| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-
(författare)
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Enhanced District Heating Technology : Maintaining Future System Feasibility
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When heat demand and high temperature heat supply gradually decreases in the future, then it will effect district heating systems ability to compete on the heat market. A good way to mitigate less district heating feasibility is to operate systems with lower temperature levels and the most conceivable way to achieve lower temperature levels is to decrease return temperatures.Thus, this thesis emphasise temperature errors embedded in district heating systems. Only a selection of temperature errors are analysed in this thesis. First, the temperature error that occurs due to recirculation in distribution networks at low heat demands. Second, the temperature error that occurs due to hot water circulation in multi-family buildings. Third, the temperature error that occurs due to less than possible heat transfer in heat exchangers, i.e. too short thermal lengths.In order to address these temperature errors three technology changes have been proposed (i) three-pipe distribution network to separate the recirculation return flow from the delivery return flow, (ii) apartment substations to eliminate hot water circulation utilisation, and (iii) improved heat exchangers for lower return temperatures at a constant scenario. Analysis of proposed changes has resulted in annual average return temperatures between 17-21 °C.Furthermore, rapid introduction of intermittent renewable electricity supply in the energy system has prompted an increased necessity of power system balancing capacities. Large-scale conversion of power-to-heat in electric boilers and heat pumps is a feasible alternative to achieve such balancing capacities. Analysis of the unique Swedish experience with utilisation of large heat pumps installations connected to district heating systems show that since the 1980s 1527 MW of heat power has been installed, about 80 % of the capacity was still in use by 2013. Thus, a cumulative value of over three decades of operation and maintenance exists within Swedish district heating systems.The two papers presented in this thesis are related to future district heating systems through the five abilities of fourth generation district heating (4GDH), which are documented in the definition paper of 4GDH.
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| 3. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Low‐temperature excess heat recovery in district heating systems : The potential of European Union metro stations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 34-34
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents an assessment of the excess heat recovery potential from EU metro stations. The assessment is a sub-study on low temperature recovery opportunities, explored in the H2020 ReUseHeat project, and consists of spatial mapping of 1994 underground stations with quantitative estimates of sensible and latent heat, monthly and annually, attainable in rejected platform ventilation exhaust air. Being a low-temperature source, the assessment conceptually anticipates recovery of attainable heat with compressor heat pumps to facilitate the temperature increase necessary for utilisation in district heating systems. Further, the paper explores the influence on useful excess heat volumes from low-temperature heat recoveries when distributed at different temperature levels. The findings, which distinguishes available (resource) and accessible (useful) excess heat potentials, indicate an annual total EU28 available potential of ~21 PJ, characterised by a certain degree of seasonal temporality, and corresponding accessible potentials of ~40 PJ per year at 3rd generation distribution, and of ~31 PJ at anticipated 4th generation conditions. Despite lower accessible volumes, utilisation in 4th generation systems are naturally more energy efficient, since relatively less electricity is used in the recovery process, but also more cost-effective, since heat pumps, at lower temperatures, can be operated at capacities closer to design conditions and with less annual deviations.
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| 4. |
- Braungardt, Sibylle, et al.
(författare)
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Renewable heating and cooling pathways – Towards full decarbonisation by 2050 – Final report
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With the adoption of the EU Climate Law in 2021, the EU has set itself a binding target to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55 percent compared to 1990 levels by 2030. To support the increased ambition, the EU Commission adopted proposals for revising the key directives and regulations addressing energy efficiency, renewable energies and greenhouse gas emissions in the Fit for 55 package.The heating and cooling (H&C) sector plays a key role for reaching the EU energy and climate targets. H&C accounts for about 50 percent of the final energy consumption in the EU, and the sector is largely based on fossil fuels. In 2021, the share of renewable energies in H&C reached 23%. The decarbonisation of heating and cooling is addressed across several directives and regulations at EU level.The aim of this study is to support the analytical basis for the development and implementation of policies to ensure a seamless pathway to the full decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector by 2050 in buildings and industry.
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| 5. |
- Dénarié, Alice, et al.
(författare)
-
A validated method to assess the network length and the heat distribution costs of potential district heating systems in Italy
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. - Aalborg, Denmark : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. - 2246-2929. ; 31, s. 59-78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evaluation of the district heating network investment costs requires the knowledge of its topology. However, when assessing district heating potential, the topology is not known a priori and a simulation is required. One method for modelling future heat networks involves the use of Minimum Spanning Tree, from the graph theory. In this work, the MST is used together with real networks lengths to elaborate an updated equation describing the effective width in correlation with the number of building ratio instead of plot ratio. The reason motivating the use of simulated networks lies in the goal of analysing sparse areas where there’s a general lack of data. In this study, the census cells vertexes and local roads layout are used as inputs for the application of the MST in order to simulate DH network layouts in areas where DH is not present. The method has been validated by running simulations in areas where DH is already present, allowing the comparison of the respective lengths. The validation shows a variable but systematic overestimation of the simulated lengths. The study of the error has brought to the definition of a correlation between accuracy of results and the share of buildings with centralized heating systems suitable for DH connection. The updated version of the effective width confirms the exponential tendency and gives higher results for Italian cities then for Scandinavian ones, showing an important impact of the city structure in the curve. The city of Milano is finally used as a case study to show the effects of using the updated effective width curve.
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| 6. |
- Dénarié, Alice, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of renewable and waste heat recovery for DH through GIS mapping : the national potential in Italy
- 2020
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 129-129
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work aims at showing the potential of waste and renewable heat recovery in Italy through detailed mapping of these sources. The ambition of this analysis is to highlight the areas with important heat recovery potential and to show how the matching with suitable heat demand would allow its exploitation through district heating expansion. The importance of waste heat and renewable heat potentially recoverable to reduce primary energy consumption in the civil sector is widely recognized. Nevertheless, these potential is widely unexploited in Italy. The processes and energy sources have been analysed in terms of geographical location, quantification of available heat and recovery costs with a special focus on temperature levels. The main distinction between low temperature and high temperature heat sources has been applied in order to identify the heat recovery characteristics and the consequent additional costs for temperature upgrades. The inputs of the analysis performed in this work come from national database, which has allowed obtaining more detailed and wider results with respect to international existing studies on the same subject. Two different approaches have been used to map potential heat: one to identify and quantify existing waste heat recovery and one to assess and estimate energy coming from potential new plants. The analysed sources belonging to the first category are industrial processes, waste to energy plants, waste water treatment plants and datacentres, while biomass, geothermal energy and electrolysis plants estimation belong to the second one. Results shows that the national available waste and renewable heat amount to 270 TWh which is an important outcome in comparison with a national heat demand for the residential and tertiary sector of 400 TWh. Out of this results, according to a nuts 3 regional aggregation of heat demand, 95 TWh could be recovered in DH. The reduction from theoretical potential of 270 TWh to 95 TWh is due to geographical matching of heat demand and available waste heat and on some hypothesis related to the diffusion of DH. This work shows the huge unexpressed potential of waste heat reutilisation in Italy and how the mapping of recoverable heat and not only its quantification is essential to properly estimate the utilization potential.
