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- Baskaran, Karthikeyan, et al.
(författare)
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Stability of fixation in diabetes patients with and without clinically significant macular edema
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - Eye diseases affecting central vision impair fixation and interfere with day-to-day tasks such as reading. Diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema (CSME) are leading causes of visual impairment in diabetes patients. The aim of this study is to find whether diabetic patients with CSME have poorer fixation stability compared to patients without CSME, by analyzing the fundus images obtained from the Laser Scanning Digital Camera (LSDC).Methods - Two hundred underserved, diabetic patients were screened for diabetic retinopathy at the Eastmont Wellness Center within the EyePACS telemedicine network, using LSDC. One eye of each patient who had diabetic retinopathy was included in this study. Non-mydriatic color fundus photos were classified for presence of CSME by two independent, certified EyePACS graders. The first 50 patients (25 males & 25 females) with CSME were selected and 50 (27 males & 23 females) diabetic patients without CSME were selected as controls. Mean age was 59 (±9) years for patients with CSME and was 55 (±10) years for patients without CSME. The subjects included 53% Hispanics, 26% African Americans and 21% other. A series of 20 images (36 deg field, 1024 X 1024 pixels, and 850 nm) were acquired at 11 fps. Eye positions were obtained by selecting a region of interest in the first image of each series and aligning the remaining images to that region by cross-correlation. The bi-contour ellipse area (BCEA) and the standard deviation of the Euclidean distance (SDED) were used to quantify fixation stability.Results - The fixation stability for patients with CSME was significantly worse than for those without CSME (t test: p < 0.001, 0.007 for BCEA and SDED, respectively). The mean fixation stability obtained by the BCEA metric was 2.74 (±0.40) log(minArc2) and 2.34 (±0.42) log(minArc2) for patients with and without CSME, respectively. For SDED the mean was 48.4 (±28.8) microns and 34.6 (±20.4) microns for patients with and without CSME, respectively. The correlation with age was not significant for either group (R2 = 0.052, 0.011).Conclusions - Diabetic patients with CSME had poorer fixation stability than patients without CSME for both metrics. Fixation stability is a potential tool for assessing macular function and could be used for tracking the treatment and progression of macular edema.The LSDC images provide one method to quantify fixation stability rapidly.
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| 2. |
- Muller, Matthew S., et al.
(författare)
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Real-Time Retinal Imaging with Integrated Visual Function Testing Using the Digital Light Ophthalmoscope
- 2014
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Ingår i: IOVS. - Orlando, Florida, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Purpose: To perform low cost fixation stability assessment and kinetic perimetry during live fundus viewing using the Digital Light Ophthalmoscope (DLO). Methods: Kinetic perimetry was performed on 12 undilated normal subjects aged 25 - 63 with real-time confocal retinal imaging using the DLO. Having similar functionality to a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope, but at far lower cost, the DLO uses a single digital light projector to provide both the illumination for confocal imaging, and the stimuli for visual function measurements. Confocal retinal imaging is performed at 20 Hz with a 35.1 deg field of view. The imaging illumination is provided by a red 630 nm LED, with 40 µW time-averaged power at the cornea. Stimuli are shown in black over the red imaging illumination and are operator controlled in shape and position in real-time. The black stimuli are easily seen by the subject and are also clearly visible on the live view of the fundus. Subjects were instructed to stare at a fixation target while a Goldman V size (1.72 deg diameter) target was presented near the optic nerve head. The path taken by the stimulus was guided by one of eight meridians that converged at a point on the optic nerve head. The meridians were equally separated by 45 deg, and 7 deg long. Each stimulus moved incrementally outwards, from “not seen” to “seen”, at approximately 2.5 deg per sec. Once the stimulus was seen by the subject, an 8 image frame buffer was saved. Fixation stability was separately measured by acquiring 60 frames over 3 sec while the subject fixated on a cross-hair target with 0.3 deg line thickness. Results: The stimuli were directly visible on the retinal image frames, providing precise visual function testing. The visual function maps, formed by registering and superimposing the fundus images obtained for each stimulus meridian path, agreed well with the boundaries of the optic nerve head. The subjects’ fixation was 0.25±0.13 deg, measured over a 2 sec blink-free interval of the 3 sec acquisition. Conclusions: The DLO with integrated visual function testing is a flexible and cost-effective platform for conducting image-corrected visual function tests, such as kinetic perimetry and fixation stability assessment, and can be readily extended to scotoma mapping and reading tests.
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