| 1. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of gas flow rate on zinc recovery rate and particle properties by pyrolysis of alkaline and zinc-carbon battery waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370. ; 121, s. 333-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc (Zn) recovery rate and the properties of Zn particles obtained by pyrolysis of alkaline and Zn-C battery waste were studied at a reaction temperature of 950 degrees C for 60 min residence time using various N-2(g) flow rate (0.5-3.014min) without using any additive. The battery black mass was characterized with respect to the properties of waste battery particles, and chemical content. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process was studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. A carbothermic reduction reaction of the washed battery black mass by Milli-Q water takes place at choosen temperature and makes it possible to produce fine Zn particles by a rapid condensation following the evaporation of zinc from the pyrolysis batch. The amount of Zn that can be separated from the black mass slightly increases at higher N-2(g) flow rates than 0.5 L/min and stabilizes by controlling the gas flow. Zn recovery of 80% was achieved at 950 degrees C and 60 min residence time using 1.0 L/min and higher flow rates by pyrolysis of the washed battery black mass. The pyrolysis residue was shown to be mainly composes of MnO and Mn2O3 with traces of impurities. The particle size of the produced Zn particle decreased from 874nm to 534 nm with increasing flow rate and those particles are formed by the aggregation of primary condensed particles with nano-range sizes. The morphology of the zinc particles also changes from hexagonal shape to spherical morphology by increasing gas flow rate.
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| 2. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Investigation of zinc recovery by hydrogen reduction assisted pyrolysis of alkaline and zinc-carbon battery waste
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 68, s. 508-517
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zinc (Zn) recovery from alkaline and zinc-carbon (Zn-C) battery waste were studied by a laboratory scale pyrolysis process at a reaction temperature of 950 degrees C for 15-60 min residence time using 5%H-2 (g)-N-2(g) mixture at 1.0 L/min gas flow rate. The effect of different cooling rates on the properties of pyrolysis residue, manganese oxide particles, were also investigated. Morphological and structural characterization of the produced Zn particles were performed. The battery black mass was characterized with respect to the properties and chemical composition of the waste battery particles. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process was studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. A hydrogen, reduction reaction of the battery black mass (washed with Milli-Q water) takes place at the chosen temperature and makes it possible to produce fine Zn particles by rapid condensation following the evaporation of Zn from the pyrolysis batch, The amount of Zn that can be separated from the black mass increases by extending the residence time. Recovery of 99.8% of the Zn was achieved at 950 degrees C for 60 min residence time using 1.0 L/min gas flow rate. The pyrolysis residue contains MnO and Mn2O3 compounds, and the oxidation state of manganese can be controlled by cooling rate and atmosphere. The Zn particles exhibit spherical and hexagonal particle morphology with a particle size varying between 200 nm and 3 mu m. However the particles were formed by aggregation of nanoparticles which are primarily nucleated from the gas phase.
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| 3. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Physical separation, mechanical enrichment and recycling-oriented characterization of spent NiMH batteries
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1438-4957 .- 1611-8227. ; 20:4, s. 2018-2027
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries contain high amount of industrial metals, especially iron, nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements. Although the battery waste is a considerable secondary source for metal and chemical industries, a recycling process requires a suitable pretreatment method before proceeding with recovery step to reclaim all valuable elements. In this study, AA- and AAA-type spent NiMH batteries were ground and then sieved for size measurement and classification. Chemical composition of the ground battery black mass and sorted six different size fractions were determined by an analytical technique. Crystal structures of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Results show that after mechanical treatment, almost 87 wt% of the spent NiMH batteries are suitable for further recycling steps. Size classification by sieving enriched the iron content of the samples in the coarse fraction which is bigger than 0.25 mm. On the other hand, the amounts of nickel and rare earth elements increased by decreasing sample size, and concentrated in the finer fractions. Anode and cathode active materials that are hydrogen storage alloy and nickel hydroxide were mainly collected in finer size fraction of the battery black mass.
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| 4. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Production of zinc and manganese oxide particles by pyrolysis of alkaline and Zn–C battery waste
- 2016
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 51, s. 157-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production of zinc and manganese oxide particles from alkaline and zinc–carbon battery black mass was studied by a pyrolysis process at 850–950 °C with various residence times under 1 L/min N2(g) flow rate conditions without using any additive. The particular and chemical properties of the battery waste were characterized to investigate the possible reactions and effects on the properties of the reaction products. The thermodynamics of the pyrolysis process were studied using the HSC Chemistry 5.11 software. The carbothermic reduction reaction of battery black mass takes place and makes it possible to produce fine zinc particles by a rapid condensation, after the evaporation of zinc from a pyrolysis batch. The amount of zinc that can be separated from the black mass is increased by both pyrolysis temperature and residence time. Zinc recovery of 97% was achieved at 950 °C and 1 h residence time using the proposed alkaline battery recycling process. The pyrolysis residue is mainly MnO powder with a low amount of zinc, iron and potassium impurities and has an average particle size of 2.9 μm. The obtained zinc particles have an average particle size of about 860 nm and consist of hexagonal crystals around 110 nm in size. The morphology of the zinc particles changes from a hexagonal shape to s spherical morphology by elevating the pyrolysis temperature.
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| 5. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste
- 2019
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Ingår i: Waste Management and Research. - 1096-3669 .- 0734-242X. ; 37:2, s. 168-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © The Author(s) 2019. The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO 2 with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Fu, Yuanpeng, et al.
(författare)
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Innovative recycling of organic binders from electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing demand for energy storage devices due to the skyrocketing production/consumption of portable electrical and electronic equipment as well as electric vehicles has promoted battery technologies, resulting in the piling of a large number of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Organic binders wrapped on electrode particles are usually the main reason that causes the difficulty of liberation and extraction of electrode materials. Pyrolysis or incineration is the general approach to separate the organic binder, leading to fluorinated exhaust gas emissions. In this study, the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO ) combined with a cosolvent dimethyl sulfoxide was innovatively adapted to enable the extraction of organic binders from spent LIBs to facilitate the liberation of the cathode material from aluminum foil. Pure polyvinylidene fluoride was preferentially used to study the SC CO dissolution mechanism. The results indicate that 98.5 wt% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) dissolves in SC CO dimethyl sulfoxide system under the optimum conditions; 70°C process temperature, 80 bar pressure, and 13 min duration. After removing PVDF, the recovered sample was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) to observe its possible re-utilization. It is clear that the surficial chemical groups and content remained the same after treatment. SC CO processing effectively liberates the active cathode material from the aluminum substrate due to removal of the binder. The suggested innovative approach is promising as an alternative pretreatment method due to its high efficiency, relatively low energy consumption, and environmentally friendly features.
