| 1. |
- Engholm, Albin, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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The emerging technological innovation system of driverless trucks
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-1465. ; , s. 145-149
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driving automation technology is attractive for the road freight transport sector since driverless trucks (DL-trucks) may drastically reduce driver costs, increase truck utilization and improve road safety. Although DL-trucks may bring significant impacts to the transport system, research on the future diffusion and impacts of DL-trucks is scarce compared to passenger transport. In this paper the sociotechnical innovation system developing, diffusing and utilizing DL-trucks in Sweden is analyzed based on the technological innovation systems (TIS) framework. The analysis is based on 20 expert interviews with a total of 23 representatives from 16 actors in the DL-truck TIS in Sweden. The TIS analysis shows that there are significant uncertainties in the timeline, operational capabilities, infrastructure requirements and regulative landscape for a widespread DL-truck deployment. There is a general view among the interviewees that DL-trucks is an important opportunity for Swedish industry and the economy. From a transport system perspective, DL-trucks are expected to bring sustainability benefits but it remains uncertain whether these benefits will be realized and what the negative side effects might be. The development of DL-trucks is heavily influenced by incumbent firms in the truck manufacturing industry but new actors from the telecom sector, energy sector and emerging truck technology companies are entering the area and shaping the development. The current relatively rigid institutions for truck manufacturing and road freight transport will require significant alignment to adapt to DL-truck operations in areas such as laws and regulations, business models and operational practices. The value chain of road freight transport may be disrupted as some of the current key actors, for instance traditional road carriers, could become less relevant in future DL-truck value chains. A critical uncertainty is how and by which actors the setting of requirements, deployment and financing of digital infrastructure for DL-trucks will be done.
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| 2. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of automated driving technology
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation planning and technology (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0308-1060 .- 1029-0354. ; 45:7, s. 545-572
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerous studies have studied the impacts of automated driving (AD) technology on e.g. accident rates or CO2 emissions using various frameworks. In this paper we present an overview of previous frameworks used for societal impacts and review their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we introduce the Total Impact Assessment (TIA) framework developed by the Swedish Transport Administration and use this framework to evaluate three scenarios for AD bus services in Stockholm. We conclude that the reviewed frameworks cover different aspects of AD technology, and that e.g. cybersecurity and biodiversity are areas largely neglected. Furthermore, most frameworks assume effects to be homogenous, when there may be large variation in e.g. perceived security. The TIA framework does not manage to include all societal aspects of AD technology, but has great benefits and manages to provide important insights of the societal impacts of AD technology, especially how effects may wary for different actors.
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| 3. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Frameworks for assessing societal impacts of self-driving technology
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Numerous studies have studied the impacts of self-driving technology on e.g. accident rates or CO2 emissions using various frameworks. In this paper we present an overview of previous frameworks used for societal impacts, and review their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we introduce the Total Impact Assessment (TIA) framework developed by the Swedish Transport Administration and use this framework to evaluate three scenarios for self-driving bus services in Stockholm. We conclude that the reviewed frameworks cover different aspects of self-driving technology, and that e.g. cybersecurity and biodiversity are areas neglected by most frameworks. Furthermore, most frameworks assume effects to be homogenous, when there may be large variation in e.g. perceived security. The TIA framework does not manage to include all societal aspects of self-driving technology, but has great benefits and manages to provide important insights of the societal impacts of self-driving technology, especially how effects may wary for different actors.
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| 4. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-
(författare)
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Slutrapport - Självkörande fullängdsbuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn
- 2021
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Föreliggande slutrapport är finansierad av Trafikverkets FoI portfölj, strategiska initiativ,för projekt Självkörande eldriven stombuss på Tvärförbindelse Södertörn – En skalbarfallstudie (TRV 2019/118695). Partners i projektet är Trafikverket, Scania, Volvo, Keolis,KTH samt Sweco där även Trafikförvaltningen Region Stockholm, Nobina och projektTvärförbindelse Södertörn har bidragit till arbetet som pågått från maj 2020 till mars 2021.Ansvarig för projektet inom Trafikverket har varit Stora projekt.För att skapa en förståelse för konsekvenser av tekniska utveckling i relation tillnödvändiga fysiska och digitala åtgärder har tre scenarier tagits fram: Bus Driver Plus,Automation with Adaption och Automation Utopia. Dessa scenarier beskriver olika nivåerav automation och behov av kringliggande stödsystem. I det första scenario finns enförare ombord på bussen som tar över körningen vid farliga situationer. Det andrascenariot avser en självkörande buss utan förare där den fysiska infrastrukturen haranpassats genom ett införande av ett eget busskörfält. Det sista scenariot beskriver enframtid där bussen helt förlitar sig på digital teknik och en operatör kontrollerar körningenav flera fordon från ett avsides kontrolltorn.De tre scenarierna utvärderades genom en samlad effektbedömning, Trafikverkets metodför att utvärdera åtgärder. Resultaten visar att den största vinsten av automatisering kanhandla om resenärernas bekvämlighet och inte nödvändigtvis om att minimera kostnaderför förare. Antaganden om att resenärerna kan uppleva resan bekvämare är troligtvisöverskattade, men resultaten visar att även små förbättringar i bekvämlighet kan ge storasamhälleliga vinster.Scenariot där bussen har ett eget körfält innebär mycket stora kostnader och är troligtvisinte ekonomiskt försvarbart. Dessutom kommer enbart en busslinje att trafikeramotorleden som dessutom består av 3 tunnlar. Vidare är det inte säkert att den aktör somgör nödvändiga investeringar är den aktör som får ta del av de samhälleliga vinsterna. Iscenariot skulle Trafikverket stå för stora delar av investeringskostnaden, medan vinsten för personalbesparingar uppstår för Region Stockholm och kollektivtrafikresenärerna somåker längs sträckan.Projektet har även undersökt hur multimodala hubbar (nod som möjliggör smidigt bytemellan olika transportmedel) längs med förbindelsen kan stödja eldrivna och självkörandebussar. Det är viktigt att ny väginfrastruktur bidrar till en attraktiv kollektivtrafik därresenärer i första hand väljer buss istället för bil. För att eldrivna och självkörande bussarska införas behöver Region Stockholm ställa nya krav i upphandlingar för attåstadkomma en förändring i transportsystemet. Nya krav som skapar ekonomiskaincitament för operatörer som utför den operativa verksamheten över lång tid. Det är dockproblematiskt att ställa krav på eldrift eftersom det saknas tillgänglig infrastruktur iStockholm.Avseende självkörande fullängdsbussar är tekniken helt enkelt inte tillräckligt mogen idag.Dock tror många experter att självkörande bussar kommer att införas, både i stadsmiljöoch glesbygd, när tekniken och samhället är redo för det, gissningsvis kring år 2030.
