| 1. |
- Bisin, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Bend it like Beckham : Ethnic identity and integration
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 90, s. 146-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose a theoretical framework to study the determinants of ethnic and religious identity along two distinct motivational processes: cultural distinction and cultural conformity. Under cultural conformity, ethnic identity is reduced by neighborhood integration, which weakens group loyalties and prejudices. On the contrary, under cultural distinction, ethnic minorities are more motivated in retaining their own distinctive cultural heritage the more integrated are the neighborhoods where they reside and work. Using data on ethnic preferences and attitudes provided by the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in the UK we find evidence that might be consistent with intense ethnic and religious identity mostly formed as a cultural distinction mechanism. Consistently, we document that ethnic identities might be more intense in mixed than in segregated neighborhoods.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bisin, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Identity and Labor-Market Outcomes of Immigrants in Europe
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economic Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-4658 .- 1468-0327. ; 26:65, s. 57-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the relationship between ethnic identity and labour market outcomes of non-EU immigrants in Europe. Using the European Social Survey, we find that there is a penalty to be paid for immigrants with a strong identity. Being a first generation immigrant leads to a penalty of about 17% while second-generation immigrants have a probability of being employed that is not statistically different from that of natives. However, when they have a strong identity, second-generation immigrants have a lower chance of finding a job than natives. Our analysis also reveals that the relationship between ethnic identity and employment prospects may depend on the type of integration and labour market policies implemented in the country where the immigrant lives. More flexible labour markets help immigrants to access the labour market but do not protect those who have a strong ethnic identity.
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| 4. |
- Bisin, Alberto, et al.
(författare)
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Formation and persistence of oppositional identities
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 55:8, s. 1046-1071
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a dynamic model of identity formation that explains why ethnic minorities may choose to adopt oppositional identities (i.e. some individuals may reject or not the dominant culture) and why this behavior may persist over time. We first show that the prevalence of an oppositional culture in the minority group cannot always be sustained in equilibrium. Indeed, because the size of the majority group is larger, there is an imposed process of exposition to role models from the majority group that favors the diffusion of mainstream values in the minority community. In spite of this, an oppositional culture in the minority group can nevertheless be sustained in steady state if there is enough cultural segmentation in terms of role models, or if the size of the minority group is large enough, or if the degree of oppositional identity it implies is high enough. We also demonstrate that the higher the level of harassment and the number of racist individuals in the society, the more likely an oppositional minority culture will emerge. We finally show that ethnic identity and socialization effort can be more intense in mixed rather than segregated neighborhoods.
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| 5. |
- Cohen-Cole, Ethan, et al.
(författare)
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Static and dynamic networks in interbank markets
- 2015
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Ingår i: Network Science. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2050-1242 .- 2050-1250. ; 3:01, s. 98-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a model of network interactions in the interbank market. Our innovation is to model systemic risk in the interbank network as the propagation of incentives or strategic behavior rather than the propagation of losses after default. Transmission in our model is not based on default. Instead, we explain bank profitability based on competition incentives and the outcome of a strategic game. As competitors' lending decisions change, banks adjust their own decisions as a result: generating a “transmission” of shocks through the system. We provide a unique equilibrium characterization of a static model, and embed this model into a full dynamic model of network formation. We also determine the key bank, which is the bank that is crucial for the stability of the financial network.
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| 6. |
- Liu, Xiaodong, et al.
(författare)
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Endogenous peer effects : local aggregate or local average?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681 .- 1879-1751. ; 103, s. 39-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a unified model embedding different behavioral mechanisms of social interactions and design a statistical model selection test to differentiate between them in empirical applications. This framework is applied to study peer effects in education (effort in studying) and sport activities for adolescents in the United States. We find that, for education, students tend to conform to the social norm of their friends while, for sport activities, both the social multiplier and the social norm effect matter.
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| 7. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic networks and employment outcomes
- 2012
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Ingår i: Regional Science and Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0462 .- 1879-2308. ; 42:6, s. 938-949
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the relationship between residential proximity of individuals from the same ethnic group and the probability of finding a job through social networks, relative to other search methods. Using individual-level data from the UK Labour Force survey and spatial statistics techniques, we find that (i) the higher is the percentage of a given ethnic group living nearby, the higher is the probability of finding a job through social contacts; (ii) this effect decays very rapidly with distance. The magnitude, statistical significance and spatial decay of such an effect differ depending on the ethnic group considered. We provide an interpretation of our findings using the network model of Calvó-Armengol and Jackson (2004).
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| 8. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Exploratory Analysis for Europe : Religion and Physical Appearance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Unexplored Dimensions of Discrimination. - : Oxford University Press. - 9780198729853 - 9780191796500 ; , s. 147-243
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the available cross-country data for Europe, this chapter provides novel evidence on the employment and labor market participation rates of underweight and overweight people as well as people belonging to different religious groups. In particular, it uses the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) to investigate the relationship between religion and labor-market outcomes, and the European Community Household Panel and the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions to study the relationship between obesity and labor-market outcomes. This chapter also discusses the labor market and anti-discrimination policies that have been implemented in the different European countries.
