| 1. |
- Bicak, Mesude, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic signature of prostate cancer mouse models resistant to optimized hK2 targeted α-particle therapy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490. ; 117:26, s. 15172-15181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hu11B6 is a monoclonal antibody that internalizes in cells expressing androgen receptor (AR)-regulated prostate-specific enzyme human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2; KLK2). In multiple rodent models, Actinium-225-labeled hu11B6-IgG1 ([225Ac]hu11B6-IgG1) has shown promising treatment efficacy. In the present study, we investigated options to enhance and optimize [225Ac]hu11B6 treatment. First, we evaluated the possibility of exploiting IgG3, the IgG subclass with superior activation of complement and ability to mediate FC-γ-receptor binding, for immunotherapeutically enhanced hK2 targeted α-radioimmunotherapy. Second, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of a single high activity vs. fractionated activity. Finally, we used RNA sequencing to analyze the genomic signatures of prostate cancer that progressed after targeted α-therapy. [225Ac]hu11B6-IgG3 was a functionally enhanced alternative to [225Ac]hu11B6-IgG1 but offered no improvement of therapeutic efficacy. Progression-free survival was slightly increased with a single high activity compared to fractionated activity. Tumor-free animals succumbing after treatment revealed no evidence of treatment-associated toxicity. In addition to up-regulation of canonical aggressive prostate cancer genes, such as MMP7, ETV1, NTS, and SCHLAP1, we also noted a significant decrease in both KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen ) and FOLH1 (prostate-specific membrane antigen) but not in AR and KLK2, demonstrating efficacy of sequential [225Ac]hu11B6 in a mouse model.
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Sigrid V., et al.
(författare)
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Can one blood draw replace transrectal ultrasonography-estimated prostate volume to predict prostate cancer risk?
- 2013
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Ingår i: BJU International. - 1464-4096 .- 1464-410X. ; 112:5, s. 602-609
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To explore whether a panel of kallikrein markers in blood: total, free and intact prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 2, could be used as a non-invasive alternative for predicting prostate cancer on biopsy in a screening setting. Subjects and Methods The study cohort comprised previously unscreened men who underwent sextant biopsy owing to elevated PSA (3 ng/mL) in two different centres of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Rotterdam (n = 2914) and Gteborg (n = 740). A statistical model, based on kallikrein markers, was compared with one based on established clinical factors for the prediction of biopsy outcome. Results The clinical tests were found to be no better than blood markers, with an area under the curve in favour of the blood measurements of 0.766 vs. 0.763 in Rotterdam and 0.809 vs. 0.774 in Gteborg. Adding digital rectal examination (DRE) or DRE plus transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) volume to the markers improved discrimination, although the increases were small. Results were similar for predicting high-grade cancer. There was a strong correlation between the blood measurements and TRUS-estimated prostate volume (Spearman's correlation 0.60 in Rotterdam and 0.57 in Gteborg). Conclusions In previously unscreened men, each with indication for biopsy, a statistical model based on kallikrein levels was similar to a clinical model in predicting prostate cancer in a screening setting, outside the day-to-day clinical practice. Whether a clinical approach can be replaced by laboratory analyses or used in combination with decision models (nomograms) is a clinical judgment that may vary from clinician to clinician depending on how they weigh the different advantages and disadvantages (harms, costs, time, invasiveness) of both approaches.
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| 3. |
- Haiman, Christopher A, et al.
