| 1. |
- Fortier, A., et al.
(författare)
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CHEOPS in-flight performance: A comprehensive look at the first 3.5 yr of operations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Since the discovery of the first exoplanet almost three decades ago, the number of known exoplanets has increased dramatically. By beginning of the 2000s it was clear that dedicated facilities to advance our studies in this field were needed. The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) is a space telescope specifically designed to monitor transiting exoplanets orbiting bright stars. In September 2023, CHEOPS completed its nominal mission duration of 3.5 yr and remains in excellent operational conditions. As a testament to this, the mission has been extended until the end of 2026. Aims. Scientific and instrumental data have been collected throughout in-orbit commissioning and nominal operations, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the missiona's performance. In this article, we present the results of this analysis with a twofold goal. First, we aim to inform the scientific community about the present status of the mission and what can be expected as the instrument ages. Secondly, we intend for this publication to serve as a legacy document for future missions, providing insights and lessons learned from the successful operation of CHEOPS. Methods. To evaluate the instrument performance in flight, we developed a comprehensive monitoring and characterisation (M&C) programme. It consists of dedicated observations that allow us to characterise the instrumenta's response and continuously monitor its behaviour. In addition to the standard collection of nominal science and housekeeping data, these observations provide valuable input for detecting, modelling, and correcting instrument systematics, discovering and addressing anomalies, and comparing the instrumenta's actual performance with expectations. Results. The precision of the CHEOPS measurements has enabled the mission objectives to be met and exceeded. The satellitea's performance remains stable and reliable, ensuring accurate data collection throughout its operational life. Careful modelling of the instrumental systematics allows the data quality to be significantly improved during the light curve analysis phase, resulting in more precise scientific measurements. Conclusions. CHEOPS is compliant with the driving scientific requirements of the mission. Although visible, the ageing of the instrument has not affected the missiona's performance. The satellitea's capabilities remain robust, and we are confident that we will continue to acquire high-quality data during the mission extension.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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On the Use of Synchronized LoRaWAN for the Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Grids
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9788887237450
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are laying down the foundations of future energy systems. The growing availability of reliable and cost-effective ICT solutions are indeed offering the opportunity for the implementation of advanced monitoring and control functions over Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), thus fostering the transition towards decentralized and decarbonized energy systems. The integration of ICT in electrical equipment (such as power converters, metering devices, and protections) is essential for the monitoring and the coordinated control of heterogeneous energy resources, particularly in intermittent and distributed scenarios. Nevertheless, the implementation of such control approaches relies, in the end, on the availability of proper communication infrastructures. The adoption of wired infrastructures (such as field-bus, ethernet, or fiber optic systems) may however imply high installation costs, particularly for complex end-users' systems. To cope with this issue, in this study the use of a wireless network based on the LoRaWAntechnology is proposed to implement the monitoring and the coordinated control of dispersed DERs. A proper communication architecture is proposed and discussed in terms of the required coverage range and latency. Finally, a scalability analysis is also presented, which aims at evaluating the number of devices that can be supervised by a single LoRaWAngateway, by considering the expected data throughput, and the duty cycle limitations. © 2019 AEIT.
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| 5. |
- Bonafini, F., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating indoor and outdoor localization services for LoRaWAN in Smart City applications
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728104294 ; , s. 300-305
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, wireless technologies penetrate all aspects of our lives. 'Internet of Things' (IoT) and 'Location- Based Services' are the pillars of Smart City concept. The IoT smart objects surrounding us are an integral part of the Internet, thanks to their computational and communication capabilities. In such applications, location information can be exploited in all the layers of the stack, from the application level (e.g., to correctly interpret measurements from sensor nodes deployed on the field), down to the physical level (e.g., for sensing coverage). One of the most viable solutions for Smart City wireless connectivity seems to be the use of long-range, low-power and low-throughput low-power wide area networks (LPWANs). In this work, the authors devise the jointly use of LPWANs with widely-diffused and well-accepted localization techniques, as the Global Positioning Systems (GPS, outdoor) and real-time location systems (RTLS, indoor), for Smart Campus applications. In particular, a LoRaWAN node equipped with both GPS and Ultra Wide Bandbased UWB-RTLS has been developed and tested in real-world scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach; in particular, location errors are in the order of few tens of meters for GPS and in the order of few tens of centimeters for UWB. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 6. |
- Depari, A., et al.