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| 9. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Neighborhood effects and parental involvement in the intergenerational transmission of education
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of regional science. - : Wiley. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 51:5, s. 987-1013
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze the intergenerational transmission of education focusing on the interplay between family and neighborhood effects. We develop a theoretical model suggesting that both neighborhood quality and parental effort are of importance for the education attained by children. This model proposes a mechanism explaining why and how they are of importance, distinguishing between high- and low-educated parents. We then bring this model to the data using a longitudinal dataset in Britain. The available information on social housing in big cities allows us to identify the role of neighborhood in educational outcomes. We find that the better the quality of the neighborhood, the higher is the parents' involvement in their children's education. A novel finding with respect to previous U.S. studies is that family is of importance for children with highly educated parents while it is the community that is crucial for the educational achievement of children from low-educated families.
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| 10. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Racial identity and education in social networks
- 2016
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Ingår i: Social Networks. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-8733 .- 1879-2111. ; 44, s. 85-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate identity issues to explain differences in school performance between students of different races. Using a unique dataset of friendship relationships between students in the US, we show that friendship formation can be taken as a measure of racial identity. We then find that having a higher percentage of same-race friends is associated with higher test scores for white teenagers and with lower test scores for blacks. However, the higher is the education level of a black teenager's parents, the lower is this negative association, while for whites, it is the reverse. It is thus the combination of choice of friends and parents' education that seems to be an important factor in shaping differences in school performance between students of different races but also between students of the same race.
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| 11. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Unexplored dimensions of discrimination in Europe : homosexuality and physical appearance
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 28:4, s. 1045-1073
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study labor-market discrimination of individuals with specific characteristics in Italy. We conduct a field experiment in two Italian cities: Rome and Milan, by sending fake CVs to real ads. We find that there is a strong penalty for homosexuals, i.e., about 30 % less chance to be called back compared to a heterosexual male and even more so if they are highly skilled. On the other hand, we find no penalty for homosexual females. We also find a beauty premium for females only but this premium is much lower when the pretty woman is skilled.
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| 12. |
- Patacchini, Eleonora, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Crime and Ethnicity
- 2012
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Ingår i: Review of Network Economics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1446-9022. ; 11:3, s. 11-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using spatial data analysis techniques, we compare the spatial distribution of crime and the black population density across the London boroughs. We show that the higher is the density of the black population in a given borough, the higher is the crime rate. This effect is still positive but lower for neighboring boroughs and ceases to exist beyond a 40 minute driving distance. Such results are consistent with models of social interactions where relationships are stronger between individuals of the same ethnic group and highly localized.
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| 13. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Juvenile Delinquency and Conformism
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Law, Economics & Organization. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 8756-6222 .- 1465-7341. ; 28:1, s. 1-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article studies whether conformism behavior affects individual outcomes in crime. We present a social network model of peer effects with ex ante heterogeneous agents and show how conformism and deterrence affect criminal activities. We then bring the model to the data by using a very detailed data set of adolescent friendship networks. A novel social network-based empirical strategy allows us to identify peer effects for different types of crimes. We find that conformity plays an important role for all crimes, especially for petty crimes. This suggests that, for juvenile crime, an effective policy should be measured not only by the possible crime reduction it implies but also by the group interactions it engenders.
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| 14. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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On the Sources of the Black-White Test Score Gap in Europe
- 2009
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 52:1, s. 49-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences between black and white students in Britain are investigated. If black parents would invest in education as much as white parents do, the racial test score gap in mathematics and reading would be reduced by 7 and 9%.
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| 15. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Peer Effects and Social Networks in Education
- 2009
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Ingår i: The Review of Economic Studies. - 0034-6527 .- 1467-937X. ; 76:4, s. 1175-1204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We develop a model that shows that, at the Nash equilibrium, the outcome of each individual embedded in a network is proportional to his/her Katz-Bonacich centrality measure. This measure takes into account both direct and indirect friends of each individual, but puts less weight to his/her distant friends. We then bring the model to the data using a very detailed dataset of adolescent friendship networks. We show that, after controlling for observable individual characteristics and unobservable network specific factors, a standard deviation increase in the Katz-Bonacich centrality increases the pupil school performance by more than 7% of one standard deviation.
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| 16. |
- Zenou, Yves, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Sprawl in Europe
- 2009
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Ingår i: Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. - 1528-7084 .- 1533-4449. ; , s. 125-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Changes in urban forms and development patterns are crucial to understanding the role of cities as engines of growth. Urban sprawl is usually defined as the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area. Urban planners emphasize the qualitative aspects of sprawl such as the lack of transportation options and pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods. Conservationists tend to focus on the actual amount of land that has been urbanized by sprawl. Although urban sprawl has been extensively studied in the United States (see, for example, Brueckner 2000, 2001; Glaeser and Kahn 2001, 2004; Nechyba and Walsh 2004), very few empirical studies have been undertaken in Europe. Basic reasons for this lack of research are the conceptual divergences in the U.S. and European geographical definitions of cities and the limitations in the availability of actual data for Europe. Urban sprawl is one of the most important types of land use changes currently affecting Europe. It increasingly creates major impacts on the environment (via surface sealing, emissions by transport, and ecosystem fragmentation), on the social structure of an area (by segregation, lifestyle changes, and neglect of urban centers), and on the economy (via distributed production, land prices, and issues of scale). It is therefore crucial to understand it better.
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