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| 8. |
- Lombardo, Gabriele, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical Transformations in Li-Ion Battery Electrode Materials by Carbothermic Reduction
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 7:16, s. 13668-13679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of pyrolysis on the composition of the battery cell materials as a function of treatment time and temperature were investigated. Waste of Li-ion batteries was pyrolyzed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 400, 500, 600, and 700 degrees C for 30, 60, and 90 min. Thermodynamic calculations for the carbothermic reduction of active materials LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, and LiNiO2 by graphite and gas products were performed and compared to the experimental data. Ni, Mn, and Co (NMC) cathode materials recovered from spent Li-ion batteries were also studied. The results indicate that the organic compounds and the graphite are oxidized by oxygen from the active material and provide the reductive atmosphere. Such removal of the organic components increases the purity of the metal bearing material. Reactions with C and CO(g) led to a reduction of metal oxides with Co, CoO, Ni, NiO, Mn, Mn3O4, Li2O, and Li2CO3 as the main products. The reduction reactions transformed the metal compounds in the untreated LiB black mass to more soluble chemical forms. It was concluded that the pyrolysis can be used as an effective tool for the battery waste pretreatment to increase the efficiency of the leaching in hydrometallurgical processing of the black mass. The results obtained can help to optimize the parameters in the industrial processing already used for Li-ion battery recycling, especially if followed by hydrometallurgical treatment. Such optimization will decrease the energy demand and increase the metal recovery rate and utilization of the byproducts.
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| 9. |
- Lombardo, Gabriele, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of the effects of incineration, vacuum pyrolysis and dynamic pyrolysis on the composition of NMC-lithium battery cathode-material production scraps and separation of the current collector
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 164
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rising demand for lithium batteries is challenging battery producers to increase their production. This is causing an accumulation of production scrap which must be treated to allow re-utilization of cathode material in production. Several industrial lithium battery recycling processes use thermal pre-treatment in an oxidative or inert atmosphere, or in a vacuum, to separate the battery components and remove organic material. However, a comparison of the effects of incineration, dynamic pyrolysis (under a constant flow of inert gas), and pyrolysis under vacuum on the microstructure and composition of scrap cathode material has not been explored. Scrap cathodes, with active material based on Li(NixMnyCoz)Oj, were subjected to incineration, dynamic pyrolysis, and pyrolysis under vacuum at 450˚, 550˚, and 650°C for 30, 60, 90, and 150 min to determine the best approach to cathode material recovery. While the incineration did not cause any chemical transformation of cathode material, under pyrolysis conditions the organic components in the cathodes triggered carbothermic reduction of the active material, yielding Co3O4, NiO, Mn3O4, and Li2CO3 as products. In the gas by-products, formed from the decomposition of the organic material, CO, CO2, and HF were determined. The decomposition especially of the binder in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) facilitated the separation of the active material from the current collector by mechanical treatment. By subsequent ball milling, the best technique to recover cathode material is the incineration at a temperature higher than 550˚ C and below 650˚ C for at least 90 min, with >95% of recovered active material.
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| 10. |
- Lombardo, Gabriele, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation During Fire Accidents of Lithium-Ion Batteries with a Direct Cooling System Based on the Refrigeration Liquids
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 59:5, s. 2375-2388
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To avoid overheating of the batteries, which could lead to a fire, Lithium-ion batteries are provided with a thermal management system using refrigeration liquids. Since some of the commercial dielectric liquids used as refrigeration liquids contain halogens, their presence will contribute to a formation of hazardous emissions such as hydrofluoric acid during a potential fire. In this study, a simulation of a high temperature accident has been performed for lithium-ion batteries cooled with the direct immersion cooling systems using single-phase dielectric liquids to define their contribution to HF formation. Four commercial refrigeration liquids based on perfluoropolyethers, hydrofluoroether and polyalphaolefin were investigated in this work. By simulation of a fire, it was observed that the refrigeration liquids delayed the smoke formation by a factor of 2 to 2.5 in comparison to the case when the battery was burned without the cooling liquid. By analysis of the fluoride concentration in the washing system, it was determined that without the refrigeration liquid approximately 46.8 mmol/l of [F] was captured after the fire. When refrigeration liquids based on two perfluoropolyethers and hydrofluoroether were applied, the fluoride concentration in the washing system was 259 mmol/l, 173 mmol/l and 145 mmol/l, respectively. This work also proposed the reaction mechanisms of the refrigeration liquid ' s decomposition during a fire. It was concluded that the refrigeration liquid based on polyalphaolefin does not contribute to the additional formation of hydrofluoric acid due to the chemical stability and low content of fluoride and can be considered as a more sustainable alternative for a direct cooling system for Lithium-ion batteries.
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| 11. |
- Lombardo, Gabriele, 1990, et al.
(författare)
-
Incineration of EV Lithium-ion batteries as a pretreatment for recycling – Determination of the potential formation of hazardous by-products and effects on metal compounds
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 393
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In several industrial Lithium-ion batteries recycling processes, a thermal treatment with oxidative atmosphere is used to separate the battery components and to remove the organic components. This method is often combined with hydrometallurgical processes with the aim to increase the metal recovery rate or to improve the efficiency of the existing processes. Despite such efforts, the effects of a thermal treatment in an oxidative atmosphere on the microstructure and composition on cathode and anode materials has not been explored. In this manuscript, spent batteries which cathode active material has the composition Li(NixMnyCoz)Oz, i.e. NMC-LiBs, were subjected to thermal treatment at 400˚, 500˚, 600˚, and 700 °C for 30, 60, and 90 min. The microstructure and the composition were studied using XRD and ICP-OES. Thermodynamic calculations were performed to forecast the trend of the carbothermic reduction of active materials. It was observed the formation of gas and organic oil by-products from the decomposition of the polypropylene separator and the polyvinylidene fluoride binder. The identification of the composition of these by-products has great importance since they have a corrosive and toxic behavior. It was observed the fluorine behavior during the thermal treatment and its presence in the oil by-products.
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| 12. |
- Mansouri, Moufida, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Production of AB 5 materials from spent Ni-MH batteries with further tests of hydrogen storage suitability
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 539
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel approach for the reuse of rare earth (REE) elements generated during hydrometallurgical processing of Ni-MH batteries as alternative sources is provided to valorize Ni-MH batteries wastes. The production of AB5-based alloys from spent Ni-MH waste was thoroughly investigated. The REE elements were recovered as a mixture in oxalate form and annealed at 900 °C to obtain a single-phase REEs oxide REE2O3. Citrate gel and glycine nitrate processes followed by the Ca reduction process under H2 atmosphere were used to produce the AB5 alloys. The alloys were successfully produced, and their crystal structure and morphology have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with supporting energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. Nanoparticles with a size of 173±3 nm and 150±8 nm were observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for CG and GNP alloys. Studied samples were subjected to hydrogenation, and the structural changes were depicted.