(författare)
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Versatile and low-cost sensor interface for IoT-ready odor monitoring in wastewater management
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, SAS 2021 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728194318
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monitoring of pollutants in industrial plants is a major concern, in order to satisfy the requirements dictated by the related norms. Recently, the problem of odor monitoring gained importance since, despite the generally low dangerous nature of the emission, people usually correlate bad smell to unhealthy air condition. In this paper, we focus on the wastewater treatment application scenario and propose a versatile air pollution control solution. In particular, a distributed eNose, based on low-cost, but highly configurable sensing probes, is suggested. The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has been followed, thanks to the adoption of a communication infrastructure based on the widely adopted LoRaWAN technology. Such an approach, on one hand, would allow to easily cope with the administration and local population; on the other hand, it paves the way to use analytics to predict emission events in advance. The need for managing multiple transducers per each probe has been solved using an innovative acquisition strategy, exploiting both the volt-amperometric and resistance-to-time (integral) approaches, implemented by low-cost microcontroller and ancillary electronics. A proof-of-concept prototype has been realized and preliminary experiments have been carried out. Experimental results have demonstrated the solidity of the proposed approach, with relative error below 1% and relative standard deviation below 0.5% over the whole considered resistive range of more than two decades. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 7. |
- Fernandes, C. D., et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid indoor and outdoor localization for elderly care applications with LoRaWAN
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728153865
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is common for elderly to experience a decrease in health conditions, limiting independence. Very often, hospitalization is not required and at home assistance is a more effective solution. Ambient assisted living technologies can help in mitigating the need for continuous supervision, enabling the elderly to easily look for help in case of emergency. In this work, the well-known and widespread LoRaWAN communication infrastructure is evaluated for possible complementing indoor and outdoor positioning solutions, in order to alert a remotely-connected caregiver about accidents (e.g., falls). The choice of LoRaWAN is dictated by the capability to implement both private and public infrastructures. Satellite-based systems are addressed for outdoor localization, whereas the demanding task of indoor localization is solved by means of Ultra Wide Band technology. Results demonstrated sub-meter error in a typical indoor scenario, with average communication latency on the order of 700 ms. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 8. |
- Fernandes Carvalho, D., et al.
(författare)
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A test methodology for evaluating architectural delays of LoRaWAN implementations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Pervasive and Mobile Computing. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1574-1192 .- 1873-1589. ; 56:May, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have been proposed as viable wireless connection method for the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), thanks to their wide coverage, low complexity and low power consumption. In this scenario, LoRaWAN emerged as a de-facto leading technology, because of its openness and the current availability of many devices (like sensors and gateways). Several implementations of the LoRaWAN specifications have appeared in the market, each one showing support for different hardware, different software architectures, and different operating systems. Thus, the need of test procedures for comparing them is evident. In this paper, a test methodology for the experimental assessment of architectural delays of LoRaWAN implementations is presented. The new approach is composed of: a mapping phase, needed for highlighting the LoRaWAN blocks inside the implementation under test; followed by a measurement phase, in which the relevant timestamps are taken along the information path from LoRaWAN node to LoRaWAN customer application. The use and the effectiveness of the proposed methodology are shown by means of use cases that involve different LoRaWAN implementations and several hardware platforms. The experiments described in the paper are not intended to evaluate particular implementations but they are aimed to assess the suitability of the proposed methodology. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach can be used to compare the performance of entire LoRaWAN systems, helping the owner of the infrastructure and the user in making choices and optimizations. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
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| 9. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the impact of Cloud Database services on Industrial IoT Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728144603
