| 1. |
- Malik, Yashpal S., et al.
(författare)
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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Extrapolation for COVID Diagnosis and Vaccine Development
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-889X. ; 8
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affecting nearly 71.2 million humans in more than 191 countries, with more than 1.6 million mortalities as of 12 December, 2020. The spike glycoprotein (S-protein), anchored onto the virus envelope, is the trimer of S-protein comprised of S1 and S2 domains which interacts with host cell receptors and facilitates virus-cell membrane fusion. The S1 domain comprises of a receptor binding domain (RBD) possessing an N-terminal domain and two subdomains (SD1 and SD2). Certain regions of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 such as S2 domain and fragment of the RBD remain conserved despite the high selection pressure. These conserved regions of the S-protein are extrapolated as the potential target for developing molecular diagnostic techniques. Further, the S-protein acts as an antigenic target for different serological assay platforms for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies can be used to detect viral proteins in ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays. The S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 has very high sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-1, and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-1 cross-react with S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and neutralize its activity. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies targeted against the RBD of S-protein of SARS-CoV-1 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 thus inhibiting its infectivity in permissive cell lines. Research on coronaviral S-proteins paves the way for the development of vaccines that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and alleviate the current global coronavirus pandemic. However, specific neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical development. Therefore, neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S-protein are promising specific antiviral therapeutics for pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hereby review the approaches taken by researchers across the world to use spike gene and S-glycoprotein for the development of effective diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics against SARA-CoV-2 infection the COVID-19 pandemic.
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| 2. |
- Simnani, Faizan Zarreen, et al.
(författare)
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Nanocarrier vaccine therapeutics for global infectious and chronic diseases
- 2023
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Ingår i: Materials Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 1369-7021 .- 1873-4103. ; 66, s. 371-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunization has the potential to become a viable weapon for the upcoming pandemic and save millions of lives, while also dramatically lowering the high mortality rate brought on by a number of infectious and chronic illnesses. Despite the success of some vaccinations for infectious illnesses, obstacles remain in avoiding and creating fully protective vaccines. Current COVID-19 pandemic highlights need for vaccination platform improvements. Nanomaterials have been created as a possible nanocarrier to elicit a robust immune response against important global morbidity and mortality drivers by encapsulating targeted antigen and functionalizing nanoparticles with particular molecules. In addition to their application in cancer immunotherapy, nanocarriers are currently being included into the development of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria, TB, and influenza. In order to evaluate conventional and next-generation vaccination platforms, this study focuses on the COVID-19 and cancer vaccine as well as the passage and interaction of nanoparticles with immune cells in the lymph node. It also draws attention to the gaps in current and future HIV, TB, malaria, and influenza vaccinations, as well as nanovaccines. The importance of the dose-dependent vaccine in inducing and maintaining neutralizing antibodies after immunization has been discussed in more detail.
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| 3. |
- Verma, Suresh K., et al.
(författare)
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The posterity of Zebrafish in paradigm of in vivo molecular toxicological profiling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. - : Elsevier. - 0753-3322 .- 1950-6007. ; 171
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aggrandised advancement in utility of advanced day-to-day materials and nanomaterials has raised serious concern on their biocompatibility with human and other biotic members. In last few decades, understanding of toxicity of these materials has been given the centre stage of research using many in vitro and in vivo models. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater fish and a member of the minnow family has garnered much attention due to its distinct features, which make it an important and frequently used animal model in various fields of embryology and toxicological studies. Given that fertilization and development of zebrafish eggs take place externally, they serve as an excellent model organism for studying early developmental stages. Moreover, zebrafish possess a comparable genetic composition to humans and share almost 70% of their genes with mammals. This particular model organism has become increasingly popular, especially for developmental research. Moreover, it serves as a link between in vitro studies and in vivo analysis in mammals. It is an appealing choice for vertebrate research, when employing high-throughput methods, due to their small size, swift development, and relatively affordable laboratory setup. This small vertebrate has enhanced comprehension of pathobiology and drug toxicity. This review emphasizes on the recent developments in toxicity screening and assays, and the new insights gained about the toxicity of drugs through these assays. Specifically, the cardio, neural, and, hepatic toxicology studies inferred by applications of nanoparticles have been highlighted.
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