| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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A method for human health impact assessment in social LCA: lessons from three case studies
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:3, s. 690-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Improving human health is a long-lasting endeavour of mankind. In the field of social life cycle assessment (SLCA), the importance of human health is often highlighted, and further development of impact assessment methods has been recommended. The purpose of this article is to present a method for assessing human health impacts within SLCA. Methods By using a systematic combining approach, knowledge and experience about assessing human health impacts were obtained from three previously conducted case studies. The first case study was about an airbag system, the second about a catalytic converter and the third about gold jewellery. The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) indicator was used for impact assessment in all three case studies. Results and discussion Both positive and negative human health impacts associated with the products were identified and assessed in the three case studies. For the airbag system, avoided health impacts in the use phase outweighed health impacts during production. For the catalytic converter, whether health impacts avoided exceeded health impacts caused or not depended on which time perspective regarding impacts was employed. Gold jewellery does not help avoiding any health impacts but caused considerable health impacts when produced at a certain location. Based on experience from these case studies, a generic human health impact assessment method was developed, and a life cycle human health typology for products was developed based on the method. The method provides a basis for analysis and interpretation of health impacts along product life cycles, and it is therefore important to report both positive and negative health impacts separately for different actors. Conclusions The developed human health impact assessment method involves the assessment and comparison of both positive and negative human health impacts along product life cycles. In addition to the products assessed in the three case studies, we suggest additional products that could be particularly interesting to assess with the developed method, including medicines, seat belts, other conflict minerals, alcoholic beverages and products with a high chemical impact.
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| 2. |
- Eklund, Veronica, et al.
(författare)
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Fiskenäringen : Uppdatering av bränsleförbrukning samt emissionsfaktorer
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fiskeflottans bränsleförbrukning undersöks endast intermittent av Energimyndigheten och senast för 2017. För åren mellan undersökningarna har Energimyndigheten använt antal arbetade timmar i fiskesektorn (inklusive arbetade timmar i land) för att skriva fram bränsleförbrukningen, medan SMED har använt fiskeflottans installerade effekt som framskrivningsmetod för att beräkna utsläpp från fiskeflottan till inventeringen. Dessa två metoder, som ger olika resultat, har i denna studie jämförts med varandra samt andra alternativ till att skriva fram bränsleförbrukningen. Branschorganisationen Swedish Pelagic Federation (SPF) anser att antal dagar till sjöss troligen är den mest pålitliga framskrivningsmetoden och den korrelerar även väl med SMED:s framskrivningsmetod.Under projektets gång framkom det att HaV årligen samlar in uppgifter om fiskeflottans bränsleförbrukning. Det bästa skulle vara om SMED kunde använda dessa data direkt och på så sätt undvika framskrivning helt. Dessa data anses dock inte vara av användbar kvalitet i dagsläget, men förhoppningsvis kommer detta vara fallet till submission 2023. SMED och Naturvårdsverket bör istället komma överens om vilken framskrivning som bör användas i årets submission.Vid projektets början antogs att det huvudsakliga bränslet för fiskeflottan var en skattebefriad MK1-diesel. Under samtal med leverantörer av bränslen till fiskeflottan framkom att fiskefartyg framförallt använder Eldningsolja 1 (EO1), som även benämns gasolja eller Marine Gas Oil (MGO). Detta är samma bränsle som används för uppvärmning av villor, men när det används för framdrivning av fartyg kallas det för diesel och när det används för uppvärmning av villor kallas det för E10/E32. I samtalen med bränsleleverantörerna kom det även fram att bränslet som levereras till fiskefartyg aldrig innehåller en inblandning av biobränsle. SMED rekommenderar därför att fiskets bränsle ändras från diesel till EO1 i inventeringen och att man inte tar med en inblandning av biobränsle för fiskesektorn.Inom ramen för detta projekt har även emissionsfaktorerna för NOX, CO2 och SO2 uppdaterats, vilka var de enda som var möjliga att uppdatera med det dataunderlag som fanns tillgängligt. I framtiden bör man samköra uppdatering av de emissionsfaktorer som används av SMED inom mobila sektorn när samma bränslen används och motivera varför de skiljer sig åt i de fall där så är fallet. När man uppdaterar emissionsfaktorer för EO1/MGO bör SO2, CO2 och metaller för bränsle inom fiskeflottan och sjöfarten (inrikes EO1/MGO) uppdateras samtidigt, eftersom dessa sektorer använder samma typ av bränsle. För metaller har ett arbete påbörjats med att identifiera brister i de emissionsfaktorer som används idag.
