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- Anand, Kritika, et al.
(författare)
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Solar and geomagnetic activity reduces pulmonary function and enhances particulate pollution effects
- 2022
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 838
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Increased solar and geomagnetic activity (SGA) may alter sympathetic nervous system activity, reduce antioxidant activity, and modulate physiochemical processes that contribute to atmospheric aerosols, all which may reduce pulmonary function. Objectives: Investigate associations between forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) with SGA, and assess whether SGA enhances adverse effects of particulate pollution, black carbon (BC) and particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5). Methods: We conducted a repeated measures analysis in 726 Normative Aging Study participants (Boston, Massachusetts, USA) between 2000 and 2017, using interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), planetary K index (Kp), and sunspot number (SSN) as SGA measures. Linear mixed effects models were used to assess exposure moving averages up to 28 days for both SGA and pollution. Results: Increases in IMF, Kp Index and SSN from the day of the pulmonary function test averaged through day 28 of were associated with a significant decrement in FEV1 and FVC, after adjusting for potential confounders. There were greater effects for longer moving averages and enhanced effects of PM2.5 and BC on FEV1 and FVC with increased SGA. For example, for each inter-quartile increase (4.55 μg/m3) in average PM2.5 28 days before testing, low IMF (10th percentile: 3.2 nT) was associated with a −21.4 ml (95 % CI: −60.8, 18.1) and −7.1 ml (95 % CI: −37.7, 23·4) decrease in FVC and FEV1, respectively; high IMF (90th percentile: 9.0 nT) was associated with a −120.7 ml (95 % CI:-166.5, −74.9) and −78.6 ml (95 % CI: −114.3, −42·8) decrease in FVC and FEV1, respectively. Discussion: Increased periods of solar and geomagnetic activity may directly contribute to impaired pulmonary function and also enhance effects of PM2.5 and BC. Since exposure to solar activity is ubiquitous, stricter measures in reducing air pollution exposures are warranted, particularly in elderly populations.
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| 2. |
- Li, Longxiang, et al.
(författare)
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Ratios between Radon Concentrations in Upstairs and Basements : A Study in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2328-8930. ; 9:2, s. 191-197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Temporally resolved assessment of residential exposure to radon is essential for investigating radon's acute health effects. Recent studies have used large numbers of short-term radon measurements to model the spatiotemporal variations in radon concentrations. However, most short-term radon measurements in the northeastern and midwestern United States were conducted in the basements, which were less frequently occupied and had higher average radon concentrations than the upstairs spaces. Disproportionate usage of basement radon measurements in exposure assessment potentially introduces misclassifications. In an effort to mitigate the issue, we investigated the spatiotemporal gradients in ratios between the radon concentrations in the upstairs and basements (hereafter upstairs/basement ratio). Building-specific ratios were calculated on the basis of 10774 pairs of simultaneous short-term measurements and then aggregated by state and season. We found that upstairs/basement ratios of northeastern states are generally lower than those of Midwestern states, a pattern also found in 3508 pairs of simultaneous long-term radon measurements. Ratios in winter are higher than those in other seasons. Our results, in conjunction with behavior data, can improve the assessment of short-term residential exposure to radon and therefore facilitate future studies regarding the acute health effects of radon.
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| 3. |
- Meadows, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
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Genome sequencing of 2000 canids by the Dog10K consortium advances the understanding of demography, genome function and architecture
- 2023
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Ingår i: Genome Biology. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1465-6906 .- 1474-760X. ; 24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The international Dog10K project aims to sequence and analyze several thousand canine genomes. Incorporating 20 x data from 1987 individuals, including 1611 dogs (321 breeds), 309 village dogs, 63 wolves, and four coyotes, we identify genomic variation across the canid family, setting the stage for detailed studies of domestication, behavior, morphology, disease susceptibility, and genome architecture and function.Results: We report the analysis of > 48 M single-nucleotide, indel, and structural variants spanning the autosomes, X chromosome, and mitochondria. We discover more than 75% of variation for 239 sampled breeds. Allele sharing analysis indicates that 94.9% of breeds form monophyletic clusters and 25 major clades. German Shepherd Dogs and related breeds show the highest allele sharing with independent breeds from multiple clades. On average, each breed dog differs from the UU_Cfam_GSD_1.0 reference at 26,960 deletions and 14,034 insertions greater than 50 bp, with wolves having 14% more variants. Discovered variants include retrogene insertions from 926 parent genes. To aid functional prioritization, single-nucleotide variants were annotated with SnpEff and Zoonomia phyloP constraint scores. Constrained positions were negatively correlated with allele frequency. Finally, the utility of the Dog10K data as an imputation reference panel is assessed, generating high-confidence calls across varied genotyping platform densities including for breeds not included in the Dog10K collection.Conclusions: We have developed a dense dataset of 1987 sequenced canids that reveals patterns of allele sharing, identifies likely functional variants, informs breed structure, and enables accurate imputation. Dog10K data are publicly available.
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| 4. |
- Petros, Z, et al.
(författare)
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Constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor genotype influence efavirenz plasma concentration and CYP2B6 enzyme activity
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1, s. 9698-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efavirenz is metabolized by CYP2B6, an inducible enzyme whose expression is regulated by the constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor nuclear receptors. CAR and PXR are encoded by genetically polymorphic NR1I2 and NR1I3, respectively. We examined the impact of NR1I2 and NR1I3 genotype on plasma EFV concentration and CYP2B6 enzyme activity among TB-HIV co-infected patients in Ethiopia. Treatment-naïve HIV patients with TB co-infection (n = 80) were enrolled and received first-line EFV-based antiretroviral and rifampicin-based anti-TB therapy. Plasma EFV and 8-hydroxy-EFV concentrations at the 4th and 16th week of EFV treatment were determined using LC/MS/MS. EFV/8-hydroxy-EFVmetabolic ratio was used as CYP2B6 metabolic activity index. In multivariate regression analysis, NR1I3 rs3003596C or NR1I2 rs2472677T variant allele carriers had significantly lower plasma EFV concentrations than non-carriers. Patients with NR1I2 rs3814057C/C genotype or NR1I3 rs3003596C allele carriers had significantly lower mean log EFV MR. Among CYP2B6*6 allele carriers, patients with NR1I3 rs2502815T/T or NR1I2 rs3814057C/C genotype had significantly lower mean log EFV MR. In conclusion, genetic variants in NR1I2 and NR1I3 genes influence plasma EFV exposure and CYP2B6 enzyme activity in TB-HIV co-infected patients on drug treatment.
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