| 1. |
- Bäckström, Daniel, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of the size distribution, volume fraction and optical properties of soot in an 80 kW propane flame
- 2017
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Ingår i: Combustion and Flame. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-2180 .- 1556-2921. ; 186, s. 325-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work presents measurements of the size distribution, volume fraction, absorption and scattering coefficients of soot in an 80 kW swirling propane-fired flame. Extractive measurements were performed in the flame using an oil-cooled particle extraction probe. The particle size distribution was measured with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) and the optical properties were measured using a Photo Acoustic Soot Spectrometer (PASS-3). A detailed radiation model was used to examine the influence of the soot volume fraction on the particle radiation intensity. The properties of the gas were calculated with a statistical narrow-band model and the particle properties were calculated using Rayleigh theory with four different complex indices of refraction for soot particles. The modelled radiation was compared with measured total radiative intensity, the latter which was measured with a narrow angle radiometer. The results show that the measured soot volume fraction yields particle radiation that corresponds well with the determined difference between gas and total radiation. This indicates that the presented methodology is capable of quantifying both the particle and gaseous radiation in a flame of technical size. (C) 2017 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Chen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Development, Characterization, and Validation of a Cold Stage-Based Ice Nucleation Array (PKU-INA)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A drop-freeze array (PeKing University Ice Nucleation Array, PKU-INA) was developed based on the cold-stage method to investigate heterogeneous ice nucleation properties of atmospheric particles in the immersion freezing mode from -30 to 0 degrees C. The instrumental details as well as characterization and performance evaluation are described in this paper. A careful temperature calibration protocol was developed in our work. The uncertainties in the reported temperatures were found to be less than 0.4 degrees C at various cooling rates after calibration. We also measured the ice nucleation activities of droplets containing different mass concentrations of illite NX, and the results obtained in our work show good agreement with those reported previously using other instruments with similar principles. Overall, we show that our newly developed PKU-INA is a robust and reliable instrument for investigation of heterogeneous ice nucleation in the immersion freezing mode.
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| 3. |
- Chen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Ice-nucleating particle concentrations unaffected by urban air pollution in Beijing, China
- 2018
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 18:5, s. 3523-3539
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exceedingly high levels of PM2.5 with complex chemical composition occur frequently in China. It has been speculated whether anthropogenic PM2.5 may significantly contribute to ice-nucleating particles (INP). However, few studies have focused on the ice-nucleating properties of urban particles. In this work, two ice-nucleating droplet arrays have been used to determine the atmospheric number concentration of INP (N-INP) in the range from 6 to 25 degrees C in Beijing. No correlations between N-INP and either PM2.5 or black carbon mass concentrations were found, although both varied by more than a factor of 30 during the sampling period. Similarly, there were no correlations between N-INP and either total particle number concentration or number concentrations for particles with diameters > 500 nm. Furthermore, there was no clear difference between day and night samples. All these results indicate that Beijing air pollution did not increase or decrease INP concentrations in the examined temperature range above values observed in nonurban areas; hence, the background INP concentrations might not be anthropogenically influenced as far as urban air pollution is concerned, at least in the examined temperature range.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Liu, Lihui, et al.
(författare)
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Ablation of ERO1A induces lethal endoplasmic reticulum stress responses and immunogenic cell death to activate anti-tumor immunity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cell Reports Medicine. - : Cell Press. - 2666-3791. ; 4:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunophenotyping of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential for enhancing immunotherapy effi-cacy. However, strategies for characterizing the TME exhibit significant heterogeneity. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticular oxidoreductase-1a (ERO1A) mediates an immune-suppressive TME and attenuates the response to PD-1 blockade. Ablation of ERO1A in tumor cells substantially incites anti-tumor T cell im-munity and promotes the efficacy of aPD-1 in therapeutic models. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses confirm that ERO1A correlates with immunosuppression and dysfunction of CD8+ T cells along anti-PD-1 treatment. In human lung cancer, high ERO1A expression is associated with a higher risk of recurrence following neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Mechanistically, ERO1A ablation impairs the balance between IRE1a and PERK signaling activities and induces lethal unfolded protein responses in tumor cells undergoing endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby enhancing anti-tumor immunity via immunogenic cell death. These findings reveal how tumor ERO1A induces immunosuppression, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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| 6. |
- Liu, Qianyun, et al.