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| 3. |
- Flodén, Jonas, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Shipping in the EU emissions trading system: implications for mitigation, costs and modal split
- 2024
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 1752-7457 .- 1469-3062. ; In Press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- EU recently decided to include shipping, meaning all intra-European shipping and 50% of extra-European voyages, in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) beginning in 2024. This article provides an early assessment of the impacts of the EU ETS on the shipping sector’s potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions for different types of ships. It further examines selected mitigation measures and the impact on modals split and costs. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative estimates (based on data from the EU monitoring, reporting and verification system) with qualitative data and information from interviews with key actors and from previous literature. This approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of the EU ETS. The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is expected to introduce significant incentives to reduce emissions. We estimate that switching to bio-methanol at an emissions allowance price of €90–100/tCO2 will be cost-effective for a minor share of shipping segments (representing about 0.5-5% of all ships), whereas at a price above €150/tCO2 it could be cost-effective for a considerable share (potentially 75%) of ships. In the short term, the costs incurred by the EU ETS will be passed on to transport customers as a surcharge. The increased cost may, unless properly addressed, drive carbon leakage. Meanwhile, a modal shift away from shipping may occur in the roll-on, roll-off (RoRo) and roll-on passenger (RoPax) segments due to direct competition with road and rail transport and the relative ease of shifting to other modes of transport.
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| 4. |
- Fridell, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Studie på sjöfartsområdet : Styrmedel och scenarier för sjöfartens omställning
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sjöfarten står inför en stor omställning mot fossilfri drift av fartygen. Denna rapport beskriver styrmedel, tekniska frågor, hinder och scenarier för framtiden relaterat till denna utveckling. Inom IMO (International Maritime Organization) finns mål uppsatta för en minskning av utsläppen av växthusgaser från sjöfarten, styrmedel för kortsiktiga åtgärder finns på plats, främst avseende energieffektivisering, och mer långsiktiga ”market based measures” diskuteras. Inom EU finns ett antal förslag som när de implementeras kommer att få stor inverkan på sjöfarten och dess utsläpp av växthusgaser. I Sverige finns bland annat miljödifferentierade farledsavgifter och ecobonus, men ytterligare kraftfulla styrmedel krävs för att nå de mål om minskning av växthusgasutsläpp som satts upp.Det finns ett stort antal möjliga framtida hållbara marina bränslen som diskuteras t.ex. ammoniak, metan, metanol, vätgas och syntetisk diesel. I tillägg fortgår utvecklingen med ökad användning av eldrift.Ett antal scenarier presenteras i rapporten för utvecklingen av bränslemix och utsläpp av växthusgaser för svensk sjöfart, med syftet att analysera olika tänkbara styrmedel. Resultaten visar att el- och gasdrift kan bidra till att minska ökningen av emissioner av växthusgaser, men att ytterligare åtgärder behövs för att åstadkomma en sänkning av emissionerna. I ett scenario analyseras effekterna av de styrmedel som föreslås inom EU:s ”Fit for 55”.Det finns ett antal hinder som kan försena en utveckling mot ökad hållbarhet inom svensk sjöfart, både för eldrift och förnybara bränslen. Vidare diskuteras styrmedel som kan införas på nationell nivå. Här analyseras styrmedel för ökad användning av el, om en reduktionsplikt kan införas även för marina bränslen, en potentiell CO2-fond, investeringsstöd till ny teknik och bränsleinfrastruktur, klimatkrav på statens flotta, breddad ekobonus samt en vidareutveckling av miljödifferentierade farledsavgifter.