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| 7. |
- Dénarié, Alice, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of waste and renewable heat recovery in DH through GIS mapping : The national potential in Italy
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Smart Energy. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 2666-9552. ; 1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims at showing the unexploited potential of waste and renewable heat in Italy through detailed mapping of these sources. The ambition is to highlight the areas with an important heat recovery potential that could be exploited through DH expansion. The recoverable heat sources have been analysed in terms of geographical location, and recovery aspects with a special focus on temperature levels and technological implications for temperature upgrades. The methodology presented in this work addresses not only the theoretical potential of waste heat and renewable heat use in DH, but also several technical aspects to get a result as closer as possible to the realistic potential at national level. Two different approaches have been used to map potential heat: one to quantify existing waste heat recovery from industrial processes, waste to energy plants, wastewater treatment plants and one to estimate the energy coming from potential new plants based on biomass, geothermal energy and solar thermal. Results shows that for a total heat demand for the civil sector of 329 TWh, out of which 114 TWh come out being suitable for a DH connection, the national available waste and renewable heat that could be integrated in DH amounts to 156 TWh. These results show the significant unexpressed potential of waste heat use in Italy and how its mapping is essential to properly estimate the utilization potential. This work has been commissioned by AIRU, Italian DH association. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 8. |
- Fallahnejad, Mostafa, et al.
(författare)
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District heating potential in the EU-27 : Evaluating the impacts of heat demand reduction and market share growth
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 353:Part B
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a novel approach to modeling the gradual reduction in heat demand and the evolving expansion of district heating (DH) grids for assessing the DH potential in EU member states (MS). It introduces new methodological elements for modeling the impact of connection rates below 100% on heat distribution costs in both dense and sparse areas. The projected heat demand in 2050 is derived from a decarbonization scenario published by the EU, which would lead to a reduction in demand from 3128 TWh in 2020 to 1709 TWh by 2050. The proposed approach yields information on economic DH areas, DH potential, and average heat distribution costs. The results confirm the need to expand DH grids to maintain supply levels in view of decreasing heat demand. The proportion of DH potential from the total demand in the EU-27 rises from 15% in 2020 to 31% in 2050. The analysis of DH areas shows that 39% of the DH potential is in areas with heat distribution costs above 35 EUR/MWh, but most MS have average heat distribution costs between 28 and 32 EUR/MWh. The study reveals that over 40% of the EU's heat demand is in regions with high potential for implementing DH. © 2023 The Author(s)
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| 9. |
- Fattori, Fabrizio, et al.
(författare)
-
An open spatial optimisation model to assess economically sustainable national district heating potential
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Book of Abstracts : 7th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The economical sustainability of DH compared to individual heating systems depends on the cost of producing heat, transporting and distributing it. Assessing economically sustainable potential of district heating DH thus requires the ability to combine this costs, detecting the relative distance of sources and demands and the density of demand, comparing it to the alternative solution. In this work we present an open model, based on the Oemof modelling framework, which is able to take into account the possibility of connecting sources and demands on national scale level with a high spatial resolution. The model considers the investment and operating costs of production and distribution of heat in competition with the individual heating systems costs specific to each area. The end result is the most economically viable heat supply configuration, identifying the demand shares where the most cost-effective solutions are individual systems or DH and its composition in terms of energy sources. The model is part of the method used for the assessment of district heating potential in Italy. The latter is based on GIS maps of both energy demand, waste and renewable heat sources. Of the 114 TWh of potential demand for DH, 38 TWh are those that the optimisation suggests could be economically served by DH. The composition is mostly waste heat, 22 TWh, geothermal heat, 11 TWh and a minority of solar thermal, 2 TWh with 3 TWH of natural gas CHP back up.
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| 10. |
- Fleiter, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Documentation on excess heat potentials of industrial sites including open data file with selected potentials : D5.1
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Facilities of energy-intensive industries including those for the production of steel, cement, paper, glass, chemicals and others are spread across Europe. The combination of high flue gas temperatures, continuous operation and highly concentrated point sources make the excess heat from such industrial plants a very attractive source for district heating. Despite this, excess heat sources from industry are currently only rarely exploited and major potentials are being wasted. Here, we aim to contribute by providing the most detailed, comprehensive assessment of the excess heat potentials available for Europe. More specifically, we aim to analyse the available excess heat from heavy industry in Europe and assess its suitability for use in district heating systems. Our approach uses GIS-based mapping of 1608 industrial sites in Europe combined with a process-specific assessment of their excess heat potential. The heat sources are then matched with data on heat demand density and existing as well as potential district heating networks. The scope of this analysis covers the major industrial excess heat sources (large heavy industry facilities) and the most important excess heat streams: flue gases. Our results show a total potential of 425 PJ of excess heat available at a temperature of 95°C, with 960 PJ available at a lower temperature (25°C). This equals about 4% and 9% of total industrial final energy demand in 2015, respectively. Matching this potential with a GIS analysis of heat demand densities and current district heating systems reveals that 151 PJ of excess heat could be used within a 10km range at a temperature of 95°C, which is compatible with most existing district heating systems. As district heat today has a total final energy consumption of 1,945 PJ, this means that about 8% of district heating in the EU28 could be supplied by excess heat sources from energy-intensive industries.
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| 11. |
- Gadd, Henrik, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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70 New Possibilities for District Heating
- 2024
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ongoing transformation in European district heating systems fromthe usage of fossil-based technologies to non-fossil heat supplies issummarised by a collection of 70 possibilities linked to decarbonisation.These possibilities are exemplified by 284 implemented, planned, orproposed cases. The 70 possibilities for decarbonised district heatinginclude using heat, connecting customers, moving heat, storing heat,removing carbon dioxide, and supplying heat together with somefeatures for the entire value chain, to heat usage from heat generation orrecycling. This collection of 70 possibilities is neither complete nor doesit contain any recommendations for the possibilities or advocate forspecific possibilities.The purpose of this project was to provide an extensive inventory ofdecarbonisation activities recently performed by district heating operators andother heat suppliers. These decarbonisation activities include the directsubstitution of heat obtained from the combustion of fossil fuels and indirectactions for obtaining more efficient district heating systems. These indirect actionsreduce costs and increase revenue, thereby improving the competitiveness ofdistrict heating. The time horizon, which is linked to the EU’s target for thereduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 55% compared to 1990 levels, is 2030.This inventory of early decarbonisation projects concerning district heatingsystems has revealed the following three key conclusions.First, decarbonisation activities can be divided into substituting and supportingpossibilities. Substituting possibilities in heat supply include linear supply fromrenewables, heat recycling from processes that generate excess heat, and non-fossilways of meeting peak heat demands during very cold days. The linear heat supplyis based on geothermal heat, solar heat, and electricity supply. Heat recycling ispossible from various processes related to biorefineries, hydrogen supply,petrochemical plants, electricity distribution, district cooling, data centres, batteryfactories, food supply chains, and sewage waters. Heat storage can make heatdelivery more independent of heat supply and provide additional opportunities toreduce peak loads. Supporting possibilities mainly comprise activities forobtaining lower temperatures in heat distribution networks to increase profitabilitywhen using low-temperature heat sources. These activities are performed whenconnecting customers, moving heat, and using heat. Another supporting activity isthe removal of biogenic carbon dioxide from the natural carbon cycle, although anappropriate international accounting system for its removal is still missing.Second, the decarbonisation possibilities of district heating systems differ fromthose of traditional systems based on fossil fuels. The availability ofdecarbonisation possibilities for district heating depends on local conditions,whereas fossil fuels are transported from available global resources and are usedworldwide. Hereby, decarbonised district heating systems will not be as uniformas traditional systems based on fossil fuels. The local conditions lower the degrees5of freedom for the implementation of substituting possibilities in existing buildingsand systems. Hence, it is important to adopt new methods for utilising the highestdegree of freedom possible in new buildings and systems.Third, the common denominators for the 70 identified possibilities are degrees offreedom for decarbonisation, action plans for achieving lower heat distributiontemperatures, the use of heat pumps for upgrading low-temperature supplies tomeet high-temperature demands, smart digitalisation options, clear supplyresponsibilities, favourable institutional frameworks, and digital planning models.These seven common denominators are efficient tools for obtaining decarbonisedand more efficient district heating systems in the future. These redesigned and newsystems will be somewhat different than traditional systems, which have beenbased on a district heating technology that was originally elaborated for systemsbased on fossil fuels.