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| 5. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology? : Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 165, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-driving technology may lead to a paradigm shift for the transport industry with shared cars available to every-one. However, this vision has increasingly been challenged as too optimistic and unsubstantiated. In this study we explore societal impacts of using this technology for both cars and public transport and investigate differences depending on geography and trip purpose. Four scenarios were designed through workshops with 130 transport experts, modelled using a conventional four-step model for Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated in terms of changes to mode choice, number of trips and person kilometres.We find larger increases for non-commuting trips, i.e. service and leisure trips, than for commuting trips, questioning the view of the 'productive work trip' as self-driving technology's main impact on society. As these trips are primarily made outside of rush hours, this may lead to a changed transport system. Geographic differences are substantial and heavily dependent on the cost model for car alternatives, even indicating a reduction in car travel in rural areas if private ownership would be replaced by shared cars. Furthermore, walking and cycling levels decreased in all scenarios while enhancing public transport using self-driving technology had a limited impact on ridership.These results show that the impacts of self-driving technology may have varied societal impacts even within a region and may lead to increased car travel, especially off-peak. These conclusions stress the need for policies that are sensitive to both geography and time.
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| 6. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Will leisure trips be more affected than work trips by autonomous technology? Modelling self-driving public transport and cars in Stockholm, Sweden
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Self-driving technology may lead to a paradigm shift for the transport industry with shared cars available to everyone. However, this vision has increasingly been challenged as too optimistic and unsubstantiated. In this study we explore societal impacts of using this technology for both cars and public transport and investigate differences depending on geography and trip purpose. Four scenarios were designed through workshops with 130 transport experts, modelled using a conventional four-step model for Stockholm, Sweden and evaluated in terms of changes to mode choice, number of trips and person kilometres. We find larger increases for non-commuting trips, i.e. service and leisure trips, than for commuting trips, questioning the view of the ‘productive work trip’ as self-driving technology’s main impact on society. As these trips are primarily made outside of rush hours, this may lead to a changed transport system. Geographic differences are substantial and heavily dependent on the cost model for car alternatives, even indicating a reduction in car travel in rural areas if private ownership would be replaced by shared cars. Furthermore, walking and cycling levels decreased in all scenarios while enhancing public transport using self-driving technology has a limited impact on ridership. These results show that the impacts of self-driving technology may have varied societal impacts even within a region and may lead to increased car travel, especially off-peak. These conclusions stress the need for policies that are sensitive to both geography and time.
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| 7. |
- Almlöf, Erik, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Will public transport be relevant in a self-driving future? A demand model simulation of four scenarios for Stockholm, Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Procedia 49. - : Association for European Transport. - 2352-1465. ; , s. 60-69
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The public sector makes long-term investments in for example tram rail lines and highways based on forecasts of future travelling but generally do not consider the impacts of self-driving technology as a factor. Several papers have presented transport system wide simulations with self-driving cars, exploring changes in mode choice, energy demand or the potential for sharing. Demand traffic models have been used in several studies, looking at modal choice changes, but the general assumption is that the public transport service remains unchanged, despite a large potential for governments to enhance service or reduce costs. This paper examines the effects of self-driving technology on the transport system with Stockholm, Sweden as a case study, looking at four scenarios which were developed with input from 130 transport professionals from industry, academia and the public sector. Each of the scenarios include one "car" and one "public transport" mode, looking at changes in e.g. modal choice and person kilometers traveled. The national demand model Sampers is used for evaluation. The results indicate a decrease in walking and bicycling in all scenarios and a decrease in public transport travelling in scenarios with a taxi-like car service. Although this result would mean a shift from public transport to car travel, the majority of travel to and from central parts of Stockholm were still made by public transport.
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| 8. |
- Andruetto, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Categorization of urban logistics concepts according to their sustainability performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2022 Conference Proceedings Transport Research Arena, TRA Lisbon 2022. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 2708-2715
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transport-related externalities of the urban logistics system impact the urban environment and the health of the citizens: there is a need to improve the sustainability of the system. In this paper, we use a framework for sustainability performance abessment and a literature review to analyse the urban logistics concepts of electrification, consolidation, cargo bikes and automation. In the literature, there is a focus on pollution, while a holistic perspective on sustainability is lacking. A Sustainability Performance Abessment (SPA) matrix is the main result of this paper, as a tool for comparing the concepts and understanding how they can be combined to achieve integrated benefits. To make informed decisions, stakeholders need knowledge from a holistic perspective. The findings presented in this paper are a first step to achieving this required knowledge.
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| 9. |
- Andruetto, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Towards sustainable urban logistics : Exploring the implementation of city hubs through system dynamics
- 2024
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. - : Elsevier BV. - 2590-1982. ; 27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The urban logistics system causes negative externalities, such as pollution, noise and congestion. This study focuses on city hubs as a concept to reduce these externalities by improving consolidation and adopting zero-emission vehicles. Our research employs system dynamics as a method to uncover the dynamics and mechanisms related to the barriers and potentials of city hub implementation in Stockholm from the perspectives of the Logistic Service Providers (LSPs), the receivers and the public sector. Moreover, a mixed method approach is used for data collection, allowing us to extract the knowledge from the real implementation case, co-create a qualitative model as a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) with the stakeholders involved in the system, and generalise the model. The mixed method approach includes a group model-building workshop, literature review, existing city hub analysis and stakeholder interviews. The main result is a CLD, visualising the dynamics of the introduction of city hubs. The CLD explores three potential incentives and policies: (i) the receivers change address; (ii) shippers oblige LSPs to use the hubs; (iii) the public sector gives monetary incentives to LSPs. The CLD presented in this paper establishes a validated system structure for the urban logistic system and facilitates the policymakers' understanding of the barriers to implementing city hubs and what policies could help their implementation.
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| 10. |
- Andruetto, Claudia, et al.
(författare)
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Transition from physical to online shopping alternatives due to the COVID-19 pandemic : A case study of Italy and Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using 530 responses from an online questionnaire, this study aims to investigate the transition from physical to online shopping alternatives during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic at the individual level. The focus areas of the study are Sweden and Italy, two European countries that implemented contrasting prevention measures. This study analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the transition to online shopping activities, and identifies who among the respondents changed their shopping behaviour the most and how; and what the different shopping strategies are and who adopted them. Multivariate statistical analyses, including linear and binary logistic regressions and multinomial logit models, were used to analyse the dataset. In the analysis, the dataset was split between Italy and Sweden to take into account the contrasting prevention measures and the different social and economic backgrounds of the two countries; the results of this study confirm and highlight these differences. Moreover, the socio-demographic and household structures of the respondents were found to influence the amount and the direction of change in shopping behaviour during the first wave of the pandemic. The study also indicates some policies that can be implemented and/or further strengthened to increase the resilience of citizens in facing pandemics and to derive benefit from the behavioural changes that took place during the first wave of the pandemic.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bin, Elisa, et al.
