TM) software utilizing different processing algorithms, including generic peak finding, mass defect filtering, neutral loss, and product ion filtering. In silico metabolite prediction was performed with MetaSite (TM) software. AB-FUBINACAs half-life in HLMs was 62.6 +/- A 4.0 min. AB-FUBINACA produced 11 metabolites (2 glucuronides) in human hepatocytes and 10 were identified in authentic human urine. Major metabolic pathways were terminal amide hydrolysis, acyl glucuronidation and hydroxylation at the aminooxobutane moiety. Epoxidation followed by hydrolysis, hydroxylation at the indazole moiety and dehydrogenation were minor pathways. Defluorination did not occur. Seventeen first-generation metabolites were predicted in silico, of which seven were observed in vitro and eight in vivo. We recommend AB-FUBINACA carboxylic acid, hydroxy AB-FUBINACA carboxylic acid, dihydrodiol AB-FUBINACA and dihydrodiol AB-FUBINACA carboxylic acid as suitable urinary markers.
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| 2. |
- Diao, Xingxing, et al.
(author)
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In vitro and in vivo human metabolism of a new synthetic cannabinoid NM-2201 (CBL-2201)
- 2017
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In: Forensic Toxicology. - : SPRINGER. - 1860-8965 .- 1860-8973. ; 35:1, s. 20-32
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2014, NM-2201 (CBL-2201), a novel synthetic cannabinoid (SC), was detected by scientists at Russian and US laboratories. It has been already added to the list of scheduled drugs in Japan, Sweden and Germany. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, which makes it challenging to confirm its intake, especially given that all SCs investigated thus far have been found to be extensively metabolized. The present study aims to recommend appropriate marker metabolites by investigating NM-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes, and to confirm the results in authentic human urine specimens. For the metabolic stability assay, 1 A mu M NM-2201 was incubated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 A mu M of NM-2201 was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from NM-2201-positive cases were subjected to beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis prior to analysis. The identification of metabolites in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was achieved with high-resolution mass spectrometry via information-dependent acquisition. NM-2201 was quickly metabolized in HLMs, with an 8.0-min half-life. In human hepatocyte incubation samples, a total of 13 NM-2201 metabolites were identified, generated mainly from ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation, oxidative defluorination and subsequent glucuronidation. M13 (5-fluoro PB-22 3-carboxyindole) was found to be the major metabolite. In the urine specimens, the parent drug NM-2201 was not detected; M13 was the predominant metabolite after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Therefore, based on the results of our study, we recommend M13 as a suitable urinary marker metabolite for confirming NM-2201 and/or 5F-PB-22 intake.
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| 3. |
- Diao, Xingxing, et al.
(author)
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In Vitro and In Vivo Human Metabolism of Synthetic Cannabinoids FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22
- 2016
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In: AAPS Journal. - : SPRINGER. - 1550-7416. ; 18:2, s. 455-464
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2014, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22, two novel synthetic cannabinoids, were detected in herbal blends in Japan, Russia, and Germany and were quickly added to their scheduled drugs list. Unfortunately, no human metabolism data are currently available, making it challenging to confirm their intake. The present study aims to identify appropriate analytical markers by investigating FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 metabolism in human hepatocytes and confirm the results in authentic urine specimens. For metabolic stability, 1 mu M FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 was incubated with human liver microsomes for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 mu M was incubated with human hepatocytes for 3 h. Two authentic urine specimens from FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 positive cases were analyzed after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Metabolite identification in hepatocyte samples and urine specimens was accomplished by high-resolution mass spectrometry using information-dependent acquisition. Both FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 were rapidly metabolized in HLM with half-lives of 12.4 and 11.5 min, respectively. In human hepatocyte samples, we identified seven metabolites for both compounds, generated by ester hydrolysis and further hydroxylation and/or glucuronidation. After ester hydrolysis, FDU-PB-22 and FUB-PB-22 yielded the samemetabolite M7, fluorobenzylindole-3-carboxylic acid (FBI-COOH). M7 and M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) were the major metabolites. In authentic urine specimens after beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis, M6 and M7 also were the predominant metabolites. Based on our study, we recommend M6 (hydroxylated FBI-COOH) and M7 (FBI-COOH) as suitable urinary markers for documenting FDU-PB-22 and/or FUB-PB-22 intake.