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| 13. |
- Mansouri, Moufida, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Production of energy saving materials from the waste mixtures of REEs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Minerals, Metals and Materials Series. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2367-1696 .- 2367-1181. ; , s. 67-76
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work details the procedures and steps for the synthesis of new magnetocaloric materials starting from the outputs generated by recycling for re-use in magnetic refrigeration application. The outputs utilized were a rare earth element-rich product obtained during the hydrometallurgical processing of nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. This stream contained a mix of rare earth elements (REEs), mainly lanthanum and cerium. After removing some impurities from this feed, especially aluminium, we have used the obtained product in the manufacturing of advanced REEs-based magnetocaloric materials, especially manganites-, orthoferrites-, and REEs-based alloys. The composition of the output from hydrometallurgical processing of NiMH batteries and typical compositions of magnetocaloric materials was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The magnetocaloric oxides were successfully synthesized by using conventional solid-state reaction method. Carbothermic and calciothermic reduction methods were used for the synthesis of the as-cast alloy. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the magnetocaloric oxides are well crystallized with presence of secondary phases. The effect of temperature on the crystal structure is briefly described.
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| 14. |
- Mansouri, Moufida, 1988, et al.
(författare)
-
Waste of batteries management: Synthesis of magnetocaloric manganite compound from the REEs mixture generated during hydrometallurgical processing of NiMH batteries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainable Materials and Technologies. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-9937. ; 28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the present study, rare earth elements (REEs, i.e., La, Ce, Nd, and Pr) were hydrometallurgically recovered in oxalate form with presence of very low concentration of Co, Al, Zn and Ni from solution after processing of spent Nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. The recovered mixture was used as alternative source in the synthesis of magnetocaloric materials. In this study, a manganite sample with general formula ABO3 was selected to be prepared since it is relatively easy to synthesize and is tuneable by adjustment of the doping concentration. The conventional solid-state reaction method was used to prepare an orthorhombic structure of manganite with presence of REE2O3 and MnO2 as secondary phases reported from x-ray pattern at room temperature. The thermomagnetic measurements showed a PM to FM transition at 184 K in a 0.01 T magnetic field that shifts to 194 K by increasing the magnetic field to 1.8 T. The magnetocaloric properties were determined by calculating the isothermal entropy change and directly measuring the adiabatic temperature change. A reversible magnetocaloric effect was observed.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Novel process for decontamination and additional valorization of steel making dust processing using two-step correlative leaching
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0304-3894 .- 1873-3336. ; 384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recycling of steel making dusts often targets Zn removal. Other heavy metals such as Mo, W or Cr do not receive as much attention, and the decontamination of the dusts from these constituents is scarcely addressed in the literature. This study presents a novel approach of the selective separation of Mo from steel making dusts using alkaline solutions with low concentrations, before Zn removal using concentrated alkaline medium. Such an approach has never been reported before and can contribute to more efficient decontamination of the steel making dusts and will increase the value of recovered components since Mo can be significantly preconcentrated. Two samples originating from two steel producers were investigated. One sample contained 2.65% of Mo and 1.87% of Zn, and the second sample had 0.61% of Mo and 35.9% of Zn. Temperature was found to have a low impact on the leaching efficiency of Mo, while increased NaOH concentration promoted leaching of Zn. Excellent pre-concentration of Mo was achieved by using a S:L ratio of 1:3. Almost 5170 mg/L Mo, 1000 mg/L W, no Fe and only 2 mg/L Zn were present in the solution after leaching at 30 °C for 30 min. For the samples containing lower concentrations of Mo and high concentrations of Zn, the selectivity of the process was affected when using higher concentrations of NaOH. A final leachate containing 797 mg/L of Mo and only 11 mg/L Zn was obtained after leaching with 0.05 M NaOH. DFT computations showed that the 2D layered structures of MoO3 and WO3 are decisive factors that account for their high solubilites.
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| 18. |
- Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of critical metals from EV batteries via thermal treatment and leaching with sulphuric acid at ambient temperature
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 140, s. 164-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the upcoming years, todaýs e-mobility will challenge the capacity of sustainable recycling. Due to the presence of organic components (electrolyte, separator, casings, etc.), future recycling technologies will combine thermal pre-treatment followed by hydrometallurgical processing. Despite the ongoing application of such treatment, there is still a lack of information on how applied parameters affect subsequent metal recovery. In this study, both oxidative and reductive conditions in dependence on temperature and time were studied. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the samples after treatment were performed followed by leaching with 2 M sulphuric acid at ambient temperature to determine the leachability of valuable metals such as Co, Mn, Ni and Li. Moreover, the negative or positive effect of treatment on the leachability of the main impurities (Cu and Al) was determined. Since the presence of carbon affects the degree of active material reduction, it's content after each thermal treatment was determined as well. If all variables, temperature and time of thermal processing are taken into account, pyrolysis at 700 °C for 30 min is the optimal treatment. Under these conditions, full recovery is reached after 2 min for Li, 5 min for Mn and 10 min for both Co and Ni. In the case of the incineration, only processing at 400 and 500 °C promoted higher recovery of metals, while the treatment at 600 and 700 °C led to the formation of less leachable species.
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| 19. |
- Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Selective recovery of cobalt from the secondary streams after NiMH batteries processing using Cyanex 301
- 2019
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 83, s. 194-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cobalt is considered to be a critical raw material for the European Union. Since it has limited supply, substantial efforts should be made to develop sustainable methods to recover cobalt from alternative sources. Hydrometallurgical processing of spent NiMH batteries generates a concentrated stream containing, preferably, Co (11.8 g/L) and impurities (2.3 g/L Ni, 0.2 g/L Al, 9.3 g/L Mn and 4.6 g/L rare earth elements) in the nitric acid media. In this study, the selective separation of Co from the other ions present was investigated. Co was selectively separated from Al, Mn and REEs using 1 M Cyanex 301 in kerosene. The different kinetic behaviour during extraction with Cyanex 301 was utilized to separate Co and Ni ions selectively. The calculated ΔH for the Co extraction process equals – 11.37 ± 0.5 kJ/mol, which indicates that the extraction of Co in the system tested is an exothermic reaction. The effect of temperature on the Co extraction was used to obtain better selectivity towards Ni. Co was recovered by selective stripping with 4 M HCl at ambient temperature. The final purity of the stripping product was 99.9%.
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| 20. |
- Vieceli, Nathalia Cristine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrometallurgical recycling of EV lithium-ion batteries: Effects of incineration on the leaching efficiency of metals using sulfuric acid
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 125, s. 192-203
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries will result in an increasing flow of spent batteries, which must be recycled to prevent environmental and health problems, while helping to mitigate the raw materials dependence and risks of shortage and promoting a circular economy. Combining pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling approaches has been the focus of recent studies, since it can bring many advantages. In this work, the effects of incineration on the leaching efficiency of metals from EV LIBs were evaluated. The thermal process was applied as a pre-treatment for the electrode material, aiming for carbothermic reduction of the valuable metals by the graphite contained in the waste. Leaching efficiencies above 70% were obtained for Li, Mn, Ni and Co after 60 min of leaching even when using 0.5 M sulfuric acid, which can be linked to the formation of more easily leachable compounds during the incineration process. When the incineration temperature was increased (600–700 °C), the intensity of graphite signals decreased and other oxides were identified, possibly due to the increase in oxidative conditions. Higher leaching efficiencies of Mn, Ni, Co, and Li were reached at lower temperatures of incineration (400–500 °C) and at higher leaching times, which could be related to the partial carbothermic reduction of the metals.