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Things applied to Industry (IIoT) is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0. The connection to Internet of all the industrial devices, and the storage (sharing) of enormous amount of data inside Cloud database, enable the development of analysis algorithms for the delivery of new "high value" services. However, the industrial market may require response with short predictable latency (real-time response) even for supervision and optimization functions. Often today, the estimation of the latency of new services is not taken into account. For all these reasons, this work introduces an experimental measurement procedure for investigating the impact of Cloud database services on the communication delay from the production line to the Cloud and the way back (feedback). In this paper, a use case demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed test methodology. In details, the considered use case is a predictive maintenance system with Siemens S7 industrial automation controller sending data to a Cloudant database inside the IBM Bluemix platform. The use case results show that the IIoT solutions based on Cloud database services can be easily evaluated, compared (and optimized) thanks to the proposed approach. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 10. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the impact on industrial applications of NTP Used by IoT devices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728148922 ; , s. 223-228
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The requirements of distributed systems implemented using IoT paradigms include the sharing of a common time reference. When the applications are intended for industrial scenarios, the desired time synchronization uncertainty decreases, due to the real-time needs of this kind of systems. Currently, the most diffused way to obtain a time reference for an Internet connected device is to use NTP (Network Time Protocol) for querying time servers. This paper is focused on industrial IoT applications and it is aimed to evaluate the impact that NTP synchronization performance and NTP throughput may have on the real-time host network. Analytical formulas for estimating the NTP impact are introduced. The work is complemented by the presentation of a use case that shows the use of NTP for the synchronization of a large industrial plant at field level. The results highlight the threat to the real-time behavior of the automation system caused by the uncontrolled peaks of traffic due to NTP. Last, some design considerations for mitigation of the impact are discussed. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 11. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental characterization of an IoV framework leveraging mobile wireless technologies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728195391
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm highlighted the importance of core technologies at the root of any distributed systems, as wireless communications, cloud computing and big data analysis. Today, companies and organizations, pursuing the so-called Industry 4.0 (r)evolution, are moving toward smart factories, smart workforce, and intelligent transportation. The use of IoT technologies for connecting smart vehicles is identified by the IoV acronym, i.e. the Internet of Vehicle. In this work, the authors address the characterization of a distributed measurement platform for vehicle fleet management, focusing on time-related performance. In particular, a commercially available solution has been considered and real-world use cases have been identified, showing obtainable performance: with default configuration, an average overall delay less than 11 s has been estimated. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 12. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Model-Based Stealth Attack to Networked Control System Based on Real-Time Ethernet
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0278-0046 .- 1557-9948. ; 68:8, s. 7672-7683
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, industrial control systems include networked control systems (NCS), which use real-time Ethernet (RTE) protocols since many years, well before the time sensitive networking initiative debut. Today, ethernet-based control systems are used all across Industry 4.0, including in critical applications, allowing for straight integration with information technology layers. Even if it is known that current RTE protocols do not have strong authentication or ciphering options, it is still very challenging to perform undetected cyber-attacks to these protocols while the NSC is in operation, in particular because such attacks must comply with very strict and small temporal constraints. In this article, a model-based attack is proposed for service degradation of NCS. The attack is carried out in real-time and it can remain undetected for the entire plant life. The attack can be applied to any RTE protocols and, without loss of generality, a detailed analysis of stealth techniques is provided for a specific real use case based on PROFINET. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed attack and its high effectiveness. The article also points out some possible future investigation directions in order to mitigate the attack. © 1982-2012 IEEE.