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| 12. |
- Gadd, Henrik, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
70 nya möjligheter för fjärrvärme
- 2024
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den pågående omvandlingen av europeiska fjärrvärmesystem från användning av fossilbaserad teknik till icke-fossil värmeförsörjning sammanfattas med en utvald samling av 70 möjligheter kopplade till fossilfrihet. Dessa möjligheter exemplifieras med 284 genomförda, planerade eller föreslagna fall. De 70 möjligheterna för koldioxidfri fjärrvärme omfattar att använda värme, ansluta kunder, flytta värme, lagra värme, avskilja koldioxid och tillföra värme tillsammans med några aspekter för hela värdekedjan till värmeanvändning från värmeåtervinning eller värmegenerering. Uppsättningen av 70 möjligheter är varken komplett eller innehåller några rekommendationer för vilka möjligheter som bör användas. Syftet med detta projekt har varit att tillhandahålla en omfattande inventering av tidiga aktiviteter för att erhålla fossilfri fjärrvärme som nyligen utförts av fjärrvärmeföretag eller andra värmeaktörer. Dessa aktiviteter omfattar både direkt substitution av värme som tidigare erhållits från förbränning av fossila bränslen och stödjande indirekta åtgärder för att erhålla mer effektiva fjärrvärmesystem. Dessa stödjande åtgärder minskar kostnaderna eller ökar intäkterna som förbättrar fjärrvärmens konkurrenskraft. Tidshorisonten har varit 2030, kopplat till EU:s mål för minskning av växthusgasutsläppen med 55 % jämfört med 1990 års utsläpp. Denna inventering av tidiga projekt för fossilfri fjärrvärme har givit följande tre viktiga slutsatser. För det första, aktiviteter för fossilfri fjärrvärme kan delas in i ersättande och stödjande möjligheter. Ersättande möjligheter i värmeförsörjningen inkluderar linjär försörjning från förnybar energi, värmeåtervinning från processer som genererar restvärme och icke-fossila sätt att möta spetsbehov under mycket kalla dagar. Den linjära värmeförsörjningen baseras på geotermisk värme, solvärme och eltillförsel. Nya aktiviteter för värmeåtervinning är möjliga från många olika samhällsprocesser, såsom bioraffinaderier, vätgasförsörjning, petrokemiska anläggningar, eldistribution, fjärrkyla, datacenter, batterifabriker, livsmedelsförsörjning och avloppsvatten. Värmelager kan göra värmeleveransen mer oberoende av värmetillförseln, vilket också ger ytterligare möjligheter att minska spetsbelastningar. Stödjande möjligheter innehåller främst aktiviteter för att erhålla lägre temperaturer i värmedistributionsnät, vilket ökar lönsamheten vid användning av lågtempererade värmekällor. Dessa aktiviteter utförs när man använder värme, ansluter kunder och flyttar värme. En planerad stödaktivitet är också avskiljning av biogen koldioxid från det naturliga kolkretsloppet, även om ett lämpligt internationellt ersättningssystem för detta fortfarande saknas. För det andra, karaktären hos möjligheterna till fossilfritt skiljer sig från de traditionella erfarenheterna baserade på fossila bränslen. Tillgången på möjligheter till fossilfritt beror på lokala förhållanden, medan fossila bränslen transporterades från tillgängliga globala resurser, vilket gav full frihet att använda fossila bränslen var som helst i världen. Härigenom kommer fossilfria fjärrvärmesystem inte bli så 4likartade som traditionella fjärrvärmesystem var med fossila bränslen. De lokala förutsättningarna för fossilfri fjärrvärme ger något lägre frihetsgrader för implementering av ersättande möjligheter i befintliga byggnader eller system. Därför är det viktigt för framtiden att utnyttja den högre frihetsgrad som är möjlig i nya byggnader och system genom att använda nya metoder mm. För det tredje, de gemensamma nämnarna för de 70 identifierade möjligheterna är antal frihetsgrader för fossilfrihet, handlingsplaner för att erhålla lägre temperaturer i värmedistributionsnät, olika sätt att använda värmepumpar för att uppgradera låga framtemperaturer för att tillgodose högre temperaturbehov hos kunderna, möjliga smarta digitaliseringsalternativ, tydliga leveransansvar, gynnsamma institutionella ramar samt digitala planeringsverktyg. Dessa sju gemensamma nämnare är effektiva verktyg för att få mer effektiva fossilfria fjärrvärmesystem, eftersom den traditionella fjärrvärmetekniken en gång i tiden utformades för system baserade på användning av fossila bränslen.
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| 13. |
- Lichtenwöhrer, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Report on decarbonisation design-approaches based on urban typologies : Deliverable D2.5
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report identifies different typology-based approaches and methods for decarbonising the energy sector of cities. Respectively, typologies were evaluated, and design approaches were developed. In a first step, already existing typologies were evaluated, including a study by the Technical University of Darmstadt and examples from the City of Vienna. In a next step, conceivable structuring criteria and decarbonisation approaches from existing work within the DCP project were identified and summarised. These include structuring criteria such as heat demand density, renewable energy sources or types of refurbishment activities. On this basis, a new typology was developed. Five highly weighted criteria could be derived from the results of the expert survey, including structural energy efficiency, coverage of district heating, potential for renewable sources, potential for waste heat and heat demand density. These criteria formed the basis for the development of the novel typology. The first typology represents areas with high compatibility with highly weighted criteria, the third typology represents areas with comparably low compatibility, while the second typology is associated in between. Based on the developed typology, six design approaches were presented in this report. One short-term and one long-term approach for each typology include recommendations as well as concrete measures for strategic decision-making.
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| 14. |
- Lygnerud, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Handbook for increased recovery of urban excess heat
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this book is to consolidate information from low temperature waste heat recovery demonstration sites. Apart from technical validation, the ReUseHeat project has generated knowledge about the urban waste heat potential in Europe, main stakeholders and different business aspects. Five stakeholder groups are targeted. These are urban waste heat owners, District Heating (DH) companies, policy makers, investors and customers. In the first chapter of the book, the concept of urban waste heat is introduced and the urban waste heat potential in Europe is presented. Thereafter (chapter two), information on business aspects is provided (stakeholders, value chain, risks, contracts and business model characteristics). Chapter three showcases the demonstrator concepts (waste heat recovery from data centre, hospital, metro and awareness creation about urban waste heat recovery) and performance data. Throughout the writing of the handbook, it was identified that it is important to compare the cost of different heating alternatives, to facilitate customer decision making. Therefore, a model was derived to compare costs of heating alternatives. It is presented in chapter four. Urban waste heat recovery is news. It is therefore important that stakeholders are made aware of the possibility to use the locally available heat and to start collaborating in new ways. To ensure as much stakeholder engagement as possible, the writing process of this book encompassed a six-month stakeholder involvement process. The stakeholder input is presented in chapter five. In chapter six, thoughts on the future development of district energy, policy implications and major learnings from the project are presented. This book was written within the ReUseHeat project. The work on the book was initiated after the first out of five years of activity to ensure that the consortium would be engaged in its development and to capture the knowledge generated on an ongoing basis. The final version of the book was ready and placed on the ReUseHeat webpage in September 2022. The project webpage remains in operation until 2024. The book not only exists in digital format. 600 copies were also printed and distributed to relevant stakeholders. All partners of the consortium have contributed to the writing of the book.