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| 21. |
- Zachmann, Nils, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Electrolyte recovery from spent Lithium-Ion batteries using a low temperature thermal treatment process
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1226-086X. ; 118, s. 351-361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrolyte recovery is seldomly considered in state-of-art lithium-ion battery recycling methods but rather evaporates and decomposes uncontrolled during the pre-treatment steps. However, controlled and safe removal of the electrolyte is inevitable and of high importance to the recycling industry to minimize the environmental impact of the recycling processes by preventing severe threats produced by the inflammable, toxic and hazardous components of the electrolyte. This study investigated the effects of temperature and process time of a low temperature thermal treatment process on electrolyte recovery. The process exhaust gases and recovered products were analyzed by In-Situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine the effectiveness of the significant process parameters. The results show that the electrolyte solvents, which are dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and ethylene carbonate (EC), were successfully recovered for 80 minutes of processing time at 130 °C. The LiPF6 decomposition products hydrogen fluoride (HF) and phosphoryl fluoride (POF3) were detected in the exhaust gas stream and recovered as acidic solutions. Thermal treatment below 150 °C is a promising approach for the recovery of the electrolyte solvents prior to the metal recycling stage due to its simplicity, feasibility, and environmental benefit.
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| 22. |
- Zachmann, Nils, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of a sub-and supercritical carbon dioxide process for the selective recycling of the electrolyte from spent Li-ion battery
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of CO2 Utilization. - 2212-9820. ; 81:March
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrolyte in spent Li-ion batteries is prone to cause a high risk of hazardous emissions (HF, etc.) in the state-of-the-art recycling processes. It is the main source of fire risks and represents a significant burden for the recyclers due to the safety. Still, extended research to fully recycle the electrolyte without its destruction at elevated temperature is scarce. This study focuses on the electrolyte extraction from spent LiBs using sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide to fill this gap. The effects of the critical process parameters, pressure (60–120 bar), temperature (15–55 °C) and extraction time (1–50 min) from spent pouch cells were investigated. The results showed that the CO2 density, which is related to pressure and temperature, is significant for the recovery of the non-polar electrolyte solvents. The most important outcome is that dimethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate were fully selectively extracted at the studied conditions, whereas the polar ethylene carbonate was extracted only in trace amounts. As results indicated, LiPF6 did not decompose in the proposed process whereby the toxic-gas emissions were dramatically minimized compared to the state-of-the-art recycling processes.
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| 23. |
- Armand, Michel, et al.
(författare)
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Lithium-ion batteries – Current state of the art and anticipated developments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 479
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lithium-ion batteries are the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology for mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles. Accordingly, they have attracted a continuously increasing interest in academia and industry, which has led to a steady improvement in energy and power density, while the costs have decreased at even faster pace. Important questions, though, are, to which extent and how (fast) the performance can be further improved, and how the envisioned goal of truly sustainable energy storage can be realized. Herein, we combine a comprehensive review of important findings and developments in this field that have enabled their tremendous success with an overview of very recent trends concerning the active materials for the negative and positive electrode as well as the electrolyte. Moreover, we critically discuss current and anticipated electrode fabrication processes, as well as an essential prerequisite for “greener” batteries – the recycling. In each of these chapters, we eventually summarize important remaining challenges and propose potential directions for further improvement. Finally, we conclude this article with a brief summary of the performance metrics of commercial lithium-ion cells and a few thoughts towards the future development of this technology including several key performance indicators for the mid-term to long-term future.
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| 24. |
- Balachandran, Srija, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparative study for selective lithium recovery via chemical transformations during incineration and dynamic pyrolysis of EV li-ion batteries
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4701. ; 11:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Selective leaching of Li from spent LIBs thermally pretreated by pyrolysis and incineration between 400 and 700 °C for 30, 60, and 90 min followed by water leaching at high temperature and high L/S ratio was examined. During the thermal pretreatment Li2CO3 and LiF were leached. Along with Li salts, AlF3 was also found to be leached with an efficiency not higher than 3.5%. The time of thermal pretreatment did not have a significant effect on Li leaching efficiency. The leaching efficiency of Li was higher with a higher L/S ratio. At a higher leaching temperature (80 °C), the leaching of Li was higher due to an increase in the solubility of present Li salts. The highest Li leaching efficiency of nearly 60% was observed from the sample pyrolyzed at 700 °C for 60 min under the leaching condition L/S ratio of 20:1 mL g−1 at 80 °C for 3 h. Furthermore, the use of an excess of 10% of carbon in a form of graphite during the thermal treatment did not improve the leaching efficiency of Li.
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| 25. |
- Bartl, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
-
SUPPLY AND SUBSTITUTION OPTIONS FOR SELECTED CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS: COBALT, NIOBIUM, TUNGSTEN, YTTRIUM AND RARE EARTHS ELEMENTS
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Detritus. - : Eurowaste SRL. - 2611-4127 .- 2611-4135. ; 3:September, s. 37-42
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The European Commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the European economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, and the rare earth elements. For each element, the most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates and possible substitutes are summarized and discussed.
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| 26. |
- Ekberg, Christian, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Lithium Batteries Recycling
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Lithium Process Chemistry. - 9780128014172 ; , s. 233-267
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spent lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered to be a secondary source of valuable metals, such as cobalt, nickel, aluminum, copper manganese, etc. Recently, the recovery of lithium has been considered to be needed not only to increase the material recovery rate of the existing process, but also to use the spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) as a source of the metal, of which almost one-third of the production is applied in the battery industry. In this chapter research activities and current recycling technologies for LiBs are described. The characterization of the waste shows that spent LiBs are heterogeneous waste not only because of the different materials used for battery construction, but also because of the differences in the active material composition. Discharging processes, followed by mechanical pretreatment and separation are necessary parts of the spent batteries treatment, especially when hydrometallurgy is implemented for metal recovery. This chapter describes current efforts in recycling using hydrometallurgical treatment applying inorganic and organic acids for leaching, as well as bioleaching methods. Processes of metal recovery using solvent extraction and precipitation are also described. Thermal pretreatments are introduced as an example for removing organic compounds and carbon in order to improve the metal recovery. Current industrial processes that apply mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, or combined processes for LiBs recycling are described as well.