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| 5. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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HOPE - Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in Nordic shipping. Project summary : A Nordic Maritime Transport and Energy Research Programme Project
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Nordic countries aim for a carbon-neutral Nordic region. Maritime transport is one of the key remaining sectors to decarbonize and is important from a Nordic perspective due to the relatively large Nordic involvement in this industry. The HOPE project addresses how regional shipping in the Nordic region can do the transition to become fossil-free. The project aims at clarifying the potential role of hydrogen based marine solutions in reducing the Nordic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the centre of the project is a ship concept where a typical RoPax-vessel with operating distances of around 100 nautical miles is designed for including operation with hydrogen as fuel and fuel cells for energy conversion. The overall design of the concept ship is compared with selected other fuel alternatives from a cost perspective. Further, both the conditions for designing such a ship and the consequences are studied. The conditions include technical design and costs of fuel systems and handling, powertrains etc. but also an analysis of barriers and drivers for the realisation of hydrogen solutions for shipping, such as economic, legal, and policy issues. For example, in terms of drivers, policy options needed to accelerate the uptake of hydrogen based marine solutions are assessed. Strategies and the potential of producing these fuels in the Nordic region are also reviewed from a shipping perspective. A realistic potential for uptake of these technologies/fuels by Nordic shipping are assessed and the benefits regarding lower emissions of GHGs and air pollutants are estimated. This report summarizes the assessments made in the HOPE project including main findings.
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| 6. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of including maritime transport in the EU ETS
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Green Deal from the European Commission in 2019 set a high aim: that EU will become climate neutral by 2050. As a part of this, the European Commission proposed that the EU Emission Trading System (ETS), is extended to include the maritime sector. This report assesses different design features of shipping in ETS, analyse the impact on the shipping industry and the environment. The report investigates what impacts the inclusion of shipping may have on incentives for abatement, what types of emission reductions may follow, if the policy will lead to modal shifts or carbon leakage (meaning that vessels avoid EU ports in order to evade the policy) and what attitudes and expectations can be found among Swedish shipping lines and transport customers.
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| 7. |
- Jivén, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Concept design and environmental analysis of a fuel cell RoPax vessel - Report in the HOPE (Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in shipping in relation to other low carbon options) project
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report includes a ship concept design developed for a RoPax ship (a ferry transporting passengers and goods) with hydrogen fuel cell propulsion for intended operations on the route Frederikshavn (Denmark) to Gothenburg (Sweden). The assessments, performed within the HOPE (Hydrogen fuel cells solutions in shipping in relation to other low carbon options – a Nordic perspective) project, shows that it is technically feasible to build and operate such a ship with existing technology for the studied route between these two Nordic countries. Also, the costs of such a concept are assessed and compared to other fuel options including: battery-electric propulsion, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, biomass-based methane, or fossil liquefied natural gas (LNG), as well as conventional fossil marine gas oil (MGO).The overall result from the comparative analysis of the estimated costs is that the hydrogen fuel cell ship, when assuming current or near future costs for the technology and the hydrogen, is estimated to be some 25 percent more expensive than a conventional fossil fuelled (MGO) RoPax ship (when including costs for emissions in the EU emission trading scheme). However, the cost developments are uncertain. In the case that fuel cell prices, and hydrogen prices, are decreasing, and todays cost levels of emission allowances in the EU emission trading scheme (ETS) increase, the hydrogen fuel cell ship could possibly be operated at lower total costs compared to the MGO fuelled ship.A cost benefit analysis was also performed, comparing costs linked to the technical implementation of hydrogen fuel cell solutions in shipping (with a private and social perspective) to benefits in terms of reduced external costs linked to lower emissions and potential subsides. The cost benefit assessment also confirms that the investment from a private perspective is not cost effective and that additional subsidies may be needed for investments in fuel cell hydrogen technology to take place. The cost effectiveness from a social perspective is strongly dependent on values of highly uncertain parameters.The impacts of emissions of hydrogen as fuel in a Nordic context were assessed for deployment scenarios for hydrogen and fuel cell solutions in Nordic shipping. There is a considerable potential for emission reductions both in terms of CO2, nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM) linked to the implementation of hydrogen and fuel cells in Nordic shipping, particularly in the RoPax segment, representing 30% of total CO2 emissions in 2018. Considering the relatively long lifetime of vessels, investments must be made soon to enable a hydrogen powered shipping fleet in the near future. Since it is currently not economically viable with hydrogen and fuel cells vessels there is need for subsidies and investments in pilots to develop solutions and speed up the process.
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| 8. |
- Lunde Hermansson, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2398-9629.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage.