(författare)
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Roadside assessment of a modern city bus fleet: Gaseous and particle emissions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment: X. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1621. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 The Authors In many cities worldwide, modern fleets have been introduced to reduce gaseous and particle emissions from city buses. To date, most emission studies are limited to a few vehicles, making a statistically significant assessment of control options difficult, especially under real-world driving conditions. Exhaust emissions of 234 individual city buses were measured under real-world stop-and-go traffic conditions at a bus stop in Gothenburg, Sweden. The buses comprised models fulfilling Euro III-VI and EEV (Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) standards with different engine technologies, fuels, and exhaust after-treatment systems, and also included hybrid-electric buses (HEV). Both gaseous (NOx, CO, HC, and SO2) and size-resolved particle number (PN) and mass (PM) emission factors (EF) were calculated for vehicles using compressed natural gas (CNG), diesel (DSL), Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) and Hydro-treated Vegetable Oil (HVO) equipped with various after-treatment technologies, e.g., diesel particulate filter (DPF), selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. The highest median EFPN was obtained from Euro VHEV-HVO-SCR buses (MdEFPN = 18×1014 # kg-1) when their combustion engines were used though 53% of their accelerations were below detection limits indicating the use of their electrical engine. The highest MdEFPM was obtained from the Euro V-DSL-SCR buses (MdEFPM = 150 mg kg-1) and the lowest from EEV-CNG buses (below detection threshold) and Euro VIHEV-HVO- SCR+EGR+DPF buses (MdEFPM = 19 mg kg-1). The highest MdEFNOx was obtained from the Euro V-RME-SCR (MdEFNOx = 30 g kg-1) and Euro VHEV-HVO-SCR buses (MdEFNOx = 24 g kg-1), and the lowest from CNG buses (MdEFNOx = 4.8 g kg-1) and Euro VIHEV-HVO-SCR+EGR+DPF buses (MdEFNOx = 7.4 g kg-1). Hybrid buses can give higher PN emissions compared to traditional diesel engines, likely due to downsized combustion engines. Replacing diesel by biodiesel fuel reduced MdEFPM significantly but increased MdEFNOx which may be due to the higher combustion temperature and oxygen contents of the fuel (for RME). Overall, the EEV-CNG buses performed the best regarding both the MdEF and low contribution to the high emitters. It was also found that a small (5%) proportion of the buses contributed significantly (14-30%) to the total emissions. Identification and monitoring the maintenance of the high emitters in the fleets should be considered for the improvement of air quality.
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| 7. |
- Luo, Yifei, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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| 8. |
- Mitra, Kalyan, et al.
(författare)
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Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) from Photo-Oxidation of Toluene: 1 Influence of Reactive Nitrogen, Acidity and Water Vapours on Optical Properties
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 13:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many climate models treat the light-absorbing SOA component called “brown carbon” (BrC) as non-light absorbing because its formation and transformations are poorly understood. We therefore investigated the influence of reactive nitrogen (NOx, NH3)-, acidity (H2SO4)-, and water-mediated chemistry on SOA formed by the photo-oxidation of toluene, the subsequent formation and transformation of BrC, and its optical properties. We discovered that nitrogen-poor (NP) SOA is formed when the molar ratio of NOx to reacted toluene (henceforth, [NOx/ΔHC]) is 0.15 or less, whereas nitrogen-rich (NR) SOA is formed when [NOx/ΔHC] > 0.15. NR and NP SOA have markedly different characteristics. The light absorption coefficient (Babs) and mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of the SOA increased with [NOx/ΔHC] under both the NP and NR regimes. For NP SOA, the MAC increased with [NOx/ΔHC] independently of the relative humidity (RH). However, the MAC of NR SOA was RH-dependent. Under both NP and NR regimes, acidity promoted SOA browning while NH3 increased Babs and MAC at 80% RH. The highest MAC was observed at the lowest RH (20%) for acidic NR SOA, and it was postulated that the MAC of SOA depends mainly on the pH and the [H+]free/[SOA mass] ratio of the aqueous SOA phase.