(författare)
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The trade-off behaviours between virtual and physical activities during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic period
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : Springer Nature. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionThe first wave of COVID-19 pandemic period has drastically changed people's lives all over the world. To cope with the disruption, digital solutions have become more popular. However, the ability to adopt digitalised alternatives is different across socio-economic and socio-demographic groups.ObjectiveThis study investigates how individuals have changed their activity-travel patterns and internet usage during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemicperiod, and which of these changes may be kept.MethodsAn empirical data collection was deployed through online forms. 781 responses from different countries (Italy, Sweden, India and others) have beencollected, and a series of multivariate analyses was carried out. Two linear regression models are presented, related to the change of travel activities andinternet usage, before and during the pandemic period. Furthermore, a binary regression model is used to examine the likelihood of the respondents to adoptand keep their behaviours beyond the pandemic period.ResultsThe results show that the possibility to change the behaviour matter. External restrictions and personal characteristics are the driving factors of the reductionin ones' daily trips. However, the estimation results do not show a strong correlation between the countries' restriction policy and the respondents' likelihoodto adopt the new and online-based behaviours for any of the activities after the restriction period.ConclusionThe acceptance and long-term adoption of the online alternatives for activities are correlated with the respondents' personality and socio-demographicgroup, highlighting the importance of promoting alternatives as a part of longer-term behavioural and lifestyle changes.
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| 13. |
- Chee, Pei Nen Esther, et al.
(författare)
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Which factors affect willingness-to-pay for automated vehicle services? : Evidence from public road deployment in Stockholm, Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Transport Research Review. - : SPRINGER. - 1867-0717 .- 1866-8887. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction Travel demand and travel satisfaction of a transport service are affected by user perceptions of the service quality attributes, and such perceptions should be included in studying user willingness-to-pay (WTP) for automated vehicle (AV) services. This study applied structural equation modelling with service quality attribute perceptions as latent variables affecting WTP. Objectives We investigated how WTP AV services are affected by socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and experiences with AV, existing travel modes and particularly, perceptions of the associated service quality attributes. The AV services are: 1) on-demand personalised AV (PAV) service, 2) demand responsive shared AV (SAV) service, and 3) first-/last-mile automated bus (AB) service. Methods The data were collected from 584 potential users of a first-/last-mile AB service trial operated in Kista, Stockholm. Results Results show people hold different expectations towards each type of AV service. These expectations act as the minimum requirements for people to pay for the AV services. Respondents are found to be willing to pay more for PAV service if it is safe, provides good ride comfort, and is competitively priced relative to the price travelling by metro and train over a same distance. Other than service quality attribute perceptions, income level, existing travel modes for daily trips, familiarity with automated driving technology and AB ride experience are important factors affecting WTP for the AV services. Conclusion The developed model can be applied to understand expectations of potential users towards a new AV service, and to identify user groups who are willing to pay the service. New AV services can thus be designed sensibly according to users' actual needs.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Engholm, Albin, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Cost Analysis of Driverless Truck Operations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Record. - : SAGE Publications. - 0361-1981 .- 2169-4052.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road freight transport is believed by many to be the first transport domain in which driverless (DL) vehicles will have a significant impact. However, in current literature almost no attention has been given to how the diffusion of DL trucks might occur and how it might affect the transport system. To make predictions on the market uptake and to model impacts of DL truck deployment, valid cost estimates of DL truck operations are crucial. In this paper, an analysis of costs and cost structures for DL truck operations, including indicative numerical cost estimates, is presented. The total cost of ownership for DL trucks compared with that for manually driven (MD) trucks has been analyzed for four different truck types (16-, 24-, 40-, and 64-ton trucks), for three scenarios reflecting pessimistic, intermediate, and optimistic assumptions on economic impacts of driving automation based on current literature. The results indicate that DL trucks may enable substantial cost savings compared with the MD truck baseline. In the base (intermediate) scenario, costs per 1,000 ton-kilometer decrease by 45%, 37%, 33%, and 29% for 16-, 24-, 40-, and 60-ton trucks, respectively. The findings confirm the established view in the literature that freight transport is a highly attractive area for DL vehicles because of the potential economic benefits.
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| 16. |
- Engholm, Albin, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of large-scale driverless truck adoption on the freight transport system
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 154, s. 227-254
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an analysis of the potential impacts of large-scale adoption of driverless trucks on transport patterns and system costs for a national freight transport system with Sweden as a case study. The analysis is performed by extending the application domain of the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods to analyze two types of driverless truck scenarios. The first scenario represents a full adoption of driverless trucks that can operate the complete road network and thereby substitute manually driven trucks. In this scenario, road transport tonne-kilometers on Swedish territory increase by 22%, vehicle kilometers traveled by trucks increase by 35% and annual total system costs decrease by 1.7 B(sic) compared to a baseline scenario without driverless trucks. In the second scenario, the current fleet of manually driven trucks is complemented by driverless trucks that can operate on major roads between logistics hubs, but not in complex traffic environments like urban areas due to a limited operational design domain. This may be an initial use-case for driverless trucks operating on public roads. In this scenario, road tonne-kilometers increase by 11%, truck vehicle kilometers traveled increase by 15%, and annual total system costs decrease by 1.2 B_ compared to the baseline. For both scenarios, the impacts of driverless trucks vary significantly between commodity types and transport distances which suggests heterogeneity of benefits of automated driving between different types of freight flows. A sensitivity analysis is performed in which the costs for driverless truck operations is varied, and for the second scenario, also which parts of the road network that driverless trucks can operate are varied. This analysis indicates that the magnitude of impacts is highly dependent on the cost level of driverless trucks and that the ability for DL-trucks to perform international, cross-border transport is crucial for achieving reductions in system costs. An overarching conclusion of the study is that driverless trucks may lead to a significant increase in road transport demand due to modal shifts from rail and sea as a result of the improved cost performance of road transport. This would further strengthen the need to decarbonize road transport to meet non-negotiable climate targets. Important topics for future research include assessing potential societal costs related to driverless trucks due to infrastructure investments and negative externalities such as increasing CO2 emissions and congestion.