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| 4. |
- Diao, Xingxing, et al.
(author)
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Strategies to distinguish new synthetic cannabinoid FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) intake from its isomer THJ-2201: metabolism of FUBIMINA in human hepatocytes
- 2016
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In: Forensic Toxicology. - : SPRINGER. - 1860-8965 .- 1860-8973. ; 34:2, s. 256-267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since 2013, a new drugs-of-abuse trend attempts to bypass drug legislation by marketing isomers of scheduled synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), e.g., FUBIMINA (BIM-2201) and THJ-2201. It is much more challenging to confirm a specific isomers intake and distinguish it from its structural analog because the isomers and their major metabolites usually have identical molecular weights and display the same product ions. Here, we investigated isomers FUBIMINA and THJ-2201 and propose strategies to distinguish their consumption. THJ-2201 was scheduled in the US, Japan, and Europe; however, FUBIMINA is easily available on the Internet. We previously investigated THJ-2201 metabolism in human hepatocytes, but human FUBIMINA metabolism is unknown. We aim to characterize FUBIMINA metabolism in human hepatocytes, recommend optimal metabolites to confirm its consumption, and propose strategies to distinguish between intakes of FUBIMINA and THJ-2201. FUBIMINA (10 mu M) was incubated in human hepatocytes for 3 h, and metabolites were characterized with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). We identified 35 metabolites generated by oxidative defluorination, further carboxylation, hydroxylation, dihydrodiol formation, glucuronidation, and their combinations. We recommend 5-OH-BIM-018 (M34), BIM-018 pentanoic acid (M33), and BIM-018 pentanoic acid dihydrodiol (M7) as FUBIMINA specific metabolites. THJ-2201 produced specific metabolite markers 5-OH-THJ-018 (F26), THJ-018 pentanoic acid (F25), and hydroxylated THJ-2201 (F13). Optimized chromatographic conditions to achieve different retention times and careful selection of specific product ion spectra enabled differentiation of isomeric metabolites, in this case FUBIMINA from THJ-2201. Our HR-MS approach should be applicable for differentiating future isomeric SCs, which is especially important when different isomers have different legal status.
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| 5. |
- Feasel, Michael G., et al.
(author)
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Metabolism of Carfentanil, an Ultra-Potent Opioid, in Human Liver Microsomes and Human Hepatocytes by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
- 2016
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In: AAPS Journal. - : SPRINGER. - 1550-7416. ; 18:6, s. 1489-1499
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Carfentanil is an ultra-potent synthetic opioid. No human carfentanil metabolism data are available. Reportedly, Russian police forces used carfentanil and remifentanil to resolve a hostage situation in Moscow in 2002. This alleged use prompted interest in the pharmacology and toxicology of carfentanil in humans. Our study was conducted to identify human carfentanil metabolites and to assess carfentanils metabolic clearance, which could contribute to its acute toxicity in humans. We used Simulations Pluss ADMET Predictor (TM) and Molecular Discoverys MetaSite (TM) to predict possible metabolite formation. Both programs gave similar results that were generally good but did not capture all metabolites seen in vitro. We incubated carfentanil with human hepatocytes for up to 1 h and analyzed samples on a Sciex 3200 QTRAP mass spectrometer to measure parent compound depletion and extrapolated that to represent intrinsic clearance. Pooled primary human hepatocytes were then incubated with carfentanil up to 6 h and analyzed for metabolite identification on a Sciex 5600+ TripleTOF (QTOF) high-resolution mass spectrometer. MS and MS/MS analyses elucidated the structures of the most abundant metabolites. Twelve metabolites were identified in total. N-Dealkylation and monohydroxylation of the piperidine ring were the dominant metabolic pathways. Two N-oxide metabolites and one glucuronide metabolite were observed. Surprisingly, ester hydrolysis was not a major metabolic pathway for carfentanil. While the human liver microsomal system demonstrated rapid clearance by CYP enzymes, the hepatocyte incubations showed much slower clearance, possibly providing some insight into the long duration of carfentanils effects.
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| 6. |
- Wohlfarth, Ariane, et al.