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| 15. |
- Manz, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Decarbonizing District Heating in EU-27 + UK: How Much Excess Heat Is Available from Industrial Sites?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - Basel : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:3, s. 1439-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy‐intensive industries across the EU‐28 release unused heat into the environment. This excess heat can be utilized for district heating systems. However, this is the exception today, and the potential contribution to the decarbonization of district heating is not well quantified. An estimation of excess heat, based on industrial processes, and spatial matching to district heating areas is necessary. We present a georeferenced industrial database with annual production and excess heat potentials at different temperature levels matched with current and possible district heating areas. Our results show a total potential of 960 PJ/a (267 TWh/a) of excess heat when the exhaust gases are cooled down to 25 °C, with 47% of the 1.608 studied industrial sites inside or within a 10 km distance of district heating areas. The calculated potentials reveal that currently 230 PJ/a (64 TWh/a) of excess heat is available for district heating areas, about 17% of todayʹs demand of buildings for district heating. In the future, widespread and low‐temperature district heating areas increase the available excess heat to 258 PJ/a (72 TWh/a) at 55°C or 679 PJ/a (189 TWh/a) at 25°C. We show that industrial excess heat can substantially contribute to decarbonize district heating, however, the major share of heat will need to be supplied by renewables. © by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 16. |
- Meunier, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Cost and capacity analysis for representative EU energy grids depending on decarbonisation scenarios : D4.4
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work studies the transformation of energy grids of the European Union (EU) in the frame of the energy transition. Three energy grid types are considered namely the electricity, thermal and gas grids. Regarding electricity grids, we investigate the required reinforcements of the low-voltage networks (e.g. replacing the distribution transformer by one of higher nominal power, replacing cables by cables of larger cross-section) in order to integrate residential low-carbon technologies such as heat pumps, photovoltaic systems and electric vehicles. To do so, we develop a methodology for the quantification of EU low-voltage grid reinforcement costs following residential low-carbon technologies integration. This methodology uses urbanisation data to determine the share of dwellings in rural and urban areas in EU28 countries (EU27 + United Kingdom). It is also based on a model that quantifies the grid reinforcement cost as a function of the low-carbon technologies integration scenario for representative rural and urban grids. This model is composed of three sub-models, namely the dwelling, grid and economic models. We also collected data from 24 open access grids (i.e. grids of which the specifications are freely accessible online) and 23 scientific articles and reports to determine the parameter values of the grid and economic models for EU28 countries. Finally, we provide example applications that illustrate the methodology by computing the grid reinforcement costs from heat pumps and photovoltaic systems integration in Belgium and Italy. Results indicate that, in the largest majority of cases, both for Belgian and Italian grids, the reinforcement cost per dwelling remains below 350 € per dwelling (total cost for the whole lifespan of 33 years). The only case where more significant reinforcement costs occurred (> 350 €/dwelling and up to 1150 €/dwelling) is for the Belgian rural grid with heat pump integration rates larger than 40%. When it comes to thermal grids, we investigate the deployment of district heating, a heat supply technology that by its fundamental idea incorporates energy efficiency and thus can trigger important greenhouse gas emissions reduction. For this purpose, we proposed an approach to map the cost of thermal grids deployment per heat demand unit in the EU. This approach is based on the concept of representative thermal grids which corresponds to a principal equation that defines the distribution capital costs as the ratio of empirically derived specific investments costs and the linear heat density. In the sEEnergies project, this concept is expanded to comprise better cost models based on actual district heating network layouts at the spatial resolution of 1 hectare. While in the Heat Roadmap Europe project, the variables were generated only for the 14 EU Member States with largest annual volumes of building heat demands, the present approach covers all EU27 Member States plus United Kingdom. In this deliverable, we focus on the current year, while the deliverable 4.5 focuses on the future years. Regarding gas grids, we present the key technical and economic characteristics of the existing gas grids and storages in the EU28 countries. We focus not only on infrastructure for natural gas but also for biogas, biomethane, syngas and hydrogen, which could play an important role in the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions. This techno-economic review provides important information to assess the cost of retrofitting and developing gas grids depending on the decarbonisation scenarios.
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| 17. |
- Moreno, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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The European Waste Heat Map
- 2022
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Annan publikation (karta/atlas) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- ReUseHeat partners Halmstad University and Aalborg University have mapped European Union’s urban waste heat potential in a new map named the European Waste Heat Map (UK included). This unique tool displays all low-grade heat sources available in cities and includes also industrial waste heat and heat from waste incineration plants. Last update 2022-05-31.
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| 18. |
- Möller, Bernd, et al.
(författare)
-
An empirical high-resolution geospatial model of future population distribution for assessing heat demands
- 2021
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future population distribution informs decisions on investment in district heating. Across Europe, demographic change has been associated with structural changes of the past. Trends towards urban or rural migration, urban sprawl or the depopulation of city centers will continue. Using gridded population data since 1990, past development is mapped using spatial disaggregation to grid cells by intensity of urban development. An empirical method proposed captures increment of population in each grid cell and relates it to the focal statistics of the cell neighbourhood. A positive population trend in populated cells leads to a future population increase and a spill over into new development areas, while a negative trend leads to lower future population. New areas are modelled based on the principles of proximity and similarity using neighbourhood trends and land cover suitability, adjusted to national and regional population trends. The result is a set of future 1-hectare population grids, which have been used to model the distribution of future heat demands. The distribution of heat demand densities, the zoning of heat supply, and the potential for individual heat pumps have been modelled. Results show that reductions of heat demands and demographic developments leave a window of opportunities to develop heating infrastructures with known technology in the present decade, after which 4th Generation District Heat technology is required to decarbonise the heating sector.
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| 19. |
- Möller, Bernd, et al.
(författare)
-
Heat Roadmap Europe : Towards EU-Wide, local heat supply strategies
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 177, s. 554-564
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper describes a quantitative method for preparing local heat supply strategies. Detailed spatial data on heat demand and supply are generated using combined top-down and bottom-up modelling for 14 member states of the European Union, which constitute 91% of its heat demand in buildings. Spatial analysis is used for zoning of heat supply into individual and collective heating. Continuous cost curves are used to model economically feasible district heating shares within prospective supply districts. Excess heat is appraised and allocated to prospective district heating systems by means of a two-stage network allocation process. Access to renewable energy sources such as geothermal, large-scale solar thermal, as well as sustainable biomass, is analysed. The result is a comprehensive and detailed set of heat supply strategies in a spatially discrete manner. The findings indicate that in the 14 European Union member states, up to 71% of building heat demand in urban areas can be met with district heating. Of this, up to 78% can be covered with excess heat, while the remainder can be covered with low enthalpy renewable energy sources. The conclusion shows the possibility of a largely de-carbonised heat sector as part of a smart energy system for Europe. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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| 20. |
- Möller, Bernd, et al.
(författare)
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Online web map application and first set of map layers : D5.3
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present report describes in overview how the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (Peta) was developed further into a spatial information system for the geography of energy efficiency potentials in the building, transport, and industry sectors, as well as the associated infrastructures. The resulting online atlas allows for visualisation of energy efficiency potentials between sectors in a common mapping environment. The additions and updates to the Pan-European Thermal Atlas (originally developed for the Heat Roadmap Europe projects) into a cross-sectoral mapping platform necessitated updates to the data layers, the layout, and the documentation. Layers with heat demand data from the building sector were updated, now to include all of the EU28, while a new map layer depicting the possible reduction of specific heat demand in buildings, as a measure of the current energy efficiency potential in this sector, is currently under development but not yet part of this deliverable (see sections 2.2 and 2.4 for further information). This new layer will be added to Peta 5.0.1 as soon as possible. For the transport and industry sectors, current year energy efficiency potentials were possible to assess and map in the present context. In the transport sector, findings were translated into geographical distributions of potentials and materialise as a set of geospatial map layers. In the industrial sector, energy efficiency in industry has been quantified partly for on-site energy savings, partly for off-site excess heat recovery in district heating systems, and the results have been turned into geographical representations in the form of energy efficiency surfaces. The Peta online mapping system is prepared to include further layers from future deliverables, such as thermal, gas, and electrical grids. Finally, the mapping of future scenarios will be made available using the present online mapping environment.