(författare)
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Levels of Beta-Microseminoprotein in Blood and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Multiple Populations.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2105 .- 0027-8874.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundA common genetic variant (rs10993994) in the 5' region of the gene encoding β-microseminoprotein (MSP) is associated with circulating levels of MSP and prostate cancer risk. Whether MSP levels are predictive of prostate cancer risk has not been evaluated.MethodsWe investigated the prospective relationship between circulating plasma levels of MSP and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study of 1503 case subjects and 1503 control subjects among black, Latino, Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and white men from the Multiethnic Cohort study. We also examined the ability of MSP to serve as a biomarker for discriminating prostate cancer case subjects from control subjects. All statistical tests are two-sided.ResultsIn all racial and ethnic groups, men with lower MSP levels were at greater risk of developing prostate cancer (odds ratio = 1.02 per one unit decrease in MSP, P < .001 in the prostate-specific antigen [PSA]-adjusted analysis). Compared with men in the highest decile of MSP, the multivariable PSA-adjusted odds ratio was 3.64 (95% confidence interval = 2.41 to 5.49) for men in the lowest decile. The positive association with lower MSP levels was observed consistently across racial and ethnic populations, by disease stage and Gleason score, for men with both high and low levels of PSA and across all genotype classes of rs10993994. However, we did not detect strong evidence of MSP levels in improving prostate cancer prediction beyond that of PSA.ConclusionsRegardless of race and ethnicity or rs10993994 genotype, men with low blood levels of MSP have increased risk of prostate cancer.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Kiiski, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
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Increased plasma UCH-L1 after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with unfavorable neurological outcome
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-510X .- 1878-5883. ; 361, s. 144-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a common cause of long-term disability and death. After primary hemorrhage, secondary brain injury is the main cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite extensive research, reliable prognostic biomarkers are lacking. We measured ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) levels in aSAH patients to evaluate its prognostic potential. This is the first time that plasma UCH-L1 has been studied as a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with aSAH. Methods: In this prospective population-based study, UCH-L1 levels were measured in aSAH patients (n = 47) for up to five days. UCH-L1 was measured at 0, 12 and 24 h after the admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and daily thereafter until the patient was transferred from the ICU. Only patients whose UCH-L1 was measured within 24 h from aSAH were included in the study. The patients' neurological outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at six months after aSAH. Results: UCH-L1 levels during the first 24 h after aSAH were not significantly different between the groups with favorable (mRS 0-2) and unfavorable (mRS 3-6) neurological outcome. In 22 patients, UCH-L1 levels were obtained for up to five days. In this subgroup, UCH-L1 measured at day five showed significant elevation from baseline levels in patients with unfavorable outcome (p = 0.026). Elevated UCH-L1 levels at day five were higher in patients with unfavorable outcome than in patients with favorable outcome (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Elevated UCH-L1 levels during the five-day follow-up were associated with unfavorable neurological outcome. Repetitive measurements of UCH-L1 concentrations with an emphasis on change relative to the individual baseline could be the optimal approach for future clinical studies.
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| 6. |
- Kiiski, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen activator receptor is not associated with neurological Outcome in Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-2295. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Object: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a common cause of death or long-term disability. Despite advances in neurocritical care, there is still only a very limited ability to monitor the development of secondary brain injury or to predict neurological outcome after aSAH. Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has shown potential as a prognostic and as an inflammatory biomarker in a wide range of critical illnesses since it displays an association with overall immune system activation. This is the first time that suPAR has been evaluated as a prognostic biomarker in aSAH. Methods: In this prospective population-based study, plasma suPAR levels were measured in aSAH patients (n = 47) for up to 5 days. suPAR was measured at 0, 12, and 24 h after patient admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and daily thereafter until he/ she was transferred from the ICU. The patients' neurological outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 6 months after aSAH. Results: suPAR levels (n = 47) during the first 24 h after aSAH were comparable in groups with a favorable (mRS 0-2) or an unfavorable (mRS 3-6) outcome. suPAR levels during the first 24 h were not associated with the findings in the primary brain CT, with acute hydrocephalus, or with antimicrobial medication use during 5-days' follow-up. suPAR levels were associated with generally accepted inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, leukocyte count). Conclusion: Plasma suPAR level was not associated with either neurological outcome or selected clinical conditions. While suPAR is a promising biomarker for prognostication in several conditions requiring intensive care, it did not reveal any value as a prognostic biomarker after aSAH.
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| 7. |
- Kiiski, Heikki, et al.