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| 9. |
- Lunde Hermansson, Anna, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Strong economic incentives of ship scrubbers promoting pollution
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2398-9629. ; In Press
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In response to stricter regulations on ship air emissions, many shipowners have installed exhaust gas cleaning systems, known as scrubbers, allowing for use of cheap residual heavy fuel oil. Scrubbers produce large volumes of acidic and polluted water that is discharged to the sea. Due to environmental concerns, the use of scrubbers is being discussed within the International Maritime Organization. Real-world simulations of global scrubber-vessel activity, applying actual fuel costs and expenses related to scrubber operations, show that 51% of the global scrubber-fitted fleet reached economic break even by the end of 2022, with a surplus of €4.7 billion in 2019 euros. Within five years after installation, more than 95% of the ships with the most common scrubber systems reach break even. However, the marine ecotoxicity damage cost, from scrubber water discharge in the Baltic Sea Area 2014–2022, amounts to >€680 million in 2019 euros, showing that private economic interests come at the expense of marine environmental damage.
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| 10. |
- Moldanova, Jana, et al.
(författare)
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Improving cabin air quality in road vehicles - Vägar till förbättrad luftkvalitet i fordon
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The most important parameters that influence the air quality in vehicles are the choice of cabin air filter and the air quality outside the vehicle. Real-life driving test methods for measurement in traffic environments developed in AQIFOR project showed repeatable differences between the reduction efficiency of the various cabin air filters in the car ventilation systems. Additional parameters that affected the reduction efficiency for air pollutants in the vehicle were ventilation speed and degree of air recirculation in the ventilation. Different air pollutants are affected differently. All filters tested purified air from particles; the reduction efficiency for PM2.5 was from 40% to over 80% for different filters, particles in the size range 10 - 600 nm were more difficult to clean than larger particles. Filters containing active carbon also purified the air from NO2; reduction efficiency showed similar pattern to reduction efficiency for particles. Sampling for VOC and PAH showed that volatiles are not purified by filters, but the less volatile species are effectively reduced. The project also investigated occupational exposure of professional drivers to air pollution in both passenger cars and trucks. The results showed that the drivers' exposure to benzo (a) pyrene, 1,3-butadiene and benzene was low, well below the working environment limit values.
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| 11. |
- Munthe, John, et al.
(författare)
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Technical Background Report to the Global Mercury Assessment 2018
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A joint UN Environment and AMAP report that presents the latest and comprehensive information of global mercury emissions and releases to the environment, information on atmospheric and aquatic chemistry and fate and transport of mercury. The report is a fully referenced scientific background report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2018.
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| 12. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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BRAVE ECO – Benchmark for Reduction of Anchoring Vessels’ Emissions – Enabling Change of Operation
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This feasibility study aims to evaluate the possibilities to reduce air emissions from ships anchored in port areas and, then especially the Port of Gothenburg. For this purpose, the study uses two main approaches. Firstly, it analyses the reasons and legal/business aspects for anchoring. Secondly, this study develops a reproducible calculation model for anchored vessels' CO2 emissions. Regulation of anchoring sites are not entirely clear since international regulation partly applies, also it is not clear who is responsible for the anchoring sites. This implies that the port´s scope of action is limited mainly to the ships that are calling the port. However, also emission from other ships at in the port area has been evaluated in this study to get a broader perspective. This pre-study provides both qualitative and quantitative findings and it is produced using mixed methods, including workshops with relevant port stakeholders. It also involves different scientific disciplines and several authors from the Port of Gothenburg Authority, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology and the School of Business, Economics and Law at the University of Gothenburg. Furthermore, in connection to this study, one bachelor's thesis and two master's theses have been carried out. The results show that it is mainly tanker ships that are anchoring in Gothenburg and that their main reasons for anchoring are related to awaiting Laycan or waiting for an available berth. The companies involved in the study generally combine time charter and voyage charter contracts to access vessel capacity. The inputs from the workshops, the interviews conducted with stakeholders and the international literature are “rather” consistent: combining just in time arrival with slow steaming has a great potential for making a business case and to reduce fuel consumption and thereby emissions. However, there are many barriers which needs to be addressed, such as: lack of trust, improving information sharing (actors now communicate via phone or email), loss of income (due to