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| 21. |
- Möller, Bernd, et al.
(författare)
-
Spatial models and spatial analytics results : D5.7
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present report accounts for the spatial models of energy efficiency and the geospatial analysis carried out to quantify and locate energy efficiency potentials across sectors. In the building sector, future heat demands on national scales are being distributed using the age class of built-up areas and innovative models of future population distribution. District heat distribution capital costs combined with heat demand densities allow for the assessment of economic potentials of future district heating. Efficiency potentials in the transport and industrial sectors have been associated to locations, and transmission infrastructures have been mapped. Combining all these aspects, spatial analytics help understanding the opportunities and constraints that arise from the geography of energy systems. Energy efficiency in the three sectors has been mapped at different scales. Cost curves for district heating have been prepared for member states. For use in energy systems analysis, a matrix has been developed that relates energy efficiency in buildings and district heating potentials. Areas of interest for the conversion of natural gas to district heating have been mapped, combining present gas use with infrastructural aspects. Local potentials of district heating have been quantified for almost 150,000 settlements, and potential heat sources from industrial and wastewater treatment plants as well as locally available renewable energy sources have been allocated to potential district heating areas. Finally, to visualise and compare energy efficiency across sectors, technologies, and countries, the sEEnergies Index shows local potentials for improving energy efficiency and utilising synergies in all settlements of the EU27 plus the UK. In conclusion, the report documents how dissemination can be facilitated using the online geospatial information and mapping applications prepared in the sEEnergies Project.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Pelda, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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District heating atlas - Analysis of the German district heating sector
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 233
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents the preliminary results of the District Heating Atlas, an online tool to collect and visualize key metrics of district heating systems in Germany. Since the scarce available public information on district heating systems is widely spread and not accessible via central data, the District Heating Atlas shall be the platform to enter and call up information centrally. With its online platform it provides a user interface where relevant information can be entered and system components of the currently recorded 82 district heating systems can be compared. So far, nearly 50% of the thermal energy fed into district heating is covered by the District Heating Atlas. The analysis shows that the data availability is more than 60% for five of the ten key metrics recorded. On the one hand, missing correlations between the key metrics show the diversity of the district heating systems and make it difficult to formulate general valid statements that could help to calculate missing data. On the other hand, this means that district heating systems are very diverse in their structure and thus offer versatile potential for sector coupling. In addition, district heating systems must be individually optimised in order to best utilize their potential for flexibility for the entire energy system. Finally, the first comparisons with information from the biggest district heating association in Germany show a high match with the currently collected data set. ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 26. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Accessible urban waste heat : Deliverable 1.4
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents the work performed in Task T1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban excess heat recovery potential from four unconventional excess heat sources: data centres, metro stations, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report presents in overview and detail the concepts, data, basic premises, and methods, used to produce the results from this work. In all, excess heat potentials are modelled and spatially mapped for a total of some 26,400 unique activities, but by application of two new concepts: available excess heat and accessible excess heat, by which total potentials are distinguished from practical utilisation potentials, a significantly reduced count of some 6800 unique facilities represent the final cut. Common for these facilities are that they all are located inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas. For the total count of activities, the full available excess heat potential is assessed at some 1.56 EJ per year. At the restrained conditions, thus representing a conservative estimate, the final available excess heat potential from the four unconventional sources is estimated at 0.82 EJ per year, which here corresponds to a final accessible excess heat potential anticipated at 1.24 EJ annually.
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| 27. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Accessible urban waste heat (Revised version) : Deliverable D1.4
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents the revised work performed in Task T1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban excess heat recovery potential from seven unconventional excess heat sources: data centres, metro stations, food production facilities, food retail stores, residential sector buildings, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report presents in overview and detail the concepts, data, basic premises, and methods, used to produce the results from this work. In all, excess heat potentials are modelled and spatially mapped for a total of some 70,800 unique activities, but by application of two new concepts: available excess heat and accessible excess heat, by which total potentials are distinguished from practical utilisation potentials, a significantly reduced count of some 27,700 unique facilities represent the final cut. Common for these facilities are that they all are located inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas. For the total count of activities, the full available excess heat potential is assessed at some 1.84 EJ per year. At the restrained conditions, thus representing a conservative estimate, the final available excess heat potential from the seven unconventional sources is estimated at 0.96 EJ per year, which here corresponds to a final accessible excess heat potential anticipated at 1.41 EJ annually.
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| 28. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
D1.9 : Report on the amounts of urban waste heat accessible in the EU28. Update of deliverable 1.4
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents the updated and final results from the work performed in Task 1.2 of the ReUseHeat project to assess the accessible EU28 urban waste heat recovery potential from seven unconventional waste heat sources: data centres, metro stations, food production facilities, food retail stores, residential sector buildings, service sector buildings, and waste water treatment plants. The report focusses on recent data and model updates for the EU28 in total (EU27 plus the United Kingdom), as well as for the project demonstration sites, while less focus is directed towards the original methods and approaches developed for these models; all of which have been described in previous accounts. In terms of data updates, monitoring data from demonstration site operations and public responses to our online project questionnaire on real-world urban waste heat recovery initiatives, are presented and evaluated in overview summary. Regarding model updates, the assessments of urban waste heat potentials from data centres and metro stations have been refreshed by use of new underlying input data, by the configuration of existing and the addition of new model parameters, as well as by reference to later year energy statistics. For the modelling of the total EU28 potential, utilising a dataset for the geographical representation of current urban district heating areas more detailed than the previous one, renders by spatial analytics, under the same “inside or within 2 kilometres of urban district heating areas” default setting as used before, an updated and more accurate assessment of the distances and the vicinity by which low-grade urban waste heat sources are located relative current demand locations. We maintain in this report also our application of the two concepts “available” waste heat and “accessible” waste heat, which, in combination with spatial constraints, are used to distinguish between resource potentials and utilisation potentials. For the total count of activities elaborated in this update (70,862 unique point-source activities compared to the original 70,771), the total available waste heat potential is assessed at some 1849 petajoule per year (~514 terawatt-hours), compared to the original 1842 petajoule per year. At the default spatial constraint setting, the final available waste heat potential is estimated at ~800 petajoule per year (~222 terawatt-hours) from a thus reduced subset of 22,756 unique point-source locations (960 petajoule per year from 27,703 unique facilities in the original), which here corresponds to a final accessible EU28 waste heat utilisation potential anticipated at 1173 petajoule (~326 terawatt-hours) annually (previous assessment at 1410 petajoule annually). For improved dissemination and exploitation of project results, a new web map; the European Waste Heat Map, has been developed and made available at the ReUseHeat project web page where point source data from this work may be viewed and shared. © The Authors.