(författare)
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S100B, NSE and MMP-9 fail to predict neurologic outcome while elevated S100B associates with milder initial clinical presentation after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0022-510X .- 1878-5883. ; 390, s. 129-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Despite advances in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) one-year mortality remains approximately 50%. Making an accurate prognosis at the early phase of the disease is notoriously difficult. A clinically reliable biomarker that could be used for better prediction of prognosis and/or as a surrogate for developing complications after aSAH is still lacking. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic values of three promising biomarkers, i.e. S100B, NSE, and MMP-9 in aSAH.Methods: In this prospective population-based study, S100B, NSE, and MMP-9 levels were measured in 47 aSAH patients for up to five days. Blood samples were taken at 0, 12 and 24 h after the admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and daily after that until the patient was transferred from the ICU. The patients' neurological outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at six months after aSAH.Results: Biomarker-levels measured during the first 24 h were not associated with neurological outcome. S100B levels during the first 24 h were elevated in patients with a non-severe initial clinical presentation. Otherwise, there was no association between selected clinical variables and the early biomarker levels. In 22 patients, whose ICU follow-up lasted for up to five days, the total release of biomarkers was not associated with the neurological outcome.Conclusions: None of the measured biomarkers were associated with the neurological outcome evaluated at six months after aSAH. Elevated levels of S100B in patients with non-severe initial presentation suggest an adaptive role of this biomarker in aSAH. Based on our findings it is not advisable to use these biomarkers to guide clinical decision-making in patients with aSAH.
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| 8. |
- Krzyzanowska, Agnieszka, et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging of Androgen Receptor and Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Tissue Sections
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-1554 .- 1551-5044. ; 64:5, s. 311-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are expressed in the prostate and are involved in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to develop reliable protocols for reproducible quantification of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate tissue using time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) imaging techniques. AR and PSA were detected with TRF in tissue microarrays from 91 PCa patients. p63/ alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) staining on consecutive sections was used to categorize tissue areas as benign or cancerous. Automated image analysis was used to quantify staining intensity. AR intensity was significantly higher in AMACR+ and lower in AMACR- cancer areas as compared with benign epithelium. The PSA intensity was significantly lower in cancer areas, particularly in AMACR- glands. The AR/PSA ratio varied significantly in the AMACR+ tumor cells as compared with benign glands. There was a trend of more rapid disease progression in patients with higher AR/PSA ratios in the AMACR- areas. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing reproducible protocols for TRF imaging and automated image analysis to study the expression of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate. It also highlighted the differences in AR and PSA protein expression within AMACR- and AMACR+ cancer regions.
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| 9. |
- Peltola, Mari T., et al.
(författare)
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Immunoassay for the discrimination of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA) forms with internal cleavages at Lys(145) or Lys(146) from fPSA without internal cleavages at Lys(145) or Lys(146)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7905 .- 0022-1759. ; 369:1-2, s. 74-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Total levels of circulating prostate-specific antigen (tPSA) are strongly associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk and outcome but benign prostate disease is the most frequent cause of a moderately elevated PSA level. Free PSA (fPSA) forms are independently associated with PCa risk and contribute modest diagnostic enhancements above and beyond tPSA alone. We developed an immunoassay for fPSA subfractions containing internal cleavages at Lys(145) or Lys(146) (fPSA-N). The assay was based on blocking intact single-chain fPSA (fPSA-I) with antibody 4D4 which does not detect PSA containing internal cleavages at Lys(145) or Lys(146). We also measured fPSA-N in blood from healthy volunteers and in anti-coagulated plasma from 76 men with or without evidence of PCa at biopsy. The analytical and functional detection limits of this assay were 0.016 ng/mL and 0.10 ng/mL, respectively. The median recovery of male fPSA-N from female plasma was 95.0%. All 12 female samples (average age 28 years) had fPSA-N concentrations at or below the analytical detection limit. The median fPSA-N concentration (0.050 ng/mL) in 9 healthy male volunteers (age <40 years) was below the functional detection limit, 0.420 ng/mL in 27 patients with benign prostate conditions and 0.239 ng/mL in 49 patients with PCa. Deming regression analysis of the patient samples showed that the measured fPSA-N concentrations were generally 23% lower than the previously calculated (fPSA minus fPSA-I) concentrations, likely due to differences in the antibody combinations used. In conclusion, we have developed a sensitive, specific and direct immunoassay for fPSA-N which can be used to study the clinical relevance of this PSA isoform. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Päätalo, Mari, et al.
(författare)
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Intelligent speed adaptation : effects on driving behaviour
- 2001
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Ingår i: Traffic Safety on Three Continents : International conference in Moscow, Russia, 19-21 September, 2001. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 805-814
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this study was to answer the following questions: How do the drivers experience Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) - informative, compulsory and recording? How does ISA affect driving behaviour? What are the differences between the different types of ISA systems? In a field study 24 subjects drove the instrumented car with route guidance and ISA. Every subject drove the same route four times. The route included different types of traffic environment with different speed limits. The speed limits were 40, 60, 70 and 80 kilometres per hour and the environment varied from motorway to residential area. This paper discusses the study and its results.