demurrage), attitudes in the industry, the “first come, first serve” concept, risk of missing estimated time of arrival and port infrastructure. Even if there are many barriers, several actors in the port already have experience of combining just in time arrival and slow steaming. In this study, we develop a reproducible emission calculation model that calculates CO2eq emissions. The emissions are partly calculated by using the ships’ positions (AIS-data) from 2019, to extract the time spent at anchor. The emission model calculates the anchored vessels' total CO2eq emissions, but the model also calculates the theoretical potential for avoiding emission by using the time at anchor to slow steam. The results show that all tanker ships that anchored outside the port in 2019, could theoretically have reduced their emissions with about 30 ktonnes CO2eq, if they would have been notified of delays 24 hours before arrival and then reduced their speed to 10 knots. The results also show that using time to slow steam have a much greater potential to reduce emissions than if the ships would only reduce the time at anchor (by using fewer ships to perform the same transport work). This is especially true for the initial speed reductions (10-14 knots). This study also evaluates the emission calculation methods and assesses the uncertainties, by comparing different sources and underlying assumptions with real world data. The study argues that it is problematic to just use default values proposed in the global emission inventory issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Using default values for estimating emission makes it harder to estimate the real effect of a new policy, regulation, or incentive in the port. However, a better emission inventory requires that on-board visits are made or that data is obtained digitally. The largest calculation uncertainties now are for boiler fuel consumption and bunker ships fuel consumption at the anchorage areas.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental discounts for Swedish ports and fairways: A ship owner perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 159, s. 105950-105950
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has adopted environmental discounts for ships arriving at fairways and in some ports to encourage investment in measures to reduce shipping’s impact on climate change, air quality and marine environment. The present study investigates the impact of these discounts in 2020 on investment decisions made by ship-owners. As a starting point, this impact was assessed by comparing the potential annual benefits of the discounts with the annualized costs of retrofitting four selected abatement technologies.The results indicate that, while the port discounts are relatively small when compared to the costs of abatement, the fairway discounts could be significant for ships frequently calling at Swedish ports under specific conditions. However, we conclude that the discounts alone are insufficient to incentivize ship-owners to invest in abatement technologies for older ships. To improve the usefulness of these discounts, the design should incorporate a more precise internalization of abatement costs. This could be achieved by implementing individual discounts for different abatement strategies, establishing dedicated subsidies for high-cost innovative technologies, enhancing scoring systems, and by better matching the discount with other market-based policies internationally.
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| 15. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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LIGHTHOUSE REPORTS BRAVE ECO - Benchmark for Reduction of Anchoring Vessels’ Emissions - Enabling Change of Operation
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Denna förstudie syftar till att utvärdera möjligheterna att minska luftutsläppen från fartyg som ligger ankrade i hamnområden och då särskilt i Göteborgs Hamn.För detta ändamål använder denna studie två huvudsakliga tillvägagångssätt. Dels analyserar vi de juridiska/affärsmässiga aspekterna bakom ankring, och dels utvecklar vi i en reproducerbar beräkningsmodell för de ankrade fartygens CO2- utsläpp.De förordningar och regler som finns för ankringsplatser är inte tydliga eftersom internationell lag delvis gäller, dessutom är det inte heller helt klart vem som är ansvarig för ankringsplatserna. Detta innebär att hamnens handlingsutrymme i huvudsak begränsas till de fartyg som anlöper hamnen.Trots det har även utsläpp från andra fartyg i hamnområdet utvärderats i denna studie, i syfte att få ett bredare perspektiv.
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| 16. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Measures to Reduce Emissions from Ships A case study: An early evaluation of the potentials of digitalization and changed framework for port calls in the Port of Gävle.
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many ports today want to improve the information flow in the logistics chain to be able to make port calls more efficient and thereby reduce the waiting times for ships, terminals and other operators in the logistics chain. The Port of Gävle is part of two ongoing projects, where digital tools and improvement of the current regulatory and structural framework in the port are being evaluated. The example calculations made in this study show that the potential to reduce emissions at sea is great even at minor speed reductions. For example, the annual greenhouse gas emissions for all incoming vessels would decrease by 8 300 tonnes of CO2-e if the ships would lower their speed at sea from last port by only 5%. This can be compared to effects from a shorter time at berth that not only can reduce emissions from ships quayside but also from ships at anchor, due to shorter waiting times. The potential reduction with 7% shorter times at berth is between 600 and 900 tonnes of CO2-e/year and the reduction at anchor is estimated to be between 825 and 3 860 tonnes of CO2-e/year.