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| 9. |
- Prakash, Jai, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Propane Fueled Flames: A Significant Source of Brown Carbon
- 2022
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Ingår i: Atmosphere. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4433. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we developed a framework for interpreting the in situ morphological properties of black carbon (BC, also referred to as “soot” due to combustion relevance) mixed with primary organic aerosol. Integration of the experiment considering primary organic aerosol (POA) evaporation from the soot particles was examined using a Differential mass–mobility analyzer (DMA) and showed the untold story of the mixing of BC and POA. We also hypothesize that morphological transformation of soots and determined such as (i) the evaporation of externally and internally mixed POA led to a decline in the particle number and size of monodisperse aerosol; (ii) presence of externally mixed BC was interpreted from the occurrence of two peaks of soot upon heating; (iii) heat-induced collapse of the BC core possibly resulted from the evaporation of material from the voids and effect of heat; (iv) volume equivalent to changes in the mobility diameter represented evaporation of POA from the surface and collapse upon heating. POA constituted a high fraction (20–40% by mass) of aerosol mass from these flames and was predominantly (i.e., 92–97% by mass) internally mixed with BC. POA was found to be highly light absorptive, i.e., an Ångström absorption exponent (AAE) value of (in general) >1.5 was estimated for BC + POA at 405/781 nm wavelengths. Interestingly, a much more highly absorptive POA [mass absorption cross-section (MAC)-5 m2 g−1] at 405 nm was discovered under a specific flame setting, which was comparable to MACs of BC particles (8–9 m2 g−1).
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Priestley, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Volatility Measurements of Oxygenated Volatile Organics from Fresh and Aged Residential Wood Burning Emissions
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS EARTH AND SPACE CHEMISTRY. - : American Chemical Society. - 2472-3452. ; 8:2, s. 159-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Residential wood combustion (RWC) is a dominant source of anthropogenic aerosol in urban areas. Complexities in aerosol chemical composition, semivolatile behavior, and secondary processing make estimating RWC impacts on climate and air quality challenging. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a filter inlet for gas and aerosols measured the gas-to-particle partitioning of organic compounds emitted from log wood and pellet burning stoves. Emissions were aged in an oxidation flow reactor to assess changes in the volatilities of the secondary aerosol. Effective saturation vapor concentrations (C*) of the measured species were derived using both the measured particle-to-gas concentration ratio (P- i/G( i)) and vapor pressure measurements (p(i)( 0)) calibrated using the maximum temperature during evaporation. These were used to derive new molecular formula (MF) parameterizations and were compared to selected previous parameterization. The fresh wood stove emissions were less volatile than those of the pellet stove (particle fractions of 0.96 vs 0.69), likely caused by poorer combustion conditions, producing a greater particle sink for organic vapors. After aging, the volatility of the emissions remained broadly similar, whereas all MF parameterizations showed increasing volatility. This was likely due to the measurement techniques capturing nonideal effects of partitioning that MF parameterizations cannot.
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| 13. |
- Qiao, K., et al.
