| 1. |
- Hermann, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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An optical particle size spectrometer for aircraft-borne measurements in IAGOS-CARIBIC
- 2016
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 9:5, s. 2179-2194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The particle number size distribution is an important parameter to characterize the atmospheric aerosol and its influence on the Earth's climate. Here we describe a new optical particle size spectrometer (OPSS) for measurements of the accumulation mode particle number size distribution in the tropopause region on board a passenger aircraft (IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System - Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container). A modified KS93 particle sensor from RION Co., Ltd., together with a new airflow system and a dedicated data acquisition system, is the key component of the CARIBIC OPSS. The instrument records individual particle pulse signal curves in the particle size range 130-1110 nm diameter (for a particle refractive index of 1.47-i0.006) together with a time stamp and thus allows the post-flight choice of the time resolution and the size distribution bin width. The CARIBIC OPSS has a 50 % particle detection diameter of 152 nm and a maximum asymptotic counting efficiency of 98 %. The instrument's measurement performance shows no pressure dependency and no particle coincidence for free tropospheric conditions. The size response function of the CARIBIC OPSS was obtained by a polystyrene latex calibration in combination with model calculations. Particle number size distributions measured with the new OPSS in the lowermost stratosphere agreed within a factor of 2 in concentration with balloon-borne measurements over western North America. Since June 2010 the CARIBIC OPSS is deployed once per month in the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory.
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| 2. |
- Charpentier Ljungqvist, Fredrik, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Regional Patterns of Late Medieval and Early Modern European Building Activity Revealed by Felling Dates
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-701X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although variations in building activity are a useful indicator of societal well-being and demographic development, historical datasets for larger regions and longer periods are still rare. Here, we present 54,045 annually precise dendrochronological felling dates from historical construction timber from across most of Europe between 1250 and 1699 CE to infer variations in building activity. We use geostatistical techniques to compare spatiotemporal dynamics in past European building activity against independent demographic, economic, social and climatic data. We show that the felling dates capture major geographical patterns of demographic trends, especially in regions with dense data coverage. A particularly strong negative association is found between grain prices and the number of felling dates. In addition, a significant positive association is found between the number of felling dates and mining activity. These strong associations, with well-known macro-economic indicators from pre-industrial Europe, corroborate the use of felling dates as an independent source for exploring large-scale fluctuations of societal well-being and demographic development. Three prominent examples are the building boom in the Hanseatic League region of northeastern Germany during the 13th century, the onset of the Late Medieval Crisis in much of Europec. 1300, and the cessation of building activity in large parts of central Europe during armed conflicts such as the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648 CE). Despite new insights gained from our European-wide felling date inventory, further studies are needed to investigate changes in construction activity of high versus low status buildings, and of urban versus rural buildings, and to compare those results with a variety of historical documentary sources and natural proxy archives.
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| 3. |
- Khani, Sajjad, et al.
(författare)
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Cold-induced expression of a truncated adenylyl cyclase 3 acts as rheostat to brown fat function
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Metabolism. - 2522-5812.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Promoting brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity innovatively targets obesity and metabolic disease. While thermogenic activation of BAT is well understood, the rheostatic regulation of BAT to avoid excessive energy dissipation remains ill-defined. Here, we demonstrate that adenylyl cyclase 3 (AC3) is key for BAT function. We identified a cold-inducible promoter that generates a 5′ truncated AC3 mRNA isoform (Adcy3-at), whose expression is driven by a cold-induced, truncated isoform of PPARGC1A (PPARGC1A-AT). Male mice lacking Adcy3-at display increased energy expenditure and are resistant to obesity and ensuing metabolic imbalances. Mouse and human AC3-AT are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, unable to translocate to the plasma membrane and lack enzymatic activity. AC3-AT interacts with AC3 and sequesters it in the endoplasmic reticulum, reducing the pool of adenylyl cyclases available for G-protein-mediated cAMP synthesis. Thus, AC3-AT acts as a cold-induced rheostat in BAT, limiting adverse consequences of cAMP activity during chronic BAT activation.
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| 4. |
- Naderi, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Sulfoethylated nanofibrillated cellulose : Production and properties
- 2017
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Ingår i: Carbohydrate Polymers. - : Elsevier. - 0144-8617 .- 1879-1344. ; 169, s. 515-523
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sulfoethylated nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCsulf) was produced by an industrially relevant process. The properties of the NFCsulf were compared with those of carboxymethylated nanofibrillated cellulose (NFCcarb), which has been identified as an attractive NFC for several industrial applications. The investigations revealed that NFCsulf is characterized by a higher degree of fibrillation and has superior redispersion properties. Furthermore, NFCsulf displays higher stability in varying pH values as compared to NFCcarb. Hence, NFCsulf may be a more attractive alternative than NFCcarb in applications such as rheological modifiers or adsorbing components in personal care products, in which the performance of NFC must remain unaffected in varying ambient conditions. The superior properties of NFCsulf compared to NFCcarb were proposed to be due to the combination of the unique chemical characteristics of the sulfoethylated reagent, and the larger size of the sulfonate group compared to the carboxymethyl group.