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| 17. |
- Engholm, Albin, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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MUST Managing Deep Uncertainty in Planning for Sustainable Transport : Project report: phase 1
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a growing recognition that traditional forecasting and decision-making approaches might fall short considering the many uncertainties and complexities facing the development of the transport system. The project Managing deep Uncertainty in planning for Sustainable Transport (MUST), funded by Trafikverket and conducted by KTH ITRL and VTI, aims to explore emerging methods for improving the handling of deep uncertainty in the long-term planning of future transport systems. The core of MUST is to explore, develop, and demonstrate tools and methods grounded in Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) and Exploratory Modeling and Analysis (EMA). These approaches are intended to support a shift towards more robust and adaptable planning methodologies.The project is performed in two phases, with the first phase dedicated to laying a foundational understanding of deep uncertainty in transport planning. This report covers the first phase which has included the following tasks: A literature review on deep uncertainty and existing decision-making and system analysis methods under such conditions, with a focus on transportation. A workshop series with Trafikverket identifying transport planning challenges marked by deep uncertainty.A case study of applying DMDU through a case study on climate policy robustness (primarily reported in other deliverables).The literature review covers how the nature of uncertainty in socio-technical systems can be understood, classified, and analyzed. For policy analysis and decision making, the literature underscores the importance of considering multiple futures in model-based analysis when faced with deep uncertainties. DMDU and EMA methods are reviewed and summarized, and their application to transport are discussed. The literature also summarizes studies on uncertainty in model-based transport planning and policy analysis and concludes that the primary location of deep uncertainty is in the model inputs in the form of “scenario uncertainty”. In the workshop series, uncertainty related to producing the base forecast (Swe: basprognos) and policy analysis for domestic transport climate policy was analyzed. This analysis suggested that scenario uncertainty is a main source of deep uncertainty, but also uncertainty related to the system boundaries where highlighted. Furthermore, potential benefits and drawbacks of EMA and DMDU were discussed. In the case study, it is explored how the Scenario tool can be further leveraged by DMDU. More specifically, MORDM (see Section 2.2.3) is applied to assess to what extent it may allow a broader set of policy options to be explored, and how it can provide a better understanding of the robustness and vulnerabilities of different types of policies. A key takeaway from MUST phase 1 is that DMDU and EMA could provide several potential benefits and that methods and tools for applying them are maturing. However, it is possibly a long way to go before DMDU and EMA can be integrated as a regularly used method during the planning process. This is due to organization and process-related issues, as well as technical issues on how to effectively apply DMDU and EMA to Trafikverket’s national transport models. These technical issues will partly be explored in MUST phase 2.
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| 18. |
- Guo, Jia, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Individual Perceptions on the Decision to Adopt Automated Bus Services
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapid development of automated buses holds great potential for the development of transportation systems. As research into innovative forms of automated transportation systems gains momentum, it is important to understand the public's perceptions of such public transport systems. Previous studies have contributed based on hypothetical scenarios, but not based on real observations. Based on an online survey in Stockholm in March 2019, the current research addresses this gap by investigating the public's perceptions from a real, fully operational, automated public transportation service operated in a mixed traffic environment on public roads. The respondents were selected along the automated bus line in Barkabystaden, Stockholm. Our findings indicate that (1) The presence of onboard operators has a positive impact on respondents' perceived safety, (2) People who have not taken automated buses before have a more negative perception of driving speed of the bus service than people who have taken the buses before, (3) Attitudinal factors, such as public perceptions of safety, driving speed, reliability, and convenience, have a significant influence on the acceptance of the new bus system, (4) As an emerging and innovative transportation mode, automated buses are expected to attract a high share of regular public transportation mode users and the younger generations in the future, (5) Social-demographic characteristics such as gender and income had no significant impacts on the adoption of the new technology. The results provide the characteristics of early bus adopters and their travel behavior and help to prioritize possible investments and allow the policymakers and private industries to identify the special needs of users.
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| 19. |
- Guo, Jia, et al.
(författare)
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When and why do people choose automated buses over conventional buses? : Results of a context-dependent stated choice experiment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainable cities and society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-6707. ; 69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sustainable and continuous development of public transport systems is crucial to ensuring robust and resilient transport and economic activity whilst improving the urban environment. Through technological improvement, cities can increase the competitiveness of public transport, promote equality and pursue a multimodal shift to greener solutions. The introduction of vehicle automation technology into existing public transport systems has potential impacts on mobility behaviours and may replace conventional bus service in the future. This study examines travellers? preferences for automated buses versus conventional buses, using a contextdependent stated choice experiment. This experiment measured the effects of context variables (such as trip purpose, travel distance, time of day, weather conditions and travel companion) on the choice of automated buses versus conventional buses. The results were analysed using mixed logit models, and the findings indicate that, in general, choice behaviours do not diverge much between the choice of automated bus and conventional bus. However, individuals? choices are more elastic towards the changes in automated bus service levels compared to conventional bus service. The results show that poor weather conditions may lower the quality and reliability of public transport service, and the probability of choosing an automated bus over a conventional bus is reduced due to such disruptions. In addition, passengers travelling for work purposes, covering long distances, or travelling with companions are more likely to choose conventional buses than automated buses.
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| 20. |
- Guo, Jia, et al.
(författare)
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Word of mouth and behavioural intentions of the automated bus service
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-2751 .- 1873-6084. ; 126, s. 103668-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automation technology has received great attention recently and been expected to play an important role in future transport systems. Understanding determinants of travellers' intention to use the bus and recommend the service to others is critical to promote such new travel modes. Although previous studies have focused on plausible scenarios based on hypothetical behavioural reactions, predicted adoption intention and recommendation behaviour may not be consistent with those exhibited when the users are exposed to the real automated bus service. Using a panel survey conducted in Stockholm, where an automated bus services is currently operating in the mixed traffic environment on the public road, this study addresses this research gap by investigating public acceptance and usage of these automated buses. Applying a behavioural model, this study explores key influencing factors of automated bus use and word of mouth intention. The results indicate that users' needs and travel demands have a strong power to influence people's intentions to use such a new public travel mode and recommend the service to others. Furthermore, individuals' behaviour intention is found to have no significant effect on actual behaviour in this study, which suggests a gap between intention and action.
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| 21. |
- Kristoffersson, Ida, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Scenarios for the development of self-driving vehicles in freight transport
- 2018
-
Ingår i: <em>Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA2018</em>. - : Zenodo.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper extends previous research by developing future scenarios for self-driving vehicles and their societal impacts in freight transport using Sweden as a case study. Freight experts from vehicle manufacturers, agencies, universities and hauliers were recruited for a workshop where they assessed the benefits, costs, possibilities and barriers for self-driving vehicles in freight transport. The paper shows that reduction in driver and vehicle costs, reduced number of incidents and more fuel-efficient driving are seen as the main benefits of self-driving vehicles in freight transport, and increased vehicle costs, lost jobs, reduced degree of filling and more transport as the main costs. Furthermore, reduced drivers’ costs, more hours-of-service and new business models are identified as the main drivers of the development and traffic management, small hauliers, loading and unloading and cross-border transport as the main barriers. The paper also integrates the description of possible developments of self-driving vehicles in freight transport into the four future scenarios developed for passenger transport in Sweden.
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| 22. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of driverless vehicles : Comparing simulations to get a broader picture
- 2019
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. - Delft : Delft University of Technology. - 1567-7133 .- 1567-7141. ; 19:1, s. 1-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Driverless vehicles have the potential to significantly affect the transport system, society, and environment. However, there are still many unanswered questions regarding what the development will look like, and there are several contradictory forces. This paper addresses the effects of driverless vehicles by combining the results from 26 simulation studies. Each simulation study focuses on a particular case, e.g. a certain mobility concept or geographical region. By combining and analysing the results from the 26 simulation studies, an overall picture of the effects of driverless vehicles is presented. In the paper, the following perspectives are considered: what types of application of driverless vehicles have been studied in literature; what effects these simulation studies predict; and what research gaps still exist related to the effects of driverless vehicles. The analysis shows that it is primarily driverless taxi applications in urban areas that have been studied. Some parameters, such as trip cost and waiting time, show small variations between the simulation studies. Other parameters, such as vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT), show larger variations and depend heavily on the assumptions concerning value of time and level of sharing. To increase the understanding of system level effects of driverless vehicles, simulations of more complex applications and aspects such as land use, congestion and energy consumption are considered.