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| 17. |
- Parsmo, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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NOX Abatement in the Baltic Sea
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The background is the decision to establish a NOX Emission Control Area (NECA) in the region requiring ships to follow Tier III NOX emission regulations from 2021. To achieve further and more rapid reductions of NOX emissions than what is expected from the NECA, additional policy instruments have been discussed. The policy instruments analysed in this study are assumed to be additional to the NECA requirements. Our study describes changes of emissions and costs for existing ships with Tier II engines when upgrading for lower NOX emissions. Of the many existing technological alternatives to accomplish NOX reduction, this study focuses on liquefied natural gas (LNG) engines and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for after treatment of exhaust gas. Emissions of NOX in 2030 are modeled for scenarios in which different policy instruments are assumed. The use of LNG and abatement equipment is modeled with the assumption that ship-owners choose the most advantageous option from a cost perspective. The most effective policy instrument found in this study is the refundable emission payment (REP) scheme. The reduction of emissions depends on the fee and subsidy rate applied. For example, a subsidy rate of 60% and a fee of 1 €/kg NOX is modelled to reduce the yearly emissions of NOX from shipping in the Baltic Sea in 2030 by about 53 ktonnes. A NOX tax will also have a significant effect on the NOX emissions, but in this case the costs for ship-owners are significantly higher. Applying a CO2 tax or environmentally differentiated port dues in the model are found to have less impact on the NOX emissions. Introducing slow steaming has a potential to reduce NOX emissions In another scenario the effects on emissions from a financial investments support for abatement technology or LNG engines are modeled. At an interest rate of 0 % emissions are reduced significantly. According to our model, an extended NECA, where also other sea areas than the Baltic and North Seas become NECAs, has no further impact on the NOX emissions in the Baltic Sea. However, since the abatement equipment is used for more hours in a global NECA it will reduce the abatement cost per kg NOX.
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| 18. |
- Sjödin, Åke, et al.
(författare)
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On-Road Emission Performance of Late Model Diesel and Gasoline Vehicles as Measured by Remote Sensing
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A newly developed remote sensing instrument with NO2 and NOX measurement capability was operated in the fall of 2016 over 19 workdays in Gothenburg, Sweden, to measure real driving emissions from a large number light- and heavy-duty vehicles. From more than 30,000 registered vehicle passages, a final QA/QC-reviewed dataset consisting of about 15,000 paired records containing emissions, driving condition and detailed vehicle information data, was used to evaluate the real-world emission performance of in particular Euro 5 and Euro 6 diesel vehicles. More than 9,000 records were of diesel vehicles, of which about 5,500 were of Euro 5 vehicles and about 2,600 of Euro 6 vehicles. The following conclusions were made from the evaluation: - Measurements on more than 6,000 diesel passenger cars reveal that the real driving emissions of NOX from Euro 6 diesel cars on average have been reduced by about 60% from pre-Euro 6 levels, e.g. Euro 5. This may be considered a major breakthrough, since the real-world NOX emissions from diesel passenger cars have been virtually unchanged between Euro 2 and Euro 5, although the NOX emission standard has been significantly lowered from Euro 2 to Euro 5. Still, Euro 6 diesel passenger car real-world NOX emissions are roughly more than 5 times higher than the Euro 6 standard, as well as than the measured average on-road NOX emissions from Euro 6 gasoline passenger cars. - For NOX emissions, an almost identical pattern as for diesel passenger cars was observed for both diesel light-duty commercial vehicles and diesel heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and buses), i.e. virtually no change in real-world emissions between Euro 2 and Euro 5, followed by a major drop in emissions for Euro 6. - Primary NO2 emissions from diesel light-duty vehicles (both PC and LCV) have been reduced from Euro 4 through Euro 6, implying that the emission ratio of NO2 to NOX has also been reduced, but the ratio is still as high as about 25% for both Euro 5 and Euro 6 (compared to about 15% for Euro 2). The opposite pattern exists for heavy-duty vehicles, for which the NO2/NOX-ratio increased from about 10% for Euro 4-5 to ≈35% for Euro 6. - For all categories of diesel vehicles, real-world PM emissions have dropped steadily from Euro 2 through Euro 6 – reductions are in the order of 90% for Euro 6 compared to Euro 2. - For Euro 4, 5 and 6 diesel passenger cars, real-world emissions of both NOX and NO2 increase with decreasing ambient air temperature. The temperature dependence appears to be strongest for Euro 5 cars. At 25-30 degrees C average Euro 5 NOX on-road emissions are around 15 g/kg fuel burned, rising to 20-25 g/kg fuel burned at around 10 degrees C. - Large differences in the on-road NOX emission performance were observed between different makes, models, as well as individual vehicles among Euro 5 and Euro 6 diesel passenger cars. - For the first time, remote sensing measurements were combined with air quality measurements and dispersion calculations in an urban street canyon. Calculated average concentrations of NO2, NOX and PM based on HBEFA 3.2 were comparable with corresponding measured concentrations, but the discrepancy increased with increasing concentrations, with calculated concentrations being lower than measured. The latest version of the HBEFA emission model (version 3.3), launched in May 2017, provided a good match with the remote sensing measurements for both NOX and NO2 as well as exhaust PM, but at the same time tended to lead to an overestimation of street canyon concentrations of NO2 and NOX in dispersion calculations carried out in this study.