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| 11. |
- Rinne, Janne, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal Variation of Ecosystem Scale Methane Emission From a Boreal Fen in Relation to Temperature, Water Table Position, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - 0886-6236. ; 32:7, s. 1087-1106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have analyzed decade-long methane flux data set from a boreal fen, Siikaneva, together with data on environmental parameters and carbon dioxide exchange. The methane flux showed seasonal cycle but no systematic diel cycle. The highest fluxes were observed in July–August with average value of 73 nmol m−2 s−1. Wintertime fluxes were small but positive, with January–March average of 6.7 nmol m−2 s−1. Daily average methane emission correlated best with peat temperatures at 20–35 cm depths. The second highest correlation was with gross primary production (GPP). The best correspondence between emission algorithm and measured fluxes was found for a variable-slope generalized linear model (r2 = 0.89) with peat temperature at 35 cm depth and GPP as explanatory variables, slopes varying between years. The homogeneity of slope approach indicated that seasonal variation explained 79% of the sum of squares variation of daily average methane emission, the interannual variation in explanatory factors 7.0%, functional change 5.3%, and random variation 9.1%. Significant correlation between interannual variability of growing season methane emission and that of GPP indicates that on interannual time scales GPP controls methane emission variability, crucially for development of process-based methane emission models. Annual methane emission ranged from 6.0 to 14 gC m−2 and was 2.7 ± 0.4% of annual GPP. Over 10-year period methane emission was 18% of net ecosystem exchange as carbon. The weak relation of methane emission to water table position indicates that space-to-time analogy, used to extrapolate spatial chamber data in time, may not be applicable in seasonal time scales.
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| 12. |
- Tsuruta, Aki, et al.
(författare)
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Methane budget estimates in Finland from the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 data assimilation system
- 2019
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Ingår i: Tellus. Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. - : Stockholm University Press. - 1600-0889 .- 0280-6509. ; 71:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We estimated the CH4 budget in Finland for 2004–2014 using the CTE-CH4 data assimilation system with an extended atmospheric CH4 observation network of seven sites from Finland to surrounding regions (Hyytiälä, Kjølnes, Kumpula, Pallas, Puijo, Sodankylä, and Utö). The estimated average annual total emission for Finland is 0.6 ± 0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. Sensitivity experiments show that the posterior biospheric emission estimates for Finland are between 0.3 and 0.9 Tg CH4 yr−1, which lies between the LPX-Bern-DYPTOP (0.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) and LPJG-WHyMe (2.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) process-based model estimates. For anthropogenic emissions, we found that the EDGAR v4.2 FT2010 inventory (0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1) is likely to overestimate emissions in southernmost Finland, but the extent of overestimation and possible relocation of emissions are difficult to derive from the current observation network. The posterior emission estimates were especially reliant on prior information in central Finland. However, based on analysis of posterior atmospheric CH4, we found that the anthropogenic emission distribution based on a national inventory is more reliable than the one based on EDGAR v4.2 FT2010. The contribution of total emissions in Finland to global total emissions is only about 0.13%, and the derived total emissions in Finland showed no trend during 2004–2014. The model using optimized emissions was able to reproduce observed atmospheric CH4 at the sites in Finland and surrounding regions fairly well (correlation > 0.75, bias < ± ppb), supporting adequacy of the observations to be used in atmospheric inversion studies. In addition to global budget estimates, we found that CTE-CH4 is also applicable for regional budget estimates, where small scale (1x1 in this case) optimization is possible with a dense observation network.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Vickers, Andrew J., et al.