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| 29. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
District heating investment costs and allocation of local resources for EU28 in 2030 and 2050 : D4.5
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Efficiency in the heat sector and the built environment can be achieved by building retrofits, the replacement of buildings, and the development of district heating as a means of structural energy efficiency. Hereby, excess heat and low-grade renewable heat sources can be integrated in the heat sector. The present report describes the future heat sector of Europe from end-use via infrastructure to heat sources. Future heat demands on national level have been modelled by sEEnergies project partners. In the present work, these demands are being distributed to future urban areas. Population forecasts have been combined with local empirical data to new 100m resolution population grids. They form the basis for the calculation of heat demands for the years 2030 and 2050 on the same geographical level. Potential areas, where district heating could be developed, have been zoned as prospective supply districts (PSDs) and basic statistics of heat demand have been calculated. Then, based on empirical district heating network data from existing district heating networks in Denmark, a new investment cost model for distribution and service pipes has been developed. Based on previous work in the Heat Roadmap Europe research project, the cost model has been improved with a better understanding of the concept of effective width. With the integration of country-specific construction cost data this results in an improved district heat distribution capital cost model for all Member States of the European Union plus the United Kingdom. The spatially explicit combination of district heat potentials and costs results in cost-supply curves for all countries as the basis for the assessment of the economic potential of future district heating. Finally, available excess heat sources from industry, waste incineration, wastewater treatment plants, and current powerplant locations are being allocated to prospective supply districts. Renewable heat potentials, including deep geothermal heat, solar thermal heat, and residual, local biomass, have also been assigned to these prospective heat supply areas. The results of the present work have been published as a web map.
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| 30. |
|
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| 31. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
H/C outlook 2050 of cities with cross-city synthesis : Deliverable D2.6 (Edited version)
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is the second out of three consecutive accounts of a coherent methodological framework developed in the EU Horizon 2020 project Decarb City Pipes 2050 to define heating and cooling decarbonisation design approaches for cities based on urban typologies. The first and third accounts are, respectively, the deliverable reports D2.5 (Decarbonisation design-approaches based on urban typologies) and D2.7 (Recommendations for cities' H/C supplies & demands in 2050). The framework has been developed by identifying possible thematic synergies between the objectives of the concerned deliverables, by combining different method elements, and by organising a collaborative work strategy among the involved project partners. This report presents, in overview and detail, the input data synonymously used within the framework for the determination of urban typologies, for the modelling and mapping of heating and cooling outlooks for 2050, for the quantification of a cross-city synthesis, as well as for formulating recommendations for cities´ heating and cooling demands and supplies in 2050. The study focusses on the urban areas of seven European project cities (Bilbao (ES), Bratislava (SK), Dublin (IE), Munich (DE), Rotterdam (NL), Vienna (AT), Winterthur (CH)), for which EU-scoped, publicly available input data, to the extent possible, has been gathered according to ten structuring criteria parameters. Heating and cooling outlooks for 2050 are established for each project city based on the used input data and illustrated in the form of tables, graphs, and maps, and constitute the first element of a quantitative cross-city synthesis (city comparison). The second element (city ranking) is facilitated by application of a multi-criteria decision model, which here consists of combining the Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS).
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| 32. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Heat Roadmap Europe : Heat distribution costs
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 176, s. 604-622
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This analysis elaborates further the concept of physical and economic suitability for district heating in EU28 by an aggregation regarding key dimensions such as land areas, populations, heat demands, and investment volumes. This aggregation is based on a resolution on hectare level by slicing the total land area into 437 million pieces. Results show that heat demands in buildings are present in 9% of the land area. Because of high concentrations in towns and cities, 78% of the total heat demand in buildings originate from dense urban areas that constitute 1.4% of the total land area and 70% of the population. Due to these high heat densities above 50 MJ/m2 per year, the paper evaluates a setting where district heating is individually expanded in each member state for reaching a common 50% heat market proportion in EU28 at lowest cost. At this saturation rate, the aggregated EU28 district heat deliveries would increase to 5.4 EJ/a at current heat demands and represents an expansion investment volume, starting from current level of 1.3 EJ, of approximately 270 billion euro for heat distribution pipes. Given the current high heat densities in European urban areas, this study principally confirms earlier expectations by quantitative estimations. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
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| 33. |
|
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| 34. |
- Persson, Urban, Dr. 1961-
(författare)
-
Peace, Love and District Heating
- 2021
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- • District heating– Enabling infrastructures for energy efficiency– Future smart energy systems• The climate challenge– If the rhetoric is true, change is needed!• The human predicament– Bellum omnium contra omnes– Tabula rasa and the empirical paradox– Das ding an sich and the deepest thought• Transition principles– Resignation and the end of all wars– Compassion, the only act with moral worth• Conclusion– Peace, love and district heating
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| 35. |
- Persson, Urban, 1961-
(författare)
-
Realise the Potential! : Cost Effective and Energy Efficient District Heating in European Urban Areas
- 2011
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Member States of EU27 need to accelerate the integration of energy efficient technology solutions to reach the 20% energy efficiency target set for 2020. At current pace, projections indicate that only half of expected primary energy reductions will be reached. To meet the energy demands of growing populations and a vibrant economy, while simultaneously reducing primary energy supplies, the European continent faces a new kind of challenge never previously encountered. The identification and application of feasible, competitive, and comprehensive solutions to this problem are of highest priority if the remaining gap is to be closed in time. How is this multi-dimensional and complex dilemma to be dissolved? In this work, expanded use of district heating technology is conceived as a possible solution to substantially reduce future primary energy demands in Europe. By extended recovery and utilisation of vast volumes of currently disregarded excess heat from energy and industry sector fuel transformation processes, district heating systems and combined generation of heat and power can improve the general efficiency of the European energy balance. To investigate the possible range of this solution, this thesis introduces a set of methodologies, theoretical concepts, and model tools, by which a plausible future excess heat utilisation potential, by means of district heat deliveries to residential and service sectors, is estimated. At current conditions and compared to current levels, this potential correspond to a threefold expansion possibility for directly feasible district heating systems in European urban areas and a fourfold increase of European excess heat utilisation.
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| 36. |
- Saini, Puneet, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the Potential for Solar District Heating with Pit Thermal Energy Storage in Sweden
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Sustainable Energy Conference - Proceedings. - : TIB Open Publishing (Technische Informationsbibliothek).
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden was among the first countries to install solar thermal plants for district heating (DH) as early as in 1970s. However, in recent years, the focus on solar DH installations has shifted primarily to Denmark and Germany, with only one recent installation reported in Sweden. Nonetheless, due to changes in the overall heating market, the use of large-scale storage (both with and without solar heat) is becoming increasingly important. Despite significant advancements in adopting DH systems, the combination of solar DH with PTES is not well studied from Swedish context. The economic and geological prerequisites for the deployment of PTES remain largely unexplored. This paper explores the integration of large-scale solar thermal systems into DH networks in Sweden, particularly highlighting the feasibility and potential of pit thermal energy storage (PTES) systems. Through findings from a national project, this paper assesses the techno-economic-geological viability of PTES alongside solar thermal collectors, providing insights into the project’s methodological approach and initial findings.
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| 37. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Closer Look at the Effective Width for District Heating Systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 153-153
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- District heating is an important technology for decarbonizing the heating supply in urban areas since it enables the recovery of waste heat that would otherwise be wasted and the cost-effective utilization of renewable heat. Nonetheless, the current general extent of these systems in Europe is very low, hence the need for simple methods and parameters to estimate their cost and feasibility on a large scale. One of these cost parameters is the Effective Width, which enables a first order approximation of the total pipe length in a given area. This concept, in conjunction with the average pipe diameter in the area, permits the determination of the network’s capital cost. However, previous research of Effective Width has relied on a small set of cases and has not contemplated service pipes. Therefore, there is need for a closer look and a deeper understanding of the underlying phenomena that influences this parameter. This study has analysed several Scandinavian District Heating Systems in detail and provides new evidence on the relation between Effective Width and the urban environment for both distribution and service pipes.