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| 13. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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On the performance of cloud services and databases for industrial IoT scalable applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Electronics. - : MDPI AG. - 2079-9292. ; 9:9, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the Industry 4.0 the communication infrastructure is derived from the Internet of Things (IoT), and it is called Industrial IoT or IIoT. Smart objects deployed on the field collect a large amount of data which is stored and processed in the Cloud to create innovative services. However, differently from most of the consumer applications, the industrial scenario is generally constrained by time-related requirements and its needs for real-time behavior (i.e., bounded and possibly short delays). Unfortunately, timeliness is generally ignored by traditional service provider, and the Cloud is treated as a black box. For instance, Cloud databases (generally seen as “Database as a service”—DBaaS) have unknown or hard-to-compare impact on applications. The novelty of this work is to provide an experimental measurement methodology based on an abstract view of IIoT applications, in order to define some easy-to-evaluate metrics focused on DBaaS latency (no matter the actual implementation details are). In particular, the focus is on the impact of DBaaS on the overall communication delays in a typical IIoT scalable context (i.e., from the field to the Cloud and the way back). In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a real use case is discussed (it is a predictive maintenance application with a Siemens S7 industrial controller transmitting system health status information to a Cloudant DB inside the IBM Bluemix platform). Experiments carried on in this use case provide useful insights about the DBaaS performance: evaluation of delays, effects of involved number of devices (scalability and complexity), constraints of the architecture, and clear information for comparing with other implementations and for optimizing configuration. In other words, the proposed evaluation strategy helps in finding out the peculiarities of Cloud Database service implementations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 14. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Resilient time synchronization opportunistically exploiting UWB RTLS infrastructure
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 71, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ultra Wide Band (UWB) based solutions for real time localization are starting to be widely diffused. They use two-way ranging scheme achieving indoor positioning accuracy well below ten centimeters. These wireless devices are based on counters with picosecond resolution, which could be used also for nodes time synchronization. This work aims to propose an opportunistic approach for transparently obtaining multiple accurate time synchronization from low-cost infrastructure of Real Time Location Systems (RTLS). After the description of the proposed approach, the idea is demonstrated using off-the-shelf Ultra Wide Band (UWB) modules from Decawave and their related software. Thanks to hardware timestamping support inside the core architecture, the realized wireless station is able to simultaneously lock and track several time references generated by the UWB module. The extensive experimental characterization evaluates both the uncertainty of the reference signal generated by the UWB receiver, and the time synchronization uncertainty of the whole host system running a Proportional Integrative (PI) control loop for locking the master reference clock. The time reference pulses are delivered by the UWB modules with a maximum jitter on the order of 40 ns, whereas the synchronization uncertainty is less than 10 ns. IEEE
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| 15. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Testing facility for the characterization of the integration of E-vehicles into smart grid in presence of renewable energy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. - Cham : Springer Verlag. - 9783030119720 ; , s. 19-25
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last years, the increased environmental awareness is calling for the transition from vehicles powered by Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) toward Electric Vehicles (EVs). Nevertheless, the wide penetration of such technologies is limited by the impact EV Charging Stations (EVCSs) have on the distribution grid. The management of EVCSs could benefit from the use of the energy produced by Renewable Resources, appropriately coupled with storage system, through the infrastructures offered by Smart Grids (SGs). The validation of these architectures can be performed in simulation or emulation environments. Whilst such approaches are profitable for validating the sensitivity of different architectures to parameters changes, sometimes the use of over-simplified models could bring to unreliable results. For this reason, a testing facility for the characterization of the integration of EVCSs in SGs has been designed and deployed at the eLUX lab of the University of Brescia, Italy. The testing facility includes an EVCS (22 kW), an EV (Renault Zoe), a controllable photovoltaic (PV) field (10 kWp) and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) (20 kWp, 23.5 kWh). The possibility to integrate a real-time emulator (OPAL-RT) for Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) emulation allows to easily expand the capabilities of the testing facility. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 16. |
- Ferrari, P., et al.