(author)
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Metabolic characterization of AH-7921, a synthetic opioid designer drug: in vitro metabolic stability assessment and metabolite identification, evaluation of in silico prediction, and in vivo confirmation
- 2016
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In: Drug Testing and Analysis. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 1942-7603 .- 1942-7611. ; 8:8, s. 779-791
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AH-7921 (3,4-dichloro-N-[(1-dimethylamino) cyclohexylmethyl] benzamide) is a new synthetic opioid and has led to multiple nonfatal and fatal intoxications. To comprehensively study AH-7921 metabolism, we assessed human liver microsome (HLM) metabolic stability, determined AH-7921s metabolic profile after human hepatocytes incubation, confirmed our findings in a urine case specimen, and compared results to in silico predictions. For metabolic stability, 1 mu mol/L AH-7921 was incubated with HLM for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 mu mol/L was incubated with pooled human hepatocytes for up to 3 h. Hepatocyte samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). High-resolution full scan MS and information-dependent acquisition MS/MS data were analyzed with MetabolitePilot (TM) (SCIEX) using multiple data processing algorithms. The presence of AH-7921 and metabolites was confirmed in the urine case specimen. In silico prediction of metabolite structures was performed with MetaSite (TM) (Molecular Discovery). AH-7921 in vitro half-life was 13.5 +/- 0.4 min. We identified 12 AH-7921 metabolites after hepatocyte incubation, predominantly generated by demethylation, less dominantly by hydroxylation, and combinations of different biotransformations. Eleven of 12 metabolites identified in hepatocytes were found in the urine case specimen. One metabolite, proposed to be di-demethylated, N-hydroxylated and glucuronidated, eluted after AH-7921 and was the most abundant metabolite in non-hydrolyzed urine. MetaSite (TM) correctly predicted the two most abundant metabolites and the majority of observed biotransformations. The two most dominant metabolites after hepatocyte incubation (also identified in the urine case specimen) were desmethyl and di-desmethyl AH-7921. Together with the glucuronidated metabolites, these are likely suitable analytical targets for documenting AH-7921 intake. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley amp; Sons, Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Wohlfarth, Ariane, et al.
(author)
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Pentylindole/Pentylindazole Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their 5-Fluoro Analogs Produce Different Primary Metabolites: Metabolite Profiling for AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA
- 2015
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In: AAPS Journal. - : American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. - 1550-7416. ; 17:3, s. 660-677
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Whereas non-fluoropentylindole/indazole synthetic cannabinoids appear to be metabolized preferably at the pentyl chain though without clear preference for one specific position, their 5-fluoro analogs major metabolites usually are 5-hydroxypentyl and pentanoic acid metabolites. We determined metabolic stability and metabolites of N-(1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (AB-PINACA) and 5-fluoro-AB-PINACA (5F-AB-PINACA), two new synthetic cannabinoids, and investigated if results were similar. In silico prediction was performed with MetaSite (Molecular Discovery). For metabolic stability, 1 mu mol/L of each compound was incubated with human liver microsomes for up to 1 h, and for metabolite profiling, 10 mu mol/L was incubated with pooled human hepatocytes for up to 3 h. Also, authentic urine specimens from AB-PINACA cases were hydrolyzed and extracted. All samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry on a TripleTOF 5600+ (AB SCIEX) with gradient elution (0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile). High-resolution full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) and information-dependent acquisition MS/MS data were analyzed with MetabolitePilot (AB SCIEX) using different data processing algorithms. Both drugs had intermediate clearance. We identified 23 AB-PINACA metabolites, generated by carboxamide hydrolysis, hydroxylation, ketone formation, carboxylation, epoxide formation with subsequent hydrolysis, or reaction combinations. We identified 18 5F-AB-PINACA metabolites, generated by the same biotransformations and oxidative defluorination producing 5-hydroxypentyl and pentanoic acid metabolites shared with AB-PINACA. Authentic urine specimens documented presence of these metabolites. AB-PINACA and 5F-AB-PINACA produced suggested metabolite patterns. AB-PINACA was predominantly hydrolyzed to AB-PINACA carboxylic acid, carbonyl-AB-PINACA, and hydroxypentyl AB-PINACA, likely in 4-position. The most intense 5F-AB-PINACA metabolites were AB-PINACA pentanoic acid and 5-hydroxypentyl-AB-PINACA.
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