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| 38. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Further investigations on the Effective Width for district heating systems
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energy Reports. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 2352-4847. ; 7:Suppl. 4, s. 351-358
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- District Heating is a cornerstone for the decarbonisation of the heating and cooling sector in Europe. Nonetheless, this technology is currently absent in a majority of the continent’s urban areas, and hence the need for appropriate methods by which to estimate the cost, as well as underlying cost parameters, to assess the feasibility of developing district heating networks is of general interest. One key underlying cost parameter, the concept of Effective Width, which is the ratio between a land area and the trench length within that land area, is the focus quantity of this work. Effective Width enables a first order assessment of the total route length of pipes in a given urban area and, together with the average diameter of the pipes, allows an estimation of the investment cost of installing district heating pipes. However, initial implementations of the Effective Width have been based on rather limited empirical evidence, such as a small set of cases and often disregarding service pipes due to lack of data. Another shortcoming of previous studies is the extrapolation of established relations into more sparsely populated areas. By assembly of a richer database, which contains building data, heat consumption data in the supplied areas, as well as actual network information (numerical and geographical), provided by several district heating companies in Denmark and Sweden, the objectives of this study are twofold: first, to improve the general understanding of Effective Width and its relation to building density, and secondly, to study the particular case of sparse areas. The results of this study provide new insight to enhance our understanding of the Effective Width concept which may facilitate better assessments of future district heating systems. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 39. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
sEEnergies special report : Construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in Germany.This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible. This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. The results for Germany show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation, and whilst the most urban districts (kreise) could reach penetration rates above 70% for a marginal cost of 20 €/MWh, the least dense would fall below 10% of the heat demand.
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| 40. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
sEEnergies special report : Construction costs of new district heating networks in France
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report aims to present the results of the work carried out within the sEEnergies project pertaining to estimating construction costs of new district heating networks in France.This project has followed a similar methodology to Heat Roadmap Europe when estimating the costs of district heating systems. Nonetheless, several improvements have been introduced to attain more realistic results. On the one hand, it has been carried out a detailed geographic analysis of two large Danish networks so the necessary pipe length can be better appraised. Moreover, both the distribution network and service pipes have been taken into consideration. On the other hand, pipe construction cost data from each country has been used to the maximum extent possible. This part of the project has only focused on the pipe network and has not taken into account other elements for the development of a district heating system, such as heat supply plants or the connections to the heat demands via a substation. The results for France show that the country has a significant potential for District Heating expansion. Approximately a quarter of the total heat demand (28%) could be supplied with a cost lower than 20 €/MWh and nearly half of the heat demand (47%) would be economically viable with a higher marginal cost of 30 €/MWh. Nonetheless, there is significant regional variation. For instance, for a marginal cost threshold of 20 €/MWh, Paris could cover nearly the entire heat demand and the other départements of the petite couronne de París, could reach penetration rates above 70%. On the contrary, the 12 least dense départements would not be able to deliver more than 10% of the heat demand, having the département of Vendée the lowest potential with merely 3%.
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| 41. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Techno-economical possibilities and system correlations : D2.3
- 2021
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This deliverable has a twofold objective. Partly to compliment the parallel deliverable 2.2 report “Draft recommendations for H/C outlook 2050”, and partly to identify and describe different possibilities and combinations for participating cities to explore, with respect to technical and economic strengths and weaknesses of the different low-carbon H/C supply choices available for (dense) urban areas.
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| 42. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding effective width for district heating
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Energy. - London : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 277
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- District heating is one of the technologies that can contribute to the decarbonisation of the European heat sector. Nonetheless, these infrastructures only deliver about a tenth of the heat demands in the continent. Therefore, it is essential to assess the expansion potential of these systems and to identify which areas should be target for further investigations, which calls for easy-to-use and straightforward methods such as Persson & Werner's network capital cost model. Pivotal parameters of the model are the effective width, a metric of trench length by land area, alongside the average pipe diameter and the linear heat density. This study has carried out an in-depth analysis of these crucial parameters with respect to both distribution and service pipes in a large Danish district heating network, which has allowed to explore the behaviour of effective width in a broad range of building densities and derive new equations for both effective width and average pipe diameter. The model has subsequently been validated in another large network in Denmark and several minor districts in the same country, showing the accuracy of the model on an aggregated level. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 43. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
-
Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates : Benefits and barriers of ultra-low cold and warm temperature networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: 8th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems: 13-14 September 2022. - Aalborg. ; , s. 186-186
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decarbonization of the heat supply and the achievement of a higher energy security calls for the substitution of conventional fossil fuel boilers by other means of heat supply. In dense urban areas, where the pipe network cost is proportionally lower, district heating can be an attractive solution for this goal. If there is a possibility to recover heat that would otherwise be wasted or produce renewable heat centrally in a more economic manner, this can be a very cost-effective solution for decarbonising the heat supply. Networks for district heating have traditionally distributed heat at a temperature sufficiently high to virtually all consumers. In cold district networks , the network is maintained at close to ambient temperature (10-30°C), and require the heat to be boosted at the consumer level. Cold networks have drawn plenty of research attention thanks to several advantages such as their capacity to provide with the same network both heating and cooling or using more economic piping. Nonetheless, comparisons between the two technologies have been seldom performed in the literature. This study has aimed to fill this gap and has drawn an economic comparison between these two solutions in a case study for the city of Bilbao, which presents a mild oceanic climate but features a very dense urban fabric.
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| 44. |
- Sánchez-García, Luis, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Viability of district heating networks in temperate climates : Benefits and barriers of cold and warm temperature networks
- 2023
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg. ; , s. 280-281
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decarbonization of the heat supply and the attainment of a higher security of supply demand the transition towards zero-carbon heating solutions. In dense urban environments, where the construction cost of a pipe network is relatively low, heating and cooling networks can deliver heating and cooling at a lower cost compared to individual solutions. This paper builds on prior research by these authors mapping heating and cooling energy use in Bilbao, Spain, a city characterised by mild oceanic climate and a dense urban pattern. Areas within the city where heating and cooling networks could be more feasible have been identified taking into account the building stock characteristics and energy use, together with other urban and resource parameters, and a city district has been selected for further study. Warm networks deliver heat at a sufficiently high temperature to be directly used by the consumers whereas cold networks employ lower temperatures, thus requiring heat pumps at the consumers premises. Research has highlighted as advantages of this newer configuration the possibility of delivering both heating and cooling with the same network, the lower capital costs of these networks and negligible heat losses. Nonetheless, comparisons between the two technologies have been seldom performed in the literature. In this paper, an economic comparison between these two solutions is presented for the selected district of Bilbao. Results show that cold networks require a lower investment in the actual network infrastructure but the distributed heat pumps increase the costs to a higher total CAPEX than in warm networks. Overall life cycle costs of heat are also slightly higher for cold networks than for warm networks. Other benefits and barriers for each of the solutions, for example regarding necessary space or speed and modularity of the implementation of the network are also discussed.