(författare)
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Turning old into new : Adding LoRaWAN connectivity to PLC in brownfield installations
- 2021
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Ingår i: 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 and IoT, MetroInd 4.0 and IoT 2021 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665419802 ; , s. 665-670
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Industry 4.0 paradigm improves industrial automation systems efficiency leveraging on the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), offering pervasive connectivity with field devices and paving the way to innovative services. Updating legacy machines in brownfield installations is needed for preserving investments. This paper discusses the design and the experimental validation in a real-world use case of a low-cost solution aiming at providing LoRaWAN Class A connectivity to a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Widespread modules, offering full compatibility with the standard, are considered. They behave as 'modems' controlled by AT-like commands via simple serial links (RS232), minimizing the need for additional glue logic. The developed solution has been connected to a public LoRaWAN infrastructure, showing average uplink delays in the order of 300-500 ms; on the contrary, downlink messages are constrained by uplink interarrival time. The experiments also highlighted strong correlation between the LoRaWAN network congestion and the end-to-end delay. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 17. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Neural Network-Based Stealth Attack on Battery Energy Storage Systems
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 1949-3053 .- 1949-3061.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the number of installed Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) increases, the concerns related to possible cyberattacks to these systems rise accordingly. The most of BESS owners knows their systems may be vulnerable, but they often consider only denial of service attacks in their risk assessment. Unfortunately, other, subtler and more dangerous attacks exist. In this paper we show that a stealth attack to BESSs can be performed by applying a Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) approach. The aim of the attack is to stealthily manage the physical system by hiding the actual behavior of the system to its supervisory controller. In this case the attacker would be able to: (i) degrade the BESS by reducing its expected lifetime, (ii) produce economic losses for the prosumer, and (iii) affect the security and stability of the grid. The feasibility of the attack is demonstrated by providing an example of a stealth MitM attack on a real BESS coupled with a photovoltaic power plant. The proposed case study demonstrates that such attack can be performed without being discovered by end-users and shows that its effects can be severe. Finally, possible strategies to avoid or detect such kind of attack are discussed. IEEE
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| 18. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the use of class B LoraWAn for the coordination of distributed interface protection systems in smart grids
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. - : MDPI AG. - 2224-2708. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adoption of the distributed generation paradigm is introducing several changes in the design and operation of modern distribution networks. Modern grid codes are becoming more and more complex, and the adoption of smart protection systems is becoming mandatory. However, the adoption of newer and smarter units is only half of the story. Proper communication networks must be provided as well, and the overall costs may become critical. In this work, the adoption of the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology is suggested as a viable approach to implement the coordination of Interface Protection Systems. A proper communication architecture based on the LoRaWAN Class B technology was proposed and evaluated in order to assess its feasibility for the considered application. A scalability analysis was carried out, by computing the number of devices that can be handled by a single LoRaWAN Gateway (GW) and the maximum expected time of response between a triggering event and the arrival of the related coordination command. The results of the study showed that up to 312 devices can be managed by a single GW, by assuring a maximum response time of 22.95 s. A faster maximum response time of 6.2 s is also possible by reducing the number of managed devices to 12. © 2020 by the authors.
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| 19. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of the Measurement Time Resolution on Energy Key Performance Indicators for Distributed Energy Resources : An Experimental Analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: AMPS 2021 - 2021 11th IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems, Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728169231
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing presence of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) is heavily affecting the control and management of distribution grids. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are increasingly adopted to mitigate the adverse impacts caused by the uncertainty of RES generators. Most of the existing works in the literature aims at using BESSs to maximize the self-consumption of energy provided by RES generators or focuses on the mitigation of voltage and/or frequency drift effects. More recently, some research works also studied the effects that BESSs have on the active power flows at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of prosumers. All these studies are based on the definition of proper energy Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) based on heterogeneous information collected from several measurement devices deployed in the field. This also means that the results of such studies could be significantly affected by the quality of data, particularly concerning the time resolution of the measurements. To better highlight this concern, this paper proposes an analysis of the impact of the time resolution of measurements on the evaluation of the absolute power ramp reduction at the PCC of prosumers in presence of BESS installations. The analysis was performed on real data collected from the eLUX lab of the University of Brescia, Italy, by varying the time resolution from 5 s to 15 min. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the time resolution has a great impact on the evaluation of the considered KPI, by leading to completely different performance assessments. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 20. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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On the use of class B LoRaWAN for the coordination of smart interface protection systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: AMPS 2019 Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728100753
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ongoing transition towards the distributed generation paradigm is significantly affecting the way modern Distribution Networks (DNs) must be designed and operated. New functions are being introduced year over year, by following the increasing complexity of grid codes. As a consequence, the adoption of smart protection systems is becoming a key-enabling solution for the application of advanced control and protection mechanisms, such as those implemented by Interface Protection Systems (IPSs). In this case, particularly when complex legacy systems are considered, the replacement of existing devices with intelligent units is indeed often not sufficient, and proper communication infrastructures must be deployed to meet the required coordination capabilities, thus increasing the overall costs. To overcome this drawback, in this study the use of a wireless network based on the LoRaWAN technology is proposed to implement the coordination of IPSs. Based on the real use-case of the Engineering campus of the University of Brescia, the coordination of independent low voltage generators connected to the same medium voltage point of common coupling with the main grid is examined in terms of the required coverage range and communication latency. Finally, the scalability of the proposed solution is discussed by referring to the estimated data throughput, and by considering the LoRaWAN duty cycle limitations. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 21. |
- Pasetti, M., et al.