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| 19. |
- Styhre, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Environmentally differentiated port dues
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is the final report of the research project Environmentally differentiated port dues. The purposes of the research are to examine how environmentally differentiated dues and incentives in ports can reduce the environmental impact caused by transport modes that call at the port, and their consequences from legal, political and goods flow perspectives. Both land and sea transport are addressed. The project examines how ports, as important parts of international transport chains, can contribute to the environmental and climate objectives, by introducing environmentally differentiated port dues to promote a shift to more environmentally efficient transport, vehicles, ships, technologies and alternative fuels.
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| 20. |
- Ytreberg, Erik, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Metal and PAH loads from ships and boats, relative other sources, in the Baltic Sea
- 2022
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Baltic Sea is a sensitive environment that is affected by chemical pollution derived from multiple natural and anthropogenic sources. The overall aim of this study was to estimate the load of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from shipping and leisure boating, relative other sources, to the Baltic Sea and to identify possible measures that could lead to major reductions in the loads of hazardous substances from maritime shipping and leisure boating. The use of copper-based antifouling paints, and operation of scrubbers in open loop mode, were the two most dominant identified sources of hazardous substances to the Baltic Sea. Open loop scrubbers accounted for 8.5 % of the total input of anthracene to the sea. More than a third of the total load of copper can be reduced if copper-free antifouling paints or other biocide-free antifouling strategies are used on ships and leisure boats.
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| 21. |
- Åström, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Styrmedel för minskade NOX-utsläpp från vägtrafik, inrikes sjöfart och fiskefartyg : Utsläppseffekter, kostnader och nyttor år 2030
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Enligt det senaste referensscenariot för Sveriges utsläpp av kväveoxider (NOX) till 2030 kommer Sverige överskrida taket i det andra NEC-direktivet om inte ytterligare åtgärder tas. Utsläppen från vägtrafik, inrikes sjöfart och fiske står enligt referensscenariot för en betydande del av Sveriges NOX-utsläpp år 2030, och här finns också potential för ytterligare utsläppsminskningar. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka styrmedel som är mest effektiva för att minska utsläppen av NOX från vägtrafik, inrikes sjöfart och fiskefartyg till år 2030 samt undersöka hur kostnadseffektiva styrmedlen är. Syftet var också att undersöka hur styrmedlen påverkar utsläppen av PM2.5 och CO2. Åtta styrmedel med syfte att minska utsläpp inom vägtrafiksektorn samt tre styrmedel med syfte att minska utsläpp inom inrikes sjöfart och från fiskefartyg studerades. Det styrmedel för vägtrafik som uppvisar lägst kostnad per reduktion av kg NOX samt god kostnadseffektivitet är införandet av skärpta CO2-krav på EU-nivå enligt det förslag som ligger. Detta styrmedel resulterar enligt studien även i betydande utsläppsminskningar av NOX och CO2. Övriga styrmedel för vägtrafik som är kostnadseffektiva är premien för etanolkonvertering, kilometerskatt för tunga fordon och miljödifferentierad trängselavgift. Inget av dessa styrmedel leder till betydande NOX-utsläppsminskningar. Det är osäkert om skrotningspremien, som resulterar i en utsläppsminskning av NOX på ca 400 ton, är kostnadseffektiv.Euro 7/VII-krav för lätta respektive tunga fordon resulterar visserligen i stora utsläppsminskningar av NOX år 2030, men detta styrmedel har höga enhetskostnader per reducerat kg NOX. Det är inte heller kostnadseffektivt då nytto/kostnadskvoten är långt under 1, dvs. kostnaderna överstiger nyttorna. För inrikes sjöfart och fiskefartyg visar studien att samtliga studerade styrmedel har potential att leda till betydande utsläppsminskningar till år 2030, med låga kostnader per kg minskad NOX och hög kostnadseffektivitet. Av de åtgärder som följer av respektive styrmedel har efterinstallation av SCR bäst effekt på NOX-utsläppen.
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