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| 27. |
- Ekberg, Christian, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Lithium Process Chemistry
- 2015
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Spent lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered to be a secondary source of valuable metals, such as cobalt, nickel, aluminum, copper manganese, etc. Recently, the recovery of lithium has been considered to be needed not only to increase the material recovery rate of the existing process, but also to use the spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) as a source of the metal, of which almost one-third of the production is applied in the battery industry. In this chapter research activities and current recycling technologies for LiBs are described. The characterization of the waste shows that spent LiBs are heterogeneous waste not only because of the different materials used for battery construction, but also because of the differences in the active material composition. Discharging processes, followed by mechanical pretreatment and separation are necessary parts of the spent batteries treatment, especially when hydrometallurgy is implemented for metal recovery. This chapter describes current efforts in recycling using hydrometallurgical treatment applying inorganic and organic acids for leaching, as well as bioleaching methods. Processes of metal recovery using solvent extraction and precipitation are also described. Thermal pretreatments are introduced as an example for removing organic compounds and carbon in order to improve the metal recovery. Current industrial processes that apply mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, or combined processes for LiBs recycling are described as well.
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| 28. |
- Magnerius, Mathias, 1993, et al.
(författare)
-
Circular electric vehicle battery supply chains and their performance
- 2022
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study explores how different circular electric vehicle (EV) battery supply chain setups affect performance in terms of economy, environmental impact, logistical efficiency, and full lifecycle battery performance. Through a systematic literature review combined with empirical data from semi-structured interviews and a workshop, it is made evident that a dichotomy of two major trends is emerging and that the implications these have on performance are not well-understood. The massive growth expected in the EV market makes this a pressing issue which requires further study. This paper contributes with an empirically grounded discussion about the current developments and research gaps in this area.
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| 29. |
- Mansur, Marcelo Borges, et al.
(författare)
-
An Overview on the Recovery of Cobalt from End-of-life Lithium Ion Batteries
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1547-7401 .- 0882-7508. ; 43:4, s. 489-509
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study presents an up-to-date review on the methods and technologies applied for the recovery of Co from end-of-life Li-ion batteries. Considering the upcoming world demand for electric vehicles, it has been demonstrated that Co recycling from such batteries is technically feasible and vital in an attempt to provide a global supply of the metal. In this study, a number of recovery methods (including thermal, mechanical, and manual preprocessing, along with pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods) with distinct efficiency levels was described, several of which may be combined and associated between them in order to improve the overall Co separation and recovery performances.
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| 30. |
- Nasser, Olimpia A., et al.
(författare)
-
Review of achieved purities after li-ion batteries hydrometallurgical treatment and impurities effects on the cathode performance
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Batteries. - : MDPI AG. - 2313-0105. ; 7:3
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a product purity study of recycled Li-ion batteries with a focus on hydromet-allurgical recycling processes. Firstly, a brief description of the current recycling status was presented based on the research data. Moreover, this work presented the influence of impurities such as Cu, Fe and Mg on recovered cathode materials performance. The impact of the impurities was described depending on their form (metallic or ionic) and concentration. This work also reviewed hydromet-allurgical recycling processes depending on the recovered material, obtained purity and recovery methods. This purity data were obtained from both research and battery industry actors. Finally, the purity study was completed by collecting data regarding commercial battery-grade chemical compounds and active lithium cathode materials, including required purity levels and allowed impurity limitations.
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| 31. |
- Neumann, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
-
Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : Wiley. - 1614-6840 .- 1614-6832. ; 12:17
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium-ion batteries have become state-of-the-art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.
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| 32. |
- Ottink, Thomas, 1996, et al.
(författare)
-
Novel approach to recycling of steel swarf using hydrometallurgy
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 185
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Steel swarf is a hazardous waste which is challenging to recycle due to its high content of heavy metals and cutting fluids and is today commonly landfilled. The swarf can contain up to 80% iron and represents a potential secondary raw material for production of reagents like ferric chloride, which can be utilized in wastewater treatment. This work presents a novel hydrometallurgical approach for recycling steel swarf and production of ferric chloride by selective separation of iron from heavy metals. Swarf containing 69% iron was leached with hydrochloric acid. A leachate containing 24.600 mg/L Fe with 150 mg/L Mn, 12 mg/L Ni and <1 mg/L Cr and Mo was obtained. The oil-based cutting fluids largely remained in the solid residue with only 1% dissolution in the aqueous phase. These findings showed that ferric chloride solutions of 99% purity can be produced from steel swarf in a single leaching step.
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| 33. |
- Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Hydrometallurgical processes for recovery of valuable and critical metals from spent car NiMH batteries optimized in a pilot plant scale
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Hydrometallurgy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-386X. ; 171, s. 128-141
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increasing use of hybrid and electrical cars comes an increasing demand for rare earth elements (RREs) needed for the production of car batteries. Currently NiMH batteries contain approximately 3 kg of REEs, 11 kg of nickel and 1.5 kg of cobalt. Leaching with HCl and solvent extraction using Cyanex 923 have been applied to recover metals from this waste. Process has been developed for NiMH car batteries, which can be dismantled manually or mechanically. Depending on the way of dismantling, three different materials can be obtained (cathode plates, anode plates or mixed material). Developed technologies have been designed to recover metals either from cathodic and anodic material or from mixed (cathodic and anodic) material. Hydrochloric acid (8 M) is used as a leaching agent at a temperature of 30 °C. The extraction system consists of the solvating extractant trialkylphosphine oxide mixture (Cyanex 923) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) diluted in kerosene. A pre-main extraction (8% Cyanex 923, 10% TBP, 82% kerosene) is used to remove Fe and Zn from cathode and mixed material leachates. Zn and Fe are extracted in four extraction stages followed by three scrubbing stages to remove co-extracted metal ions and four stripping stages to remove extracted Zn and Fe (99.9%). Aluminium and REEs are separated from Ni, K, and Mg in three main extraction stages (70% Cyanex 923, 10% TBP, 10% kerosene, 10% 1-Decanol). High purity Ni (> 99.9%) in a raffinate is obtained after main extraction. Loaded organic phase is stripped with mixture of 0.9 M NaNO3 and 0.1MHNO3 to remove co-extracted Co, Mn and Ni. Aluminium and REEs are recovered by stripping step using 1 M HCl after previous scrubbing of organic phase with 1 M NaNO3 to remove residual Co and Mn. To determine required parameters McCabe-Thiele diagrams were constructed. Obtained parameters were tested in a counter-current system using pilot plant scale mixer-settlers and all three processes were optimized.