(författare)
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On the use of LoRaWAN for the monitoring and control of distributed energy resources in a smart campus
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3417. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The application of the most recent advances of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to the automation of buildings is emerging as a promising solution to achieve greater efficiencies in energy consumption, and to allow the realization of sustainable models. The application of IoT has been demonstrated as effective in many fields, such as confirmed, for instance, by the Industry 4.0 concepts, which are revolutionizing modern production chains. By following this approach, the use of distributed control architectures and of IoT technologies (both wired and wireless) would result in effective solutions for the management of smart environments composed of groups of buildings, such as campuses. In this case, heterogeneous IoT solutions are typically adopted to satisfy the requirements of the very diverse possible scenarios (e.g., indoor versus outdoor coverage, mobile versus fixed nodes, just to mention a few), making their large-scale integration cumbersome. To cope with this issue, this paper presents an IoT architecture able to transparently manage different communication protocols in smart environments, and investigates its possible application for the monitoring and control of distributed energy resources in a smart campus. In particular, a use-case focused on the integration of the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology is considered to cope with heterogeneous indoor and outdoor communication scenarios. The feasibility analysis of the proposed solution is carried out by computing the scalability limits of the approach, based on the proposed smart campus data model. The results of the study showed that the proposed solution would be able to manage more than 10,000 nodes. An experimental validation of the LoRaWAN technology confirms its suitability in terms of coverage and latency, with a minimum LoRaWAN cell coverage range of 250 m, and a communication latency of about 400 ms. Finally, the advantages of the proposed solution in the supervision and management of a PV system are highlighted in a real-world scenario. © 2020 by the authors.
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| 22. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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A Cognitive Strategy for Renovation and Maintenance of Buildings through IoT Technology
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781728154145 ; , s. 1949-1954
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, designers of the home automation framework are looking to the Internet of Things (IoT) model to make it easier to deploy devices capable of gathering data from various plants. This situation is pushing a further evolution: from the conventional building automation, where the logic is determined by the installer or by the customer, to a cognitive system, capable of learning from the customers' preferences what the best plant configuration would be. The aim of this research work is to identify issues related to the implementation of cognitive solutions during the renovation process of buildings. The paper proposes a cognitive framework to help the operation and management phases of buildings, by means of the digitalization of the supply chain of the construction industry, from the single building aspect to the entire construction cycle. The paper presents the design of smart building elements with integrated capability to generate a massive amount of data for monitoring the energy and maintenance status of renovated buildings. The IoT paradigm has been used to link the physical word of building elements with the cognitive layer. The proposed approach has been applied and validated into a real test case. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 23. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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A Testing Framework for the Monitoring and Performance Analysis of Distributed Energy Systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 68:10, s. 3831-3840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increasing presence of intermittent distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources (RESs) is heavily affecting the operation and management of modern distribution grids. Even though the use of distributed energy storage systems (DESSs) and the integration of advanced demand response (DR) programs are expected to mitigate this problem, security, safety, economic, and technical reasons are limiting the tests of these mechanisms in working systems. The test in simulation and emulation environments has proved to be an effective solution for the development of advanced control and protection schema, but their use for the simulation of the typically unpredictable behavior of end-users