(författare)
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Size-resolved effective density of submicron particles during summertime in the rural atmosphere of Beijing, China
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1001-0742. ; 73, s. 69-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particle density is an important physical property of atmospheric particles. The information on high time-resolution size-resolved particle density is essential for understanding the atmospheric physical and chemical aging processes of aerosols particles. In the present study, a centrifugal particle mass analyzer (CPMA) combined with a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) was deployed to determine the size-resolved effective density of 50 to 350 nm particles at a rural site of Beijing during summer 2016. The measured particle effective densities decreased with increasing particle sizes and ranged from 1.43 to 1.55 g/cm(3), on average. The effective particle density distributions were dominated by a mode peaked at around 1.5 g/cm(3) for 50 to 350 nm particles. Extra modes with peaks at 1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 g/cm(3) for 150, 240, and 350 nm particles, which might be freshly emitted soot particles, were observed during intensive primary emissions episodes. The particle effective densities showed a diurnal variation pattern, with higher values during daytime. A case study showed that the effective density of Aitken mode particles during the new particle formation (NPF) event decreased considerably, indicating the significant contribution of organics to new particle growth. (C) 2018 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Wang, Z. B., et al.
(författare)
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Connection of organics to atmospheric new particle formation and growth at an urban site of Beijing
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 103, s. 7-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present work, we aim to elucidate the roles of low-volatility organic vapors in atmospheric new particle formation in urban Beijing. Proposed organic molecules are derived from both the ambient measurement and the reasonable proxy. Several representations for the nucleation theories involving sulfuric acid and organic vapors are evaluated. The particle nucleation rates show good correlations both with sulfuric acid and organic vapors, suggesting that both play an important role in the atmospheric new particle formation. For the entire data set, the best fit (R=0.79, slope=1.1) between the observed and modeled particle nucleation rates is achieved with the homogenous nucleation theory of sulfuric acid (both homomolecularly and heteromolecularly) with separate coefficients in J=KSA1[H2SO4]2+KSA2[H2SO4][Org]. In addition, sulfuric acid concentration only contributes a small fraction (<15%) to the total observed growth rate. The growth rates of 7–30nm particles show positive correlation with the organic vapors oxidized by ozone, suggesting that particle nucleation may be controlled by the light intensity or OH concentration, while the growth of nucleation mode particles seems to be limited more by the concentrations of the organic precursors.
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| 16. |
- Wang, Z. B., et al.
(författare)
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Contributions of volatile and nonvolatile compounds (at 300 degrees C) to condensational growth of atmospheric nanoparticles: An assessment based on 8.5 years of observations at the Central Europe background site Melpitz
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-897X. ; 122:1, s. 485-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term measurements of particle number size distributions in combination with thermodenuder analysis have been performed since July 2003 at the Central European station of Melpitz, Germany. Up to the end of 2011, 20% of all investigated days during the 8.5 years of measurements showed new particle formation and subsequent growth. To investigate the role of various chemical compound candidates for condensational nanoparticle growth, we focused on nucleation events in which the measured size distributions with and without thermodesorption both showed growth patterns (accounting for up to similar to 85% of all nucleation events). In this study, particulate compounds that volatilize at 300 degrees C were specifically defined as "volatile," in contrast to "nonvolatile" compounds, which remain in the particulate phase after being heated to 300 degrees C. A strong correlation between ambient temperature and growth rate associated with volatile substances (except gaseous sulfuric acid) was found, which implies the importance of organics (possibly oxidized biogenic organic compounds) in particle growth at Melpitz. The contributions of the volatile compounds to the growth rate due to condensation of gaseous sulfuric acid and organics were found to be about 19% and 47%, respectively. The remaining similar to 25% was attributed to nonvolatile residuals, which appear to form gradually during the particle growth process and are characterized as extremely low-volatility compounds. The growth rate associated with volatile components exhibited significant seasonal variation, with the highest value during summertime, whereas the growth rate associated with the nonvolatile fraction showed less fluctuation.
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| 17. |
- Zeng, Xiao, et al.