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| 34. |
|
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| 35. |
- Petranikova, Martina, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Vanadium sustainability in the context of innovative recycling and sourcing development
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 113, s. 521-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the sustainability of vanadium, taking into account the current state-of-the-art related to primary and secondary sources, substitution, production, and market developments. Vanadium plays a critical role in several strategic industrial applications including steel production and probable widespread utilization in next-generation batteries. Confirming the importance of vanadium, the European Commission identified and formally registered this metal on the 2017 list of Critical Raw Materials for the European Union. The United States and Canada have also addressed the importance of this metal. Like the European economy, the American and Canadian economies rely on vanadium and are not globally independent. This recognized importance of vanadium is driving many efforts in academia and industry to develop technologies for the utilization of secondary vanadium resources using hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques. In this paper, current efforts and their outcomes are summarized along with the most recent patents for vanadium recovery.
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| 36. |
- Riano, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Separation of rare earths and other valuable metals from deep-eutectic solvents: a new alternative for the recycling of used NdFeB magnets
- 2017
-
Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 7:51, s. 32100-32113
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep-eutectic solvents (DESs) are used as a promising alternative to aqueous solutions for the recovery of valuable metals from NdFeB magnets. A deep-eutectic solvent based on choline chloride and lactic acid (molar ratio 1 : 2) was used for the leaching of rare earths and other metals from NdFeB magnets. A process for the separation of Fe, B and Co from Nd and Dy in the deep-eutectic solvent was developed by using the ionic liquid tricaprylmethylammonium thiocyanate (Aliquat 336 SCN, [A336][SCN]) diluted in toluene (0.9 M). The extraction parameters were optimized and stripping of B was efficiently carried out by HCl, while EDTA was employed for the recovery of Fe and Co. The separation of Nd and Dy was assessed by using two different types of extractants, a mixture of trialkylphosphine oxides (Cyanex 923) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). Based on the distribution ratios, separation factors and the ease of subsequent stripping, Cyanex 923 was chosen as the most effective extractant. The purified Dy present in the less polar phase was easily recovered by stripping with water, while the Nd present in the deep-eutectic solvent was recovered by precipitation stripping with a stoichiometric amount of oxalic acid. Nd2O3 and Dy2O3 were recovered with a purity of 99.87% and 99.94%, respectively. The feasibility to scale up this separation process was corroborated by a setup of mixer-settlers and highlighted by the possibility to fully recover and reuse the deep-eutectic solvent and the less polar phases employed in the extractions. The new proposed system based on a deep-eutectic solvent combined with traditional organic extraction phases presented higher selectivities and efficiencies than the analogous aqueous system. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) was employed to elucidate the different mechanisms for extraction of Co and Fe from the deep-eutectic solvent and from an aqueous solution.
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| 37. |
- Rouquette, Léa, 1995, et al.
(författare)
-
Complete and selective recovery of lithium from EV lithium-ion batteries: Modeling and optimization using oxalic acid as a leaching agent
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - 1873-3794 .- 1383-5866. ; 320
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The necessity of a feasible process for the recycling of lithium-ion batteries is nowadays evident due to the significant demand for raw materials for battery production, but also due to legislative requirements to achieve certain recycling efficiency with sufficient quality of the products. Special conditions to achieve high lithium recovery and its use in new batteries represent a challenge for a commercial hydrometallurgical approach. In this work, an early selective recovery of lithium using oxalic acid as a leaching agent is investigated. The different solubility of transition metals oxalates in comparison to lithium oxalate was the main driving force to achieve selective separation in the leaching step. Nickel, cobalt, and manganese oxalates are insoluble and remained in the solid residue, while lithium oxalate was dissolved in the solution. Using a design of experiments to optimize the operation, optimal parameters were identified as 60 °C, 60 min, 0.6 M oxalic acid, resulting in 98.8% leaching yield for lithium, while less than 0.5 % of cobalt and nickel, and 1.5% of manganese were leached. This can significantly improve the lithium recovery in the current recycling processes. Moreover, aluminum was completely dissolved, which is a phenomenon not reported previously. It would constitute an advantage to the subsequent recycling operations.
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| 38. |
- Rouquette, Léa, 1995, et al.
(författare)
-
Intensification of lithium carbonation in the thermal treatment of spent EV Li-ion batteries via waste utilization and selective recovery by water leaching
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances. - : Elsevier BV. - 2667-3789. ; 17
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recycling of lithium-ion batteries remains an essential question, the recovery of lithium is a central matter since the European Commission identified it as a critical raw material. This article proposes a more effective technology in which lithium will be recovered as lithium carbonate earlier in the recycling process using thermal pre-treatment and water leaching. Two thermal treatments are compared: incineration and pyrolysis, the whole cell (cathode, anode, current collector foils, and separator) is thermally treated in a first route, while the separator is removed, in a second route. The separator's presence showed a significant positive effect on the recovery, with an optimal recovery of 62% after pyrolysis at 700°C for 1 h and water leaching at 25°C with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:50 g/ml. Under these conditions, the solution purity was 92%, and aluminum was leached together with lithium. After evaporation, lithium carbonate and fluoride are found in the residue.
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| 39. |
- Tang, Jinfeng, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparative study of the application of traditional and novel extractants for the separation of metals from MSWI fly ash leachates
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 172, s. 143-154
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ash often has to be managed as a hazardous waste due to its content of toxic metals in leachable forms. Some of the metals are also quite valuable and should not be lost in a landfill. In the present work a novel commercial extractant, Cyanex 572, was applied for selective separation of zinc from other metals in an ash leachate and its efficiency was compared to that of Cyanex 923 and Cyanex 272. Cyanex 572 was found to be more selective towards zinc than the other extractants and gave less co-extraction of other metals. Furthermore, the configurations of the complexes formed between metal ions and the respective extractants were investigated using both experimental data and theoretical modelling. Hydrometallurgical processes based on the use of Cyanex 572 and Cyanex 923, respectively, were tested and gave zinc recovery yields of 91% and 76%, respectively. Extraction with Cyanex 923 is not pH dependent like those of the other extractants, however it does extract part of the acid as well as the metal ions. The stripping processes, i.e. the recovery of extracted metal ions from the organic phases, are simpler with Cyanex 572 than with Cyanex 923 and create less secondary waste. These results show that Cyanex 572 can be an economically and environmentally suitable extractant for the recovery of zinc and other metals from MSWI fly ash. Further work to verify this includes modelling of the number of mixer settler stages needed for the extraction and stripping steps, as well as demonstration of the entire process in a pilot scale mixer settler set up.