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| 23. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Future scenarios for self-driving vehicles in Sweden
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The question is not if, but rather when SDVs will be common on our streets and roads, and if they will change our way of living, and if so, how? As we are in a potential mobility shift, and decisions made today will affect the future development, understanding possibilities and challenges for the future is important for many stakeholders. To this end a scenario-based future study was performed to derive a common platform for initiation of future research and innovation projects concerning SDVs in Sweden.A motivation for the study is to shed light on how demography, geography and political landscape can affect the development of new mobility services. Since there are many different forces that drive the development, often uncertain and sometimes in conflict with each other, a scenario planning approach was chosen. The work has been performed by an expert group and a smaller analysis team.The expert group has involved nearly 40 persons from 20 transport organizations, including public authorities, lawyers, city planners, researchers, transport service suppliers, and vehicle manufacturers. The expert group met three times, each time focusing on a specific theme:trend analysis,defining scenario axes of uncertainty, andconsequence analysis.The uncertainties that were identified as most important for the development of SDVs in Sweden are:whether the sharing economy becomes a new norm or not, andwhether city planners, authorities and politicians will be proactive in the development of cities and societies or not, especially regarding the transportation system.This led to four scenarios:“Same, same but all the difference” – a green, individualistic society,“Sharing is the new black” – a governmentally driven innovation society based on sharing,“Follow the path” – an individualistic society based on development in the same direction as today, and“What you need is what you get” – a commercially driven innovation society where sharing is a key.In the paper, we describe the scenarios and the process to derive them in more detail. We also present an analysis of the consequences for the development of SDVs in the four scenarios, including predictions concerning pace of development, level of self-driving, fleet size, travel demand and vehicle kilometers travelled. The paper also includes a discussion and comparison with other studies on the development of SDVs in the US, Europe and Asia.
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| 24. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Off-peak City Logistics – A Case Study in Stockholm
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two heavy trucks have been operated in Stockholm city center during night time for e period of one and a half years. New technology has been tested: one the trucks was an electric hybrid with zone management and one was a PIEK certified biogas truck. The two trucks have been operated in different delivery schemes: on dedicated and one consolidated. The off-peak trial has been assessed in from four different perspectives: noise, transport efficiency, users and policy, and socioeconomic aspects. In addition, a literature survey has been performed. Noise produced while travelling with the two trucks tested is not disturbing. The main challenge is noise produced during unloading, and in particular in areas where the background noise is low.Transportation efficiency is improved from several perspectives compared with daytime deliveries: transport speed increased, fuel consumption decreased and service times decreased. However, one conclusion from the project is that it is challenging to compare daytime deliveries with off-peak deliveries for an individual truck, since the routing will be different depending on the time of the day even if the delivery points are the same. The reason is that the routing during daytime will be optimized to take congestion into account. Therefore, if general conclusions are to be drawn, data from more different trucks in different delivery schemes need to be collected and analyzed.Stakeholder interviews showed that the most important benefits are increased efficiency, shorter travel and deliver times, higher productivity both for carriers and receivers, less environmental impacts and fuel cost savings, as well as better working conditions when trucks are moved from rush hours to off-peak hours. The most important social costs are increased noise levels and noise disturbances, additional staff, equipment and wage costs as well as higher risks in handling goods deliveries at night times, especially in the case of unassisted deliveries. In general, the benefits exceed the costs.From the socio-economic analysis it is clear that the dominating type of external cost for daytime deliveries is contribution to congestion. This cost is reduced is nearly eliminated during off-peak deliveries. In addition, off-peak deliveries reduces CO2 emissions, but even more the emissions of air pollutants and can therefore contribute significantly to improving local air quality. The cost of noise is more than twice as big as for daytime deliveries.From the city’s perspective the most important remaining challenges are related to 1) Noise measurements and surveillance, 2) general requirements and surveillance, for example concerning vehicles, fuels, and emission levels that are to be allowed, 3) The responsibility for potential additional costs related to infrastructural changes needed. The overall conclusion from the project is that the benefits from off-peak deliveries exceed the costs. The results from the project suggest that the concept of off-peak deliveries is beneficiary in the Stockholm region, and the off-peak delivery program is suggested to continue and be scaled up to involve more vehicles and other types of goods. During the upscaling it is relevant to continue to study effects on transport efficiency, noise levels, and potential business barriers that may arise.
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| 25. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Possibilities and barriers in ride-sharing in work commuting – a case study in Sweden
- 2018
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand possibilities and barriers for ride-sharing in work commuting, 451 persons living in the same suburban area and working at the same site were invited to join a ride-sharing program and use a mobile application. Two quantitative web surveys and 16 in-depth interviews have been performed. The results have been analysed using social practice theories as an analytical lens. The participants understood the benefits with the ride-sharing practice, but out of the 451 invited participants, only 8 downloaded the required mobile application for the ride-sharing program. Different to previous results in the literature, trust and security were not seen as issues in this case. Instead the expected loss of flexibility was seen as the main barrier. The participants found a meaning in “being a green commuter” and understood that ride-sharing could contribute to decrease challenges of congestion, environmental impact, and overfull parking places. However, they rated their own current flexibility and convenience in commuting higher than the expected benefits from ride-sharing.
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| 26. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-driving shuttles as a complement to public transport – a characterization and classification
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA2018.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable transportation is a top priority challenge for many cities and urban regions. To reach that, an attractive public transport plays a key role. In this paper an analysis of how the technology of self-driving vehicles, and in particular shuttles for about 6-20 passengers, can complement and improve attractively in public transport. Self-driving shuttles provide a new component to public transport, as smaller vehicles can operate on a higher frequency to a cost of the same order of magnitude as conventional larger buses. Six types of applications of self-driving shuttles in public transport are identified: Feeder line, Truncation of high capacity line, Cross connections, Center line, On-demand feeder line, and Within-area service (line or on demand). The application types are exemplified by two potential cases in Stockholm, and implementation barriers and strategies are discussed. The classification, together with examples from on-going applications, suggests that SD shuttles can contribute to public transport already without being fully self-driving everywhere.