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| 5. |
- Nord, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of novel and complex genomic aberrations in glioblastoma using a 32K BAC array
- 2009
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Ingår i: Neuro-Oncology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1522-8517 .- 1523-5866. ; 11:6, s. 803-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glioblastomas (GBs) are malignant CNS tumors often associated with devastating symptoms. Patients with GB have a very poor prognosis, and despite treatment, most of them die within 12 months from diagnosis. Several pathways, such as the RAS, tumor protein 53 (TP53), and phosphoinositide kinase 3 (PIK3) pathways, as well as the cell cycle control pathway, have been identified to be disrupted in this tumor. However, emerging data suggest that these aberrations represent only a fraction of the genetic changes involved in gliomagenesis. In this study, we have applied a 32K clone-based genomic array, covering 99% of the current assembly of the human genome, to the detailed genetic profiling of a set of 78 GBs. Complex patterns of aberrations, including high and narrow copy number amplicons, as well as a number of homozygously deleted loci, were identified. Amplicons that varied both in number (three on average) and in size (1.4 Mb on average) were frequently detected (81% of the samples). The loci encompassed not only previously reported oncogenes (EGFR, PDGFRA, MDM2, and CDK4) but also numerous novel oncogenes as GRB10, MKLN1, PPARGC1A, HGF, NAV3, CNTN1, SYT1, and ADAMTSL3. BNC2, PTPLAD2, and PTPRE, on the other hand, represent novel candidate tumor suppressor genes encompassed within homozygously deleted loci. Many of these genes are already linked to several forms of cancer; others represent new candidate genes that may serve as prognostic markers or even as therapeutic targets in the future. The large individual variation observed between the samples demonstrates the underlying complexity of the disease and strengthens the demand for an individualized therapy based on the genetic profile of the patient.
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| 6. |
- Pfeifer, Verena, et al.
(författare)
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Energy Band Alignment between Anatase and Rutile TiO2
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215 .- 1948-7185. ; 4:23, s. 4182-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using photoelectron spectroscopy, the interface formation of anatase and rutile TiO2 with RuO2 and tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is studied. It is consistently found that the valence band maximum of rutile is 0.7 ± 0.1 eV above that of anatase. The alignment is confirmed by electronic structure calculations, which further show that the alignment is related to the splitting of the energy bands formed by the O 2pz lone-pair orbitals. The alignment can explain the different electron concentrations in doped anatase and rutile and the enhanced photocatalytic activity of mixed phase particles.
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| 7. |
- Smith, Ruben, et al.
(författare)
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The α-synuclein PET tracer [18F] ACI-12589 distinguishes multiple system atrophy from other neurodegenerative diseases
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A positron emission tomography (PET) tracer detecting α-synuclein pathology will improve the diagnosis, and ultimately the treatment of α-synuclein-related diseases. Here we show that the PET ligand, [18F]ACI-12589, displays good in vitro affinity and specificity for pathological α-synuclein in tissues from patients with different α-synuclein-related disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Multiple-System Atrophy (MSA) using autoradiography and radiobinding techniques. In the initial clinical evaluation we include 23 participants with α-synuclein related disorders, 11 with other neurodegenerative disorders and eight controls. In vivo [18F]ACI-12589 demonstrates clear binding in the cerebellar white matter and middle cerebellar peduncles of MSA patients, regions known to be highly affected by α-synuclein pathology, but shows limited binding in PD. The binding statistically separates MSA patients from healthy controls and subjects with other neurodegenerative disorders, including other synucleinopathies. Our results indicate that α-synuclein pathology in MSA can be identified using [18F]ACI-12589 PET imaging, potentially improving the diagnostic work-up of MSA and allowing for detection of drug target engagement in vivo of novel α-synuclein targeting therapies.
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| 8. |
- Tardivo, Alessio, et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of EU-funded R&I programmes from the perspective of the European railway sector stakeholders
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2022 Conference Proceedings Transport Research Arena, TRA Lisbon 2022. - : Elsevier B.V.. ; , s. 1256-1263
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper provides a methodology for measuring the adherence of Research & Innovation (R&I) actions in railways to the stakeholders' requirements and expected benefits. After collecting the stakeholders' requirements, the R&I objectives are extracted from high-level documents such as Europe's Rail Joint Undertaking Master Plan and Multi Annual Work Programme. Lastly, after standardization of the requirements and the technology concepts, a top-down analysis is performed. The results show that network management and vehicle technologies have the highest benefit for the stakeholders, and ERRAC and Regulatory Bodies' requirements are well addrebed. However, the end-users requirements are only partially fulfilled. The necessity of increasing multimodal transport and cooperation with other transport modes is shown, while stronger focus can be placed on the employees and education/training.
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| 9. |
- Waldhuber, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 disrupts NLRP3 inflammasome activation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Investigation. - 0021-9738. ; 126:7, s. 36-2425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Successful bacterial pathogens produce an array of virulence factors that allow subversion of the immune system and persistence within the host. For example, uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, such as CFT073, express Toll/IL-1 receptor-containing (TIR-containing) protein C (TcpC), which impairs TLR signaling, thereby suppressing innate immunity in the urinary tract and enhancing persistence in the kidneys. Here, we have reported that TcpC also reduces secretion of IL-1β by directly interacting with the NACHT leucin-rich repeat PYD protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which is crucial for recognition of pathogens within the cytosol. At a low MOI, IL-1β secretion was minimal in CFT073-infected macrophages; however, IL-1β release was markedly increased in macrophages infected with CFT073 lacking tcpC. Induction of IL-1β secretion by CFT073 and tcpC-deficient CFT073 required the NLRP3 inflammasome. TcpC attenuated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by binding both NLRP3 and caspase-1 and thereby preventing processing and activation of caspase-1. Moreover, in a murine urinary tract infection model, CFT073 infection rapidly induced expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the bladder mucosa; however, the presence of TcpC in WT CFT073 reduced IL-1β levels in the urine of infected mice. Together, these findings illustrate how uropathogenic E. coli use the multifunctional virulence factor TcpC to attenuate innate immune responses in the urinary tract.
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| 10. |
- Wang, Mingyi, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid growth of new atmospheric particles by nitric acid and ammonia condensation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 581:7807, s. 184-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog(1,2), but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling(3). If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1-10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below -15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid-base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms(4,5).
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