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| 40. |
- Tang, Jinfeng, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Mixer-settler system for the recovery of copper and zinc from MSWI fly ash leachates: An evaluation of a hydrometallurgical process
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 148, s. 595-605
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) fly ash contain large amounts of leachable heavy metals, and thus is classified as hazardous waste. The increased amounts of fly ash generated cause environmental issues and accumulation of valuable metals in landfills which contribute to an increased interests to recognize the ash as an urban mining target of metal resources. The high leachability of fly ash metal compounds could instead be seen as a benefit since it opens a path for metal recovery. This study reports a new potential hydrometallurgical process based on combining leaching and sequential solvent extraction to recover copper and zinc from MSWI fly ash. The investigations were carried out at bench scale and laboratory pilot scale. The pilot scale unit, operated as a counter-current mixer-settler system. The separation of copper and zinc from the acidic ash leachate was achieved using LIX860N-I and Cyanex 923, two commercial extraction reagents, respectively. The phase contact time to reach equilibrium, number of mixer-settler stages of the system and liquid to organic ratios were investigated for optimization. Removal of co-extracted metals, e.g. cadmium, iron and lead to obtain higher purity of zinc solution, was carried out using either cementation before the zinc extraction, or selective stripping with different stripping agents sequentially after extraction. An efficient recovery of the copper and zinc present in an ash leachate, more than 90% and 99% respectively, was achieved sequentially in a mixer-settler system, which comprised of two stages for copper extraction and three stages for zinc extraction. Moreover, the removal of the toxic metals lead and cadmium is reported.
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| 41. |
- Tkaczyk, A. H., et al.
(författare)
-
Sustainability evaluation of essential critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten and rare earth elements
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1361-6463 .- 0022-3727. ; 51:20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The criticality of raw materials has become an important issue in recent years. As the supply of certain raw materials is essential for technologically-advanced economies, the European Commission and other international counterparts have started several initiatives to secure reliable and unhindered access to raw materials. Such efforts include the EU Raw Materials Initiative, European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials, US Critical Materials Institute, and others. In this paper, the authors present a multi-faceted and multi-national review of the essentials for the critical raw materials (CRMs) Co, Nb, W, and rare earth elements (REEs). The selected CRMs are of specific interest as they are considered relevant for emerging technologies and will thus continue to be of increasing major economic importance. This paper presents a 'sustainability evaluation' for each element, including essential data about markets, applications and recycling, and possibilities for substitution have been summarized and analysed. All the presented elements are vital for the advanced materials and processes upon which modern societies rely. These elements exhibit superior importance in 'green' applications and products subject to severe conditions. The annual production quantities are quite low compared to common industrial metals. Of the considered CRMs, only Co and REE gross production exceed 100 000 t. At the same time, the prices are quite high, with W and Nb being in the range of 60 USD kg(-1) and some rare earth compounds costing almost 4000 USD kg(-1). Despite valiant effort, in practice some of the considered elements are de facto irreplaceable for many specialized applications, at today's technological level. Often, substitution causes a significant loss of quality and performance. Furthermore, possible candidates for substitution may be critical themselves or available in considerably low quantities. It can be concluded that one preferred approach for the investigated elements could be the use of secondary resources derived from recycling. W exhibits the highest recycling rate (37%), whereas Co (16%), Nb (11%) and rare earths (similar to 0%) lag behind. In order to promote recycling of these essential elements, financial incentives as well as an improvement of recycling technologies would be required.
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| 42. |
- Tunsu, Cristian, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
A hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of rare earth elements from fluorescent lamp waste fractions
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3794 .- 1383-5866. ; 161, s. 172-186
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare earth elements (REEs) are presently regarded to be some of the most critical elements, being essential in future sustainable applications. One of the many examples is fluorescent lighting, which relies on REEs such as cerium, europium, gadolinium, lanthanum, terbium and yttrium. The high demand for REEs, low supply, price fluctuations and geopolitical factors have contributed to an increased interest in reclaiming these elements from end-of-life products. This publication reports on a new potential hydrometallurgical route to reclaim REEs in fluorescent lamp waste. The investigations were carried out at bench scale and laboratory pilot scale to assess the potential of a process based on leaching and solvent extraction. Real waste fractions of various compositions, originating from several companies that use different mechanical, physical and chemical processes to treat lamps, were studied. A multi-step leaching process that selectively dissolves different groups of metals in the waste was investigated. Removal of mercury, one of the vital constituents of fluorescent lamps and an undesired contaminant in the waste, was carried out using leaching with iodine in potassium iodide solutions. Selective leaching of impurity metals e.g. calcium and selective leaching of REEs was performed with nitric acid, taking advantage of the significant differences in their leaching kinetics. Separation of REEs was achieved with Cyanex 923, a commercial mix of trialkylphosphine oxides, in a counter-current mixer setter system comprising three extraction and four stripping stages, respectively. The product, a yttrium/europium concentrate, was treated with oxalic acid, followed by thermal treatment, to produce an oxide containing 99.96% REEs, of which 94.61% was yttrium and 5.09% was europium.
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| 43. |
- Tunsu, Cristian, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Perspectives for the recovery of critical elements from future energy-efficient refrigeration materials
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 197, s. 232-241
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare earth elements (REEs) are the core of many future-sustainable technologies. One example is magnetocaloric refrigeration, an emerging field essential for the efficient use of energy. Future adoption of this technology will require adequate processing of end-of-life units and production residues. Currently, REEs have very high supply risk, and their recovery rates are below 1%. So far, their recovery from magnetocaloric materials has not been addressed. This work reports on a leaching and solvent extraction process to recover REEs from genuine magnetocaloric materials comprising cerium, iron, lanthanum, manganese and silicon. Leaching was studied using nitric, hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solutions, with optimizations in terms of temperature, acid concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio. Recovery of REEs from nitric, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acid leachates was investigated with three types of solvating extractants: tributyl phosphate (TBP), trioctylphosphine oxides (Cyanex 923) and tetraoctyl digylcol amide (TODGA). Extraction was most effective from nitric acid media. Very good extraction selectivity between REEs and non-REEs was achieved with TODGA. Cyanex 923 showed better extraction efficiency than TBP, and performed best in aliphatic diluents. A separation factor of 3.3 between cerium and lanthanum was achieved with 1 mol/L Cyanex 923 in Isopar L.
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| 44. |
- Tunsu, Cristian, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Reclaiming rare earth elements from end-of-life products: A review of the perspectives for urban mining using hydrometallurgical unit operations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Hydrometallurgy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-386X. ; 156, s. 239-258
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to their large variety of applications, their low supply and high demand, the rare earth elements (REEs) are presently viewed as being among the most critical chemical elements. Because of this, their potential recovery from end-of-life waste products has been extensively discussed both in society and in the scientific literature. This concept of recovering elements contained in end-of-life products, known as urban mining, is regarded as an important step in achieving a sustainable, circular society. This review article discusses the perspectives of reclaiming the REEs from various waste streams using hydrometallurgical methods. Three main streams are discussed in detail (phosphor-containing products, NiMH batteries and permanent magnets), touching on the state-of-the-art of material pre-treatment, leaching and separation of REEs and refining. Comparisons with the extraction of REEs from ores are drawn, bringing forth both the advantages and some of the disadvantages of urban mining.
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| 45. |
- Tunsu, Cristian, 1984, et al.