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| 45. |
- Spirito, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing district heating potential at large scale : Presentation and application of a spatially-detailed model to optimally match heat sources and demands
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - Oxford : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a newly developed methodology aimed at assessing at national level the techno-economic potential of district heating (DH) based on renewables and excess heat sources. The novelty of the model lies in the use of an optimization approach to match heat demand and heat sources at large scale level, while keeping a high degree of spatial detail. Areas suitable for DH adoption are identified by minimizing heat delivery costs, and therefore by choosing the most economical technology between district heating and the alternative individual solution. The optimization approach, usually applicable at limited analytical scope because of the computational burden, is here adapted to large scale analysis through the introduction of novel methodological elements with which the network topology is simulated nationwide. The methodology applies to preliminarily identified maps of available heat sources and eligible heat demand, with the quantification of the latter including retrofitting and low connection rate scenarios. It then consists in two steps: connecting elements in a graph through triangulation and routing algorithms and optimizing connections to minimize the overall heat delivery costs, either by adopting district heating or individual heating systems. The whole methodology is based on open-source data and tools for broad applicability. The paper presents the elaborated methodology together with the application of the entire model to Italy. The outcome is a map of the potential district heating systems identified with significant spatial detail nationwide. A four-fold expansion is envisaged, covering 12% of the national heat demand with renewables- and excess heat- based district heating. © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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| 46. |
- Spirito, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Potential diffusion of renewable-based 3GDH and 4GDH assessment through energy mapping : a case study in Milano
- 2020
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 143-143
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This work aims at developing a potential analysis of the diffusion of renewable-based low temperature district heating systems, through the mapping of energy demand, renewable and waste heat sources using the Italian city of Milano as a demonstrative case study. This analysis starts from the question to seek what would be the future sustainability of district heating in the framework of the foreseen scenario of building refurbishment and consequent reduction of heat demand. District heating has proven to be a recognised way to efficiently distribute renewable energy in dense urban areas. But the feasibility of this energy system is questioned in case of low heat demand and scarce availability of waste heat sources. Milano is a densely populated city, with an intense energy demand, where district heating has a low market share (<10%), which leaves the important issue of sever air pollution and where there seems to be no availability of renewable energy source. This work has been developed together with the local DH utility in order to support the municipality in defining the priority measures to be implemented in the next years in the local Environmental Plan. The developed analysis shows that DH has a wide undeveloped potential in the city which could benefit of an important amount of renewables and waste heat recovery if the temperatures where decreased by benefitting in reality by a massive energy refurbishment. The results show that the development of renewable-based low temperature district heating is not an alternative nor in competition with building energy refurbishment, but complementary. The feasibility is based on a mapping of the available waste heat sources in the city namely, industrial sites, waste water treatment plants, metro stations, datacentres, and ground water wells. For a total residential demand of 8 TWh, results showed that 6 TWh could be technically potentially covered by DH, out of which 80% at same or lower distribution costs than the existing DH system in the city. Considering the future energy demand, an energy reduction scenario has been considered in accordance with the national energy strategy for 2050, which foresee the 60% of the building stock going through important energy refurbishment. The estimated energy needs for this fraction of refurbished building stock amounts to 5 TWh out of which 2 TWh can be fed by low temperature plastic network at the same distribution costs of current 3GDH. In parallel to this reduction of energy needs, the reduction of temperature characterizing 4GDH systems opens the door to a wider set of low temperature heat recovery: the outcomes of the mapping and quantification of low temperature heat sources shows a potential of 4.5 TWh of recoverable heat in the city which increases to 5.2 considering also the surrounding suburbs. The outcomes of this works confirm the results of Stratego projects which identified the nut region surrounding Milano has a heat synergy regions and it emphasize this results by showing the effect of widening the range of heat sources by lowering the demand of network.
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| 47. |
- Spirito, Giulia, et al.
(författare)
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Potential Diffusion of Renewables-Based DH Assessment through Clustering and Mapping : A Case Study in Milano
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - Basel, Switzerland : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 14:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims at developing a methodology for the assessment of district heating (DH) potential through the mapping of energy demand and waste heat sources. The presented method is then applied to the Metropolitan City of Milano as a case study in order to investigate the current and, especially, the future sustainability of DH with the foreseen building refurbishment and consequent heat demand reduction. The first step is the identification of the areas the most interesting from a heat density and an economic point of view through a clustering algorithm, in which lies the main novelty of the work. The potential is then assessed by investigating their synergy with the available heat sources, which are mapped and analyzed in terms of recoverable thermal energy and costs. In future scenarios with foreseen heat demand reduction, low-temperature networks and excess heat sources are considered, such as metro stations and datacenters, together with the conventional sources, such as thermoelectric plants. The outcomes prove that lower heat demand corresponds to higher network costs with consequently reduced district heating potential but also prove that the properties of low-temperature district heating can potentially compensate for the drop in its cost-effectiveness. Another interesting finding is that the renovation of buildings in an area should be not performed evenly but with criteria; for instance, in synergy with DH diffusion. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 48. |
- Wiechers, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Documentation and dataset from the analysis and mapping of cities with similar topography and demography and the relation to energy efficient transport and mobility : D5.2
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- With regard to transportation and mobility, the quantification of energy efficiency potentials of modal shifts and reduced transport volumes by changed and reduced movement of goods and persons requires a likewise quantitative database of current geographical properties of settlements and their spatial relationships... Based on the approach of Urban Morphological Zones, a novel method was devised, which delineates individual settlements. From small villages to large metropolitan areas, a total number of about 150,000 urban areas were mapped across Europe... Moreover, these so-called Urban Areas were enriched with attributes containing population, population densities, topographical properties such as slope, and climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. Several among these aspects are thought to describe quantitatively the context which influences the relevance and the impact of policy measures and spatial solutions for energy efficiency improvements in the transport sector. Urban Areas were characterised by their population size, and grouped in five classes, for the definition of a hierarchy between these Urban Areas. For the assessment of energy efficiency potentials regarding the transport volumes in inter-urban transportation between settlements, the distances from each Urban Area to its nearest higher-order settlements were calculated. In this way, hierarchical relationships were established for all Urban Areas, so that for each settlement, smaller and larger neighbour settlements and their proximity are known. For studies on urban transport, intra-urban distances were modelled by means of population weighted distances from populated areas to the identified urban centres. For the analysis of temporal developments of urban mobility, data for the years 1990, 2000 and 2015 were generated, which include population, populated area as well as intra-urban distances for all Urban Areas. The resulting dataset will allow transport studies within the sEEnergies project at an extraordinary geographical scale and with a very detailed data base of Urban Areas, and their connections within a European transport system. © 2020 sEEnergies
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| 49. |
- Wiechers, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic layers that illustrate future energy efficiency potentials: Second set of map layers (future years scenarios for 2030 and 2050) : D5.5
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Pan-European Thermal Atlas Peta is an online visualization tool for spatial data. Version 5.1 was launched in 2020 with a first set of layers for the EU27+UK, which related to energy demands in the base year and first, intermediate project results regarding energy efficiency potentials. With the update to version 5.2, Peta was complemented with layers based on the scenarios studied in different sEEnergies tasks, completed after the launch of Peta 5.1. As a result, Peta 5.2 shows energy demand and energy efficiency data for residential and service sector buildings as well as for industry and transport for different scenarios, focusing on the status-quo and the scenario year 2050, while also containing 2030 data.Throughout the Heat Roadmap Europe projects, Peta has been developed as an information system for the heat sector. Its main content related to district heating grid investment costs, district heating area demarcations and supply options. The current version 5.2 features new layers that include future heat demands and district heating development costs for distribution and service pipe investment costs, as well as energy efficiency potentials of the industry and transport sectors.In a new layer group Peta 5.2 presents the results of spatial analyses, for example the allocation of excess heat to urban areas as well as an index that combines energy efficiency potentials across sectors and technologies.Peta 5.2 can be accessed via the following URL:https://tinyurl.com/peta5seenergies, while the geospatial data can be accessed through thesEEnergies Open Data Hub: https://s-eenergies-open-data-euf.hub.arcgis.com/. Furthermore, Story Maps add an additional dimension to the dissemination of project results (accessible here: https://tinyurl.com/sEEnergiesStorymaps).
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