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- Meier, H. E. M., et al.
(författare)
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Ventilation of the Baltic Sea deep water: A brief review of present knowledge from observations and models
- 2006
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Ingår i: Oceanologia. - 0078-3234. ; 48, s. 133-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ventilation of the Baltic Sea deep water is driven by either gale-forced barotropic or baroclinic salt water inflows. During the past two decades, the frequency of large barotropic inflows (mainly in winter) has decreased and the frequency of medium-intensity baroclinic inflows (observed in summer) has increased. As a result of entrainment of ambient oxygen-rich water, summer inflows are also important for the deep water ventilation. Recent process studies of salt water plumes suggest that the entrainment rates are generally smaller than those predicted by earlier entrainment models. In addition to the entrance area, the Slupsk Sill and the Slupsk Furrow are important locations for the transformation of water masses. Passing the Slupsk Furrow, both gravity-driven dense bottom flows and sub-surface cyclonic eddies, which are eroded laterally by thermohaline intrusions, ventilate the deep water of the eastern Gotland Basin. A recent study of the energy transfer from barotropic to baroclinic wave motion using a two-dimensional shallow water model suggests that about 30% of the energy needed below the halocline for deep water mixing is explained by the breaking of internal waves. In the deep water decade-long stagnation periods with decreasing oxygen and increasing hydrogen sulphide concentrations might be caused by anomalously large freshwater inflows and anomalously high mean zonal wind speeds. In different studies the typical response time scale of average salinity was estimated to be between approximately 20 and 30 years. The review summarizes recent research results and ends with a list of open questions and recommendations.
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- Omstedt, Anders, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge of the Baltic Sea physics gained during the BALTEX and related programmes
- 2004
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Ingår i: Progress in Oceanography. - : Elsevier BV. - 0079-6611. ; 63:1-2, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Review is given about the main results of the oceanographic component of the BALTEX research programme (one of the six continental scale experiments within GEWEX-WCRP to study water and energy cycles in the regional climate system) and related programmes/projects over the last 10 years. Working closely together with two other components regional meteorology and hydrology of the Baltic Sea drainage basin - oceanographic research has considerably improved the understanding of and ability to model the Baltic Sea marine system. In the Baltic Sea physics seven different broad topics are identified where knowledge has significantly improved. These are reviewed together with a discussion of gaps in knowledge. The focus is on the water and energy cycles of the Baltic Sea, but various aspects of forcing and validation data and modelling are also discussed. The major advances achieved through BALTEX and related programmes are: Meteorological, hydrological, ocean and ice data are now available for the research community. Progress in understanding of the strong impact of large-scale atmospheric circulation on Baltic Sea circulation, water mass exchange, sea ice evolution, and changes in the ocean conditions of the Baltic Sea. Progress in understanding of the importance of strait flows in the exchange of water into and within the Baltic Sea. Progress in understanding of intra-basin processes. Ocean models introduced into Baltic Sea water and energy studies. Development of turbulence models and 3D ocean circulation models for application to the Baltic Sea. Improved Baltic Sea ice modelling and increased understanding of the need for coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean-land models. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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