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| 27. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Shared Automated Vehicles - Research & Assessment in a 1st pilot : SARA1 Results report
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The technological advance of automated vehicles (AV) is escalating as AVs are expected to have a great potentialto not only cut operation costs but also contribute to the service offered to users. Several pilots and initiatives areplanned in Sweden and especially within the Stockholm metropolitan area. The first is the pilot in Kista plannedby Nobina and involving two vehicles of the type Easy Mile EZ10. Nobina project to run automated bus in Kista,called “Autopiloten” project. SARA1 research project aimed at assessing Kista pilot from behavioural andsystemic perspectives in order to understand the effects and potential of AV:s for shared services. The results ofSARA1 project are important to not only evaluate these pilots from a technical perspective but also to startassessing societal, users and system perspectives Creating knowledge of valuable socio-economic factors intransition to autonomous. In the following we provide, a short description of Kista pilot operations provided byNobina, a state of the art, methods, results, and finally discussion and conclusions.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Impacts of Automated Vehicles on the Transport System and How to Create Policies that Target Sustainable Development Goals
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Shaping Smart Mobility Futures. - : Emerald. ; , s. 37-53
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Automated vehicles are likely to have significant impacts on the transport system such as increased road capacity, more productive/enjoyable time spent travelling in a car, and increased vehicle kilometres travelled. However, there is a great risk that automated driving may negatively impact the environment if adequate policies are not put in place. This chapter examines the effects of driverless vehicles and the types of policies required to attain sustainable implementation of the technology. To understand the effects on a systemic level, and to understand the needs and impacts of policies, the dynamics must be understood. Therefore, a causal loop diagram (CLD) is developed and analysed. One important insight is that the effects of driverless vehicles are mainly on the vehicular level (e.g., the reduced number of accidents per vehicle). These effects can be cancelled out on a systemic level (e.g., due to increased vehicle-kilometre travelled (VKT) that increases total number of accidents). The marginal costs of road transport are central to both freight and passenger transport. Automation will reduce marginal costs and shift the equilibrium in the transport system towards a state with higher VKT. This will lead to greater energy consumption and higher emissions. To attain sustainability goals, there might be a need to balance this reduction of marginal costs by using policy instruments. In the work, CLDs is experienced to be a useful tool to support the collaboration between experts from different fields in the dialogue about policies.
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| 30. |
- Pernestål Brenden, Anna, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
-
Where will self-driving vehicles take us? Scenarios for the development of automated vehicles with sweden as a case study
- 2019. - 1
-
Ingår i: Autonomous Vehicles and Future Mobility. - : Elsevier. - 9780128176962
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of Self-Driving Vehicles (SDVs) is fast, and SDVs are predicted to have the potential to change mobility, human life, and society. Several positive and negative effects of SDVs are listed in the literature, but as the effects can be both counteracting and reinforcing depending on actions taken by different stakeholders, it is difficult to predict the outcome. In this chapter a scenario planning method is used to identify certain and uncertain trends, and to draw four different but plausible future scenarios for the development of SDVs. The four scenarios create a platform for policy discussions, development of regulations, and decision-making of different stakeholders. Most importantly, it shows that the development of SDVs depends on decisions made today.
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| 31. |
- Raoofi, Zeinab, et al.
(författare)
-
How can we structure the future development of automation, electrification, and digitalization in the transportation sector by using morphological analysis?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: 2022 Conference Proceedings Transport Research Arena. - : Elsevier B.V.. ; , s. 1808-1815
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to systematically investigate and structure future technological developments within automation, electrification, and digitalization (AED) in the transportation sector. To address the significant complexity and uncertainty of these developments, a scenario analysis technique known as morphological analysis is used. A set of 23 AED-related technologies and various alternatives for how each technology could develop are compiled in the form of a morphological box. Then, four scenarios are mapped to illustrate future development pathways. This type of holistic analysis provides decision-makers with a comprehensive picture of the future transportation system, allowing them to make more informed decisions. The main contribution of the study is a better understanding of how to approach and structure such a complex research question.
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| 32. |
- Rylander, Lina, et al.
(författare)
-
Design of diagnosis service system for self-driving vehicles - Learnings from the driver’s role today
- 2021
-
Ingår i: 2021 Global Reliability and Prognostics and Health Management (PHM-Nanjing). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The driver plays an essential role in detecting and handling vehicle faults, and he/she is an important actor in the diagnosis service system. When developing self-driving vehicles, exploring the driver’s role could create knowledge regarding which reconsiderations are needed when designing a driverless diagnosis service system. A service design research study has been performed regarding the driver’s role in fault detection and troubleshooting. Based on semi-structured interviews and a workshop, a system map, information flowchart, and decision-making process have been developed. Furthermore, a scenario is used to exemplify how a control tower can support a diagnosis service system for self-driving vehicles. Examples are given of how a control tower operator can replace actions and decisions that today are handled onboard by the driver.
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| 33. |
- Stenemo, Erik, et al.
(författare)
-
Prestudy on System Level Impacts of Automation, Electrification and Digitalization for Long-term Transport Analysis and Planning
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this prestudy is to investigate how developments within automation, electrification and digitalization (AED) may affect the demand for passenger and freight transport in Sweden in terms of transport activity (ton-kilometers TKM and passenger-kilometers PKM), traffic activity (vehicle kilometers traveled VKT), modal distribution and other characteristics of the transport system, in order to assess whether the current base forecasts for 2040 that are developed and used by Trafikverket are still robust when accounting for developments and impacts of AED. Both freight and passenger transports are considered, as well as several transport modes. These include road (passenger cars, light and heavy trucks), rail (long and short distance), marine (ships and ferries) and air (planes). In addition, support infrastructure such as charging stations and goods terminals are considered. Automation technologies include automated vehicles and goods handling. Electrification refers to the replacement of conventional fuels with electric energy, as well as charging infrastructure. Digitalization is the broadest of the technological fields, and includes both digital services and digital infrastructure. The latter is furthermore an enabler for first and foremost automation, but also for electrification to some extent. The theoretical perspective of the study is that transport demand is derived from the need to transport goods and people. Several drivers of transport demand (such as mode characteristics and economic structure) are presented and included in a general framework for assessing transport demand. The framework further incorporates a variety of previously constructed models and consists of three layers (activities & material flows, transport services and infrastructure) which connect in two markets (the transport and traffic market). The effects on transport demand are assessed from a set of demand parameters, including TKM, PKM and VKT. Finally, six mechanisms through which AED could affect transport demand are presented and integrated into the general framework. Through literature reviews and workshops, a set of general trends within AED were identified. Since there is a considerable uncertainty regarding how these trends could develop until 2040, an explorative scenario-based approach was employed. In order to structure this approach, a morphological analysis was conducted where the identified trends were formulated as parameters and their stages of development as attributes. Combined, these parameters and attributes formed a morphological box which could be used to illustrate different scenarios. In this study, four scenarios were then mapped in the morphological box: a base scenario intended to mimic explicit and implicit assumptions in the base forecast and three alternative scenarios (Partnership Society, Social Engineering 2.0 and Swimming in Data) intended to contrast the base scenario by illustrating alternative societal and technological development paths. These scenarios and their respective morphological box mappings were then analyzed based on the general framework. The first step in this impact analysis consisted of investigating possible separate impacts of the parameters on each layer and market in the general framework. The mechanisms of which each parameter would affect the system were also identified. Examples of effects include changes in generalized costs and service levels. In the second step, the impacts from combined AED development were studied based on the scenario mappings in the morphological box. This highlights possible synergies between the technologies. Finally, the combined effects were compared with the base scenario in order to reach the study’s aim. The results of the analysis show that automation, electrification and digitalization technologies separately could lead to changes in transport efficiency as well costs. Furthermore, synergetic effects leading to even stronger impacts on factors such as these could arise when they are combined. Through the general framework and the demand impact mechanisms, it was shown that factors such as these could lead to changes in the transport demand, modal distribution and transport system characteristics. Since the scenario mapping shows that the base forecasts do not consider development in automation and digitalization to a significant extent, the base forecasts would probably not be robust if these technologies see a continued development and implementation in the transport system.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Susilo, Yusak, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Lessons from the deployment of the world’s first automated bus service on a mixed public road in Stockholm
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Transport in Human Scale Cities. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.. ; , s. 109-120
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book chapter provides an overview of the lessons learned from an automated bus deployment on a public road in Sweden and the adoption behaviour surrounding the technology. In particular, this chapter discusses different elements of users’ acceptance, willingness to use, willingness to pay for the service, and the interaction between vehicles and other road users on the given road space. Overall, the findings highlight a gap between people’s expectations on the driverless vehicles and the actual performance of the automated buses. The study also highlights the importance of allowing people to have time to learn, develop their understanding, and adjust their expectations towards the technology. This is not only for the passengers who used the service, but also for the other road users who shared the same road space. This highlights the importance of design thinking in deploying a new (public) transport service that uses new/unusual technologies.