(författare)
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A Four-Kallikrein Panel Predicts Prostate Cancer in Men with Recent Screening: Data from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Rotterdam
- 2010
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Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432. ; 16:12, s. 3232-3239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: We have developed a statistical prediction model for prostate cancer based on four kallikrein markers in blood: total, free, and intact prostate-specific antigen ( PSA), and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 ( hK2). Although this model accurately predicts the result of biopsy in unscreened men, its properties for men with a history of PSA screening have not been fully characterized. Experimental Design: A total of 1,501 previously screened men with elevated PSA underwent initial biopsy during rounds 2 and 3 of the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Rotterdam, with 388 cancers diagnosed. Biomarker levels were measured in serum samples taken before biopsy. The prediction model developed on the unscreened cohort was then applied and predictions compared with biopsy outcome. Results: The previously developed four-kallikrein prediction model had much higher predictive accuracy than PSA and age alone ( area under the curve of 0.711 versus 0.585, and 0.713 versus 0.557 with and without digital rectal exam, respectively; both P < 0.001). Similar statistically significant enhancements were seen for high-grade cancer. Applying the model with a cutoff of 20% cancer risk as the criterion for biopsy would reduce the biopsy rate by 362 for every 1,000 men with elevated PSA. Although diagnosis would be delayed for 47 cancers, these would be predominately low-stage and low-grade ( 83% Gleason 6 T-1c). Conclusions: A panel of four kallikreins can help predict the result of initial biopsy in previously screened men with elevated PSA. Use of a statistical model based on the panel would substantially decrease rates of unnecessary biopsy. Clin Cancer Res; 16( 12); 3232-9. (C)2010 AACR.
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| 15. |
- Vickers, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing Unnecessary Biopsy During Prostate Cancer Screening Using a Four-Kallikrein Panel: An Independent Replication.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Oncology. - 1527-7755. ; May 4, s. 2493-2498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: We previously reported that a panel of four kallikrein forms in blood-total, free, and intact prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2)-can reduce unnecessary biopsy in previously unscreened men with elevated total PSA. We aimed to replicate our findings in a large, independent, representative, population-based cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study cohort included 2,914 previously unscreened men undergoing biopsy as a result of elevated PSA (>/= 3 ng/mL) in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer, Rotterdam, with 807 prostate cancers (28%) detected. The cohort was randomly divided 1:3 into a training and validation set. Levels of kallikrein markers were compared with biopsy outcome. RESULTS: Addition of free PSA, intact PSA, and hK2 to a model containing total PSA and age improved the area under the curve from 0.64 to 0.76 and 0.70 to 0.78 for models without and with digital rectal examination results, respectively (P < .001 for both). Application of the panel to 1,000 men with elevated PSA would reduce the number of biopsies by 513 and miss 54 of 177 low-grade cancers and 12 of 100 high-grade cancers. Findings were robust to sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: We have replicated our previously published finding that a panel of four kallikreins can predict the result of biopsy for prostate cancer in men with elevated PSA. Use of this panel would dramatically reduce biopsy rates. A small number of men with cancer would be advised against immediate biopsy, but these men would have predominately low-stage, low-grade disease.
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| 16. |
- Waters, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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A Common Prostate Cancer Risk Variant 5 ' of Microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) Is a Strong Predictor of Circulating beta-Microseminoprotein (MSP) Levels in Multiple Populations
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1538-7755. ; 19:10, s. 2639-2646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: beta-Microseminoprotein (MSP) is one of the three most abundantly secreted proteins of the prostate and has been suggested as a biomarker for prostate cancer risk. A common variant, rs10993994, in the 5' region of the gene that encodes MSP (MSMB) has recently been identified as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Methods: We examined the association between rs10993994 genotype and MSP levels in a sample of 500 prostate cancer-free men from four racial/ethnic populations in the Multiethnic Cohort (European Americans, African Americans, Latinos, and Japanese Americans). Generalized linear models were used to estimate the association between rs10993994 genotype and MSP levels. Results: We observed robust associations between rs10994994 genotype and MSP levels in each racial/ethnic population (all P < 10(-8)), with carriers of the C allele having lower geometric mean MSP levels (ng/mL; CC/CT/TT genotypes: European Americans, 28.8/20.9/10.0; African Americans, 29.0/21.9/10.9; Latinos, 29.2/17.1/8.3; and Japanese Americans, 25.8/16.4/6.7). We estimated the variant accounts for 30% to 50% of the variation in MSP levels in each population. We also observed significant differences in MSP levels between populations (P = 3.5 x 10(-6)), with MSP levels observed to be highest in African Americans and lowest in Japanese Americans. Conclusions: Rs10993994 genotype is strongly associated with plasma MSP levels in multiple racial/ethnic populations. Impact: This supports the hypothesis that rs10993994 may be the biologically functional allele. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(10); 2639-46. (C) 2010 AACR.
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