seems at least questionable. This paper proposes a testing framework for the analysis of experimental control strategies of distributed energy systems. The framework, based on a service-oriented architecture, can be easily interconnected to different systems, including renewable generators and storage systems. This framework can be used to analyze the performance of real energy systems, working in near-To-real conditions. The framework has been used for a pilot test on a subset of the facilities of the eLUX laboratory of the University of Brescia. The proposed framework allows analyzing the energy performance of this system by means of proper key performance indicators (KPIs). The efficiency analysis of a battery energy storage system (BESS) is presented, by proposing KPIs to evaluate the effect of different control strategies. Further KPIs are also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BESS for improving the energy self-consumption of a photovoltaic system. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
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| 24. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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An experimental characterization of time of arrival accuracy for time synchronization of medium voltage smart grid solutions
- 2019
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Ingår i: AMPS 2019 Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728100753
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The time synchronization of smart grid devices is a critical feature for the successful application of advanced grid monitoring and control techniques. Synchronization mechanisms based on the accurate estimation of the Time of Arrival (ToA) of network messages-sent over power line cables-are a promising solution to achieve synchronization tasks over distribution lines. In this paper, a chirp-based synchronization technique over the Medium Voltage (MV) grid has been proposed and characterized. Such approach has the benefit of not requiring the installation of a dedicated infrastructure, thanks to the exploitation of power distribution lines for the transmission of time synchronization data. The effectiveness of the approach has been experimentally evaluated on a simplified MV line available in a testing laboratory. Although, the tested chirp has a limited frequency bandwidth (80 kHz), the maximum variation of the ToA estimation is on the order of 3.5 μs, which fulfills the requirements of most smart grid applications. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 25. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of communication requirements for enabling the coordinate charge of sustainable multimodal electric vehicle supply equipment
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering, ICECCME 2021. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665412629
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The climate changes are progressively influencing the energetic policies in every field. The mobility sector is also under a deep transformation: the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles are progressively replaced by Electric Vehicles (EVs). In the case of the Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), the traditional engine coexists with the electric one, reducing the overall environmental impact of the vehicles. Currently, only a limited number of EVs are fully electric, the so called Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), but their impact on the distribution grid is increasing day by day. BEVs require the availability of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) to recharge on-board battery. Each of the charging point of a EVSE could typically feed up 22 kW active power (or more in the case of mode 4, according to IEC 61851-1 standard), more than the consumption of three private houses, for approximately a couple of hours (the modern BEVs are equipped generally with a 50 kWh on-board battery to guarantee a useful range). Thus, the installation of EVSEs represents a critical task for Distribution System Operators (DSOs): adequate power supply lines should be identified to be able to install an EVSE. The target of the MoSoRe project is to design a multimodal EVSE able to exploit the energy provided by renewable generators in order to improve sustainability of EV charging and to minimize its impact on the power grid. In that case, a proper charging of the EVs requires the EVSE to work in coordinate mode: a strong interaction between the DSO, the EVSE and the customer is needed. The target of the proposed research work is to investigate the is to analyze the communication requirements of the EVSE in order to support coordinate charge of multimodal EVSE. The behavior of the proposed multimodal EVSE has been modeled in simulation environment, demonstrating the validity of the proposed approach to reduce the impact of EVs on the distribution grid in case of a coordinate charge is implemented. © 2021 IEEE.