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| 36. |
- Svensson, Lars, 1989-
(författare)
-
Motion Planning and Control of Automated Vehicles in Critical Situations
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The road traffic environment is inherently uncertain and unpredictable. An automated vehicle (AV) deployed in such an environment will eventually experience unforeseen critical situations, i.e., situations in which the probability of having an accident is rapidly increased compared to a nominal driving situation. Critical situations can occur for example due to internal faults or performance limitations of the AV, abrupt changes in operational conditions or unexpected behavior from other road users. In such critical situations, the first priority for vehicle motion control is to reduce the risk of imminent accident. If needed, the full physical capacity of the vehicle should be employed to accomplish this. These unique circumstances distinguish automated driving in critical situations from the nominal case. This work aims to tackle the problem of motion planning and control in such critical situations. We determine a set of characteristics that signify the motion planning and control problem in critical situations, in relation to state of the art algorithms. Further, we incrementally develop a motion planning and control framework, tailored for the particular circumstances of critical situations. In its current form, the framework uses a combination of numerical optimization, trajectory rollout and constraint adaptation, to allow motion planning and control with respect to time-varying actuation capabilities, while realizing a range of behaviors to mitigate accident risk in a range of critical situations. Results for the research work are generated by exposing the framework to several categories of critical situations in a combination of simulations and full scale vehicle tests. We present the following main findings: (1) Inclusion of risk levels of stopping locations at the local planning level generates satisfactory motion behavior in the evaluated critical situations, enabling a combined assessment of risk of the maneuver and of the stopping location. (2) Traction adaptive motion planning and control improves the capacity of autonomous vehicles to reduce accident risk in critical situations, both when adapting to deteriorated and when adapting to improved traction in a range of tested critical situations. (3) State of the art friction estimation algorithms are insufficient for traction adaptive motion planning in terms of combined requirements on accuracy, availability and foresight. However, fusion of multiple estimation paradigms show potential to yield near-optimal performance. The combined contributions of this thesis are intended as a step towards further improving accident avoidance performance of automated vehicles and driver assistance systems in critical situations. However, much research work remains to be done in this field. We emphasize the need for further research efforts in terms of experimentally evaluating the impact of motion planning and control concepts on accident avoidance performance in critical situations.
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| 37. |
- Svensson, Lars, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Safe Stop Trajectory Planning for Highly Automated Vehicles:An Optimal Control Problem Formulation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 517-522
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Highly automated road vehicles need the capabilityof stopping safely in a situation that disrupts continued normaloperation, e.g. due to internal system faults. Motion planningfor safe stop differs from nominal motion planning, since thereis not a specific goal location. Rather, the desired behavior isthat the vehicle should reach a stopped state, preferably outsideof active lanes. Also, the functionality to stop safely needs tobe of high integrity. The first contribution of this paper isto formulate the safe stop problem as a benchmark optimalcontrol problem, which can be solved by dynamic programming.However, this solution method cannot be used in real-time. Thesecond contribution is to develop a real-time safe stop trajectoryplanning algorithm, based on selection from a precomputedset of trajectories. By exploiting the particular properties ofthe safe stop problem, the cardinality of the set is decreased,making the algorithm computationally efficient. Furthermore, amonitoring based architecture concept is proposed, that ensuresdependability of the safe stop function. Finally, a proof of conceptsimulation using the proposed architecture and the safe stoptrajectory planner is presented.
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| 38. |
- Vaddadi, Bhavana, 1993-, et al.
(författare)
-
Activity and time-use diary for a Neighbourhood Telecommuting Centre in Stockholm, Sweden
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Neighbourhood Telecommuting Centres (NTC), telecommuting centres located in residential areas have the potential to provide a professional workplace to individuals closer to home, reducing the need for long-distance commutes to the employer’s office. NTCs in combination with mobility services could not only have a potential positive impact on the environment but also solve issues related to the scarcity of space for companies and authorities. In this paper, we aim to explore the impacts of NTC usage on the individual’s day-to-day activity-travel decision-making processes over a longer-term period and systematically analyse the trade-offs between individuals’ decisions to use NTC and their travel behaviours. In order to do so, a mixed-method approach was adopted. We perform a panel multivariate analysis based on comprehensive panel data of 27 participants of a real-life NTC living lab in the south of Stockholm, Sweden collected via a three-week time-use diary maintained on both weekdays and weekends. Results indicate that demographic characteristics, daily habits of the participants, usual travel preferences and existing workplace norms, roles and preferences have a significant impact on the way participants utilized the NTC.
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| 39. |
- Vaddadi, Bhavana, Ph.D. Student, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring system level effects of Corporate MaaS : A case study in Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Towards human scale cities -open and happy. ; , s. 68-
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mobility as a Service (MaaS) integrates different elements of transportation, which mainly are: ticket & payment integration, mobility modes integration and ICT integration. It plays an important role as it is expected to enable the shift from private car use to shared and sustainable transport modes. Corporate Mobility as a Service (CMaaS) is a version of MaaS, which enables mobility within as well as to and from, a work site for the employees. CMaaS fulfils all the above-mentioned characteristics of MaaS. It may also consist of different service packages which could either be free and/ or paid. CMaaS is a new concept and its implementation is limited. The expected benefits of CMaaS are both to support a shift toward sustainable transportation and to be the first step towards more general MaaS solutions. In this paper, we study the effects of CMaaS from economic, environmental and societal aspects on individual, organizational and social levels. The case study of the implementation of CMaaS at a company with 13000 employees located in a city 30 km outside of Stockholm, Sweden, is used in this study. The estate spans over three-square kilometres, and the facilities are spread over the area with distances between the buildings of up to 5kms. The service provides internal taxis, small shuttle buses and e-bikes to aid the employees to get around the estate during the working day. It also offers a commuter bus service to and from Stockholm City. The evaluation is based on data collected through three surveys with more than 400 respondents, complemented with operational data. The analysis is ongoing and will be completed during the spring. Preliminary results show that CMaaS have supported the shift towards the use of e-bikes in favour of motorized modes which has positive effects on e.g. health and emissions.