(författare)
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A scoping study on remelting process of a debris bed in the lower head of reactor pressure vessel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Annals of Nuclear Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4549 .- 1873-2100. ; 189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coolability and retention of core melt (corium) in the lower head of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) has been accepted as a severe accident management strategy to maintain the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) integrity of a light water reactor. To qualify the in-vessel melt retention strategy, lots of studies have been performed to investigate the natural convection heat transfer of a melt pool in the lower head. However, little work has been attributed to the precursory phase of the melt pool, i.e., the remelting process of a debris bed which is formed in the lower head at the very beginning of corium relocation from the core the lower head. The present study is motivated to conduct an experimental study on the debris remelting process. For this purpose, a dedicated test facility named COREM (COrium REMelting) is conceived and constructed, which features internal heating of electromagnetic induction and visualization of debris remelting dynamics. The test section is a semicircular vessel representing a slice of scaled-down RPV lower head, whose front and back walls are made of transparent tempered glass which facilitate visualization and induction heating of the debris bed. Fiber probes with multiple optical temperature sensors are mounted in the semicircular wall of the test section to measure its temperature distribution. In the scoping test, n-octanol and Wood's metal are selected as the simulant materials of metallic and oxidic components of corium, respectively, and their particles ware loaded in the test section to form a debris bed. This paper presents the first two scoping tests which have been performed with the COREM facility so far, under different mixing ratios of two debris materials. The measured data include the photography of debris remelting processes and the temperatures in the debris bed and the semicircular wall. Based on the temperature distributions, heat flux profile along the semicircular vessel wall is also estimated. The scoping tests well reproduce the dynamic process of debris remelting, with two distinct stages of fusion of n-octanol and Wood's metal, i.e., melting successively from low to high melting-point debris particles. During the remelting process, the vessel wall temperatures increase with the polar angle firstly and then decrease gradually, leading to the highest temperature appearing in the middle of the lower layer of the stratified molten pool which is finally formed.
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| 18. |
- Zetterdahl, Maria, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of the 0.1% fuel sulfur content limit in SECA on particle and gaseous emissions from marine vessels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 145, s. 338-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emissions were measured on-board a ship in the Baltic Sea, which is a sulfur emission control area (SECA), before and after the implementation of the strict fuel sulfur content (FSC) limit of 0.1m/m% S on the 1st of January 2015. Prior to January 2015, the ship used a heavy fuel oil (HFO) but switched to a low-sulfur residual marine fuel oil (RMB30) after the implementation of the new FSC limit. The emitted particulate matter (PM) was measured in terms of mass, number, size distribution, volatility, elemental composition, content of organics, black and elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), microstructure and micro-composition, along with the gaseous emissions at different operating conditions. The fuel change reduced emissions of PM mass up to 67%. The number of particles emitted remained unchanged and were dominated by nanoparticles. Furthermore, the fuel change resulted in an 80% reduction of SO2 emissions and decreased emissions of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The emissions of both monoaromatic and lighter polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds increased with RMB30, while the heavy, PM-bound PAH species that belong to the carcinogenic PAH family were reduced. Emissions of BC remained similar between the two fuels. This study indicates that the use of low-sulfur residual marine fuel oil is a way to comply with the new FSC regulation and will reduce the anthropogenic load of SO2 emissions and secondary PM formed from SO2. Emissions of primary particles, however, remain unchanged and do not decrease as much as would be expected if distilled fuel was used. This applies both to the number of particles emitted and some toxic components, such as heavy metals, PAHs or elemental carbon (EC). The micro-composition analyses showed that the soot particles emitted from RMB30 combustion often do not have any trace of sulfur compared with particles from HFO combustion, which always have a sulfur content over 1%m/m. The soot sulfur content can impact aging and cloud condensation properties. This study is an in-depth comparison of the impact of these two fuels on the emissions of particles as well as their composition and microstructure. To evaluate the impact of the use of low-sulfur residual marine fuel oils on emissions from ships, additional research is needed to investigate the varied fuel types and compositions as well as the wide range of engine conditions and properties. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
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