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| 26. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Design of a Time Dissemination System Using Chirp Modulation for Medium Voltage Smart Grid Applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 0018-9456 .- 1557-9662. ; 69:9, s. 6686-6695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The monitoring and the management of smart grid require an advanced communication infrastructure. The time synchronization is among the most important services such an infrastructure should offer. Several solutions are available to disseminate the time information in a distributed system; for instance, most of the times a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is used to recover accurate time information. However, GPS receivers need a clear view of the sky. Other solutions, like the use of a network-based synchronization mechanism, require a dedicated communication infrastructure, which is not always feasible for economical reason. Thus, the use of the power grid itself to disseminate a time signal is extremely interesting. The aim of this article is to investigate the possibility to distribute a time signal over a medium voltage (MV) grid using a chirp-based modulation. The timing data are coded using IRIG-B time code. Such an approach does not require the installation of a dedicated infrastructure, and it is noninvasive, because the signal is transmitted on a different band with the respect to power line communication (PLC). The effectiveness of the approach has been experimentally evaluated on a test MV line available in a laboratory. Although the tested chirp-based symbol has a limited frequency bandwidth (80 kHz), the jitter in the identification of the start of frame is on the order of 7.5 μ s, fulfilling the requirements of the most smart grid applications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
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| 27. |
- Rinaldi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Software-based time synchronization for integrating power hardware in the loop emulation in IEEE1588 power profile testbed
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781538676066
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern power systems are becoming more and more complex, in order to handle the growing spread of Renewables and of Electric Vehicle charging stations. The control capability relies on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), including accurate time distribution mechanisms, such as the IEEE 1588 protocol, to the existing distribution grid infrastructure. The validation of such complex systems can hardly be performed in real environments, for both technical and economic reasons. Power Hardware in the Loop (PHIL) emulation systems have already been demonstrated to be effective for this scope. The design of a testbed for the validation of IEEE 1588 power profile based on PHIL solutions requires the capability to synchronize the time bases of the elements forming the testbed. Commercial PHIL systems often offer proprietary synchronization solutions, but these approaches cannot be applied in the general case. In this paper, a software-based solution, able to time synchronize PHIL with IEEE 1588 devices, has been investigated. Such a solution has the advantage that it does not require dedicated hardware, thus it can be applied to different PHIL systems. The experimental characterization highlights that, using such approach, it is possible to reach a time synchronization with an expanded uncertainty (k=3) of 0.75 μs, more than enough to correctly emulate events on the power grid. © 2019 IEEE.
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| 28. |
- Sisinni, Emiliano, et al.
(författare)
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A new LoRaWAN adaptive strategy for smart metering applications
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728148922 ; , s. 690-695
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most widespread applications of IoT technologies is smart metering. Despite remote metering in smart grids is not a novelty, the advent of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) wireless technologies allowed to extend the concept to gas and water distribution. However, these battery-supplied meters must ensure an operating lifetime longer than 10 years without any maintenance, thus leading to battery oversizing. This work focuses on LoRaWAN and proposes an innovative adaptive strategy for equalizing the message time duration in order to maximize the battery exploitation. A simulator has been purposely designed to evaluate the performance in a real-world scenario, considering a node density of hundreds of nodes per square km. The simulation results demonstrate that a better exploitation of the battery is possible, ensuring an increase by 10 times of the amount of the amount of useful user data bytes transferred by meters. © 2020 IEEE.
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| 29. |
- Sisinni, Emiliano, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating redundancy of LoRaWAN for emergency notifications in industrial plants
- 2021
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Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems - Proceedings, WFCS. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781665424783 ; , s. 15-18
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are wireless technologies well accepted in the Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios because they operate in both public and private infrastructure using unlicensed frequency bands. Differently from other wireless standards, the LPWAN target applications are low-rate, sporadic-transmission, low-energy systems. Surely, fast response time and high reliable communication are out of the original LPWAN scope. In this work, a first investigation about the use LoRaWAN (one the most diffused LPWAN protocols) for notification of emergency messages across industrial plants is reported. The opportunity of using recently proposed low-cost repeaters, and the creation of a clever replication pattern of radio messages are the keys of the proposed approach. The results of the preliminary analytical feasibility assessment are presented, confirming the possibility to increase success ratio of notification and respective confirmation in case of emergencies. © 2021 IEEE.
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