(författare)
-
Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative study of the solvent extraction of rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 218, s. 425-437
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our society heavily depends on the availability of raw materials. Technology metals such as rare earth elements (REEs) are vital in many applications. Because their virgin mining and production is constrained by a multitude of factors, future exploitation of secondary sources is strongly considered. Tailings from past and present mining activities are important sources of REEs and other critical raw materials, e.g., tungsten and phosphate. The possibility of processing such tailings was thoroughly investigated in the ENVIREE European Project (2015–2018). In this paper, we assess the use of solvent extraction to recover REEs from tailings originating from New Kankberg (Sweden) and Covas (Portugal). Extraction of REEs from common mineral acid solutions was carried out using solvating (Cyanex 923 and TODGA) and acidic extractants (DEHPA and Cyanex 572). Extraction was studied in the presence of high amounts of phosphate, iron and copper in solution. This was to identify bottlenecks in the separation process and ways to mitigate them. While copper and phosphate didn't pose significant issues, iron was co-extracted with the REEs in several systems, e.g., DEHPA – sulfuric acid. Co-extraction was reduced by using a blended DEHPA – Cyanex 923 organic phase. At the same time, the extraction efficiency of REEs improved. Control of the contact time between the aqueous and organic phase, and selective stripping were also used to effectively mitigate the extraction of iron.
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| 46. |
- Vieceli, Nathalia Cristine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of manganese recovery from a solution based on lithium-ion batteries by solvent extraction with d2ehpa
- 2021
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Ingår i: Metals. - : MDPI AG. - 2075-4701. ; 11:1, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganese is a critical metal for the steelmaking industry, and it is expected that its world demand will be increasingly affected by the growing market of lithium-ion batteries. In addition to the increasing importance of manganese, its recycling is mainly determined by trends in the recycling of iron and steel. The recovery of manganese by solvent extraction has been widely investigated; however, the interaction of different variables affecting the process is generally not assessed. In this study, the solvent extraction of manganese from a solution based on lithium-ion batteries was modeled and optimized using factorial designs of experiments and the response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions (O:A of 1.25:1, pH 3.25, and 0.5 M bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)), extractions above 70% Mn were reached in a single extraction stage with a coextraction of less than 5% Co, which was mostly removed in two scrubbing stages. A stripping product containing around 23 g/L Mn and around 0.3 g/L Co can be obtained under optimized conditions (O:A of 8:1, 1 M H2SO4 and around 13 min of contact time) in one stripping stage.
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| 47. |
- Vieceli, Nathalia Cristine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries from Industrial Processing: Upscaled Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Recovery of High Purity Manganese by Solvent Extraction
- 2023
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Ingår i: Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0736-6299 .- 1532-2262. ; 41:2, s. 205-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manganese plays a central role in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) but its recycling is rarely addressed when compared to other valuable metals present in LIBs, such as Co and Ni. Thus, the main goal of this work was to study and achieve the separation of Mn from Co and Ni by solvent extraction from a leachate obtained from LIBs using hydrochloric acid in an upscaled reactor, which is an innovative aspect of this work. The results confirmed the high selectivity of D2EHPA towards Mn, which could be completely extracted in two stages (0.5 M D2EHPA at pH 2.5). The main co-extracted metals were Al, Cu and Co, but with lower concentrations than Mn. The behavior of minor impurities such as Zn and Mg was also monitored. Scrubbing using manganese chloride was crucial to remove impurities from the loaded organic and prevent their presence in the stripping product, and high O:A ratios negatively affected the scrubbing efficiency. Keeping the concentration of HCl up to 0.5 M in the stripping stage helped to limit the stripping of impurities. Manganese oxide was precipitated as a product with 99.5% purity (with traces of Zn, Cu and Co), which could be reused in the battery value chain.
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| 48. |
- Vieceli, Nathalia Cristine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and a Dosing Method on the Leaching of LCO, NMC Oxides, and Industrial Black Mass
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. - 2168-0485. ; 11:26, s. 9662-9673
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the leachability ofdifferentreference cathode active materials used in lithium-ion batteries (LCO,NMC 111, NMC 622, and NMC 811) was investigated using 2 M H2SO4. An innovative method was used to monitor the consumptionand residual concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which can help optimizeits addition and improve the economy and resource yield of the process.The reducing effect of hydrogen peroxide was compared using two methodsof adding it. Leaching with hydrogen peroxide significantly improvedthe dissolution and 100% yield was reached within 15 min for the NMCoxides (except NMC 811) and within 30 min for LCO. Co and Ni weremore easily leached from NMC 811 compared to other NMC oxides. Thedissolution of metals from LCO was in general slower. Cu and Al canalso act as reducing agents and their presence increased the leachingyield of the transition metals, especially Mn, and resulted in lessresidual hydrogen peroxide. The H2O2 additionmethod (all at once or charged at multiple occasions) did not influencethe maximum leachability (except for Mn/NMC 811) or the amount ofconsumed hydrogen peroxide, but the rate of dissolution was slowerwhen charging at multiple times. The optimal conditions determinedfor the reference NMC 111 cathode material [3% v/v H2O2 (59% w/w), S/L 1:20 g/mL, 2 M H2SO4, 50 & DEG;C] were applied for an industrial black mass sample (Li(1.09)Ni(0.31)Mn0(.39)Co(0.39)O(2)). The result was 100% yield for Li, Mn, and Ni, after 15min and 100% yield for Co after 60 min. Optimizedprocess decreases reagents consumption and carbonfootprint and increases the efficiency of the recycling process.
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| 49. |
- Vieceli, Nathalia Cristine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solvent extraction of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries: Dynamic optimization of the number of extraction stages using factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology
- 2023
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Ingår i: Separation and Purification Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3794 .- 1383-5866. ; 307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The optimization of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) recycling is crucial not only from a waste management perspective but also to decrease the dependence on imports of critical raw materials. In addition, the diversification of the recycling technologies is very important for better flexibility of the market. This study aims at investigating the recovery of Co from spent LiBs using solvent extraction from a real chloride-based solution obtained after the removal of Mn, which is very rarely reported. Cyanex 272 was used as the extractant and the effect of several variables on the extraction efficiency was considered to model and optimize the separation of Co and Ni. The number of extraction stages directly affects not only the process efficiency but also its cost. Thus, in this work, a novel approach was developed to assist in the selection of the number of extraction stages using a dynamic method based on the factorial design of experiments and response surface methodology combined with the Kremseŕs Equation. This method can assist the process design, decrease the overall cost of the operation, and optimize the separation of Co and Ni in a reduced number of extraction stages. The concentration of Co and Ni in the feed solutions is ∼ 8.3 g/L and 1.9 g/L, respectively. Based on the results, 98% extraction efficiency for Co can be achieved in 1 to 2 extraction stages with low co-extraction of Ni (<5%) when using 0.6–0.8 M Cyanex 272, O:A ratio below 1 and pH ∼ 5, but several combinations of conditions could provide similar results.
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