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| 40. |
- Vaddadi, Bhavana, Ph.D. Student, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring System-Level Impacts of Corporate Mobility as a Service (CMaaS) Based on Empirical Evidence
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17, s. 7051-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Corporate Mobility as a Service (CMaaS) is a type of MaaS that enables mobility within as well as to and from a worksite for employees. The expected benefits of CMaaS are to support a shift towards more sustainable and more effective work-related transport activities. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the impacts of CMaaS and how its performance should be measured. This paper proposes an evaluation framework to measure CMaaS impacts at a system level. The proposed evaluation framework is then applied to evaluate a real CMaaS deployment in Sweden. This paper contributes to knowledge building and guidance to support policy and decision making for CMaaS development and implementation in the future.
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| 41. |
- Vaddadi, Bhavana, 1993-
(författare)
-
Understanding the system-level for Mobility as a Service : A framework to evaluate full-scale impacts of MaaS
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Mobility as a Service (MaaS), as a concept, has been widely popularised and considered to hold promising potential in reducing travel-related environmental impacts and transforming our current transport system. MaaS enables intermodal travel by providing enhanced features for users to access multiple mobility services. The combination of mobility services in MaaS solutions promotes the use of public transport, active modes and shared mobility to reduce the dependency on private vehicles and provide optimal work and travel arrangements tailor-made to cater to an individual’s specific travel needs while promoting a better quality of life. While the MaaS based literature largely assumes that the service will have a positive impact on individuals and society, it is important to note that there could also be unintended rebound impacts. Additionally, the evidence regarding the same is limited to estimations based on either a small number of pilot studies or a few stated preference studies and expert speculation. While studies have been conducted on the individual, organisational and societal level aspects of MaaS variants such as user preferences, service design, business models, energy impacts, operation and management etc. there seem to be a lack of holistic understanding of the potential impacts of these services from a system-level perspective. MaaS, as a hybrid innovation with the potential to transform socio-technical systems, is a combination of several actors at the individual, organisational and societal levels interacting in a shared arena with the goal to “lock-in” this innovation into the larger society. Therefore, there is a need to not only evaluate MaaS at these three levels but also to take an integrated, holistic approach to understand the system-level impacts of MaaS. As MaaS systems are not currently operating at their full potential, this thesis evaluates two real- life small-scale trials of MaaS in Stockholm, Sweden at the individual, organisational and societal levels to explore the complexities of MaaS and its variant services. Using the knowledge gathered from the evaluations of the two small-scale MaaS trials, this thesis then develops a system-level framework to evaluate MaaS and its variant services by integrating the individual, organizational and societal levels using economic, environmental and social dimensions. For MaaS stakeholders involved in the development, implementation, operation and management of full-scale MaaS, this framework could act as a helpful tool in decision-making processes by highlighting the complex relationships between and within the individual, organisational and societal levels and how the decisions made at the individual, organisational and societal levels could impact each other.
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| 42. |
- Xin, Tao, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term maintenance planning of autonomous trucks for minimizing economic risk
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Reliability Engineering & System Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0951-8320 .- 1879-0836. ; 220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New autonomous driving technologies are emerging every day and some of them have been commercially applied in the real world. While benefiting from these technologies, autonomous trucks are facing new challenges in short-term maintenance planning, which directly influences the truck operator’s profit. In this paper, we implement a vehicle health management system by addressing the maintenance planning issues of autonomous trucks on a transport mission. We also present a maintenance planning model using a risk-based decision-making method, which identifies the maintenance decision with minimal economic risk of the truck company. Both availability losses and maintenance costs are considered when evaluating the economic risk. We demonstrate the proposed model by numerical experiments illustrating real-world scenarios. In the experiments, compared to three baseline methods, the expected economic risk of the proposed method is reduced by up to 47%. We also conduct sensitivity analyses of different model parameters. The analyses show that the economic risk significantly decreases when the estimation accuracy of remaining useful life, the maximal allowed time of delivery delay before order cancellation, or the number of workshops increases. The experiment results contribute to identifying future research and development attentions of autonomous trucks from an economic perspective.
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| 43. |
- Zhao, Xiaoyun, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Potential values of maas impacts in future scenarios
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Mobility. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-0917. ; 1, s. 100005-100005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is considered a strategy that can provide potential solutions for a sustainable transport system. The current literature claims that MaaS can deliver net positive impacts for the transport system. However, whether these impacts are marginal or significant is unclear, as estimations typically are based on a few pilot tests. The lack of understanding of these impacts could create barriers for decision-making on policy and regulation in adopting MaaS strategy. The paper proposes a feasible evaluation to explore how and to what extent MaaS leads to, for example, reduced emissions, reduced fossil energy consumption, reduced car ownership and vehicle kilometres travelled on a large scale. The aim of this paper is to provide potential values of MaaS impacts based on analysis of future scenarios. The potential values of MaaS impacts can be used to support decision-making within both public organisations and among service developers for MaaS implementation and development.
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| 44. |
- Zhao, Xiaoyun, et al.
(författare)
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The dynamic and long-term changes of automated bus service adoption
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 155, s. 450-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrating automated buses (ABs) into the public transport system may have potentials of providing more environment-friendly and cost-efficient mobility solutions by improving travel safety, reducing cost and decreasing congestion. However, the realization of the potentials depends not only on innovative technologies but also on users' acceptance of the ABs service. Whilst there has been a number of studies exploring the acceptance and adoption of ABs services, hardly any longitudinal studies have analyzed the long-term changes of individuals' behavior in adopting AB services. This paper aims to add knowledge on user acceptance of ABs in public transport based on empirical evidence in a real-life deployment context. Three waves of surveys that investigated users' travel attitudes and behaviors towards the automated bus were conducted at three different time points (six months, 11 months, and 14 months after the launch). The relationship between socio-demographic variables, travel experience variables, and attitude variables is modeled using structural equation modelling (SEM). Factors that influence experienced users to continue using the service were found to dynamically change over time. Initially, people were attracted to use the service if they perceived the information of the service to be sufficient, but they were demotivated to continue using the service if the comfort was worse, frequency was lower, or travel time was longer than expected. The results show that previous experience of adopting the ABs has impacts on different attitude variables. In order to promote individuals' continued use of ABs, the public transport authorities and operators should work closely to increase the frequency of the services. It is also necessary to enhance the comfort of the ABs.
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