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1.
  • Acosta, Stefan, et al. (författare)
  • Long-term testosterone stimulation induces hyperplasia in the guinea-pig prostate.
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5608 .- 1365-7852. ; 7:3, s. 227-231
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The relation between supraphysiologic circulating testosterone levels and prostatic diseases is unclear and difficult to study in men. Animal models may be advantageous. Based on a pilot study, testosterone enantate 50 mg (n=12) or 25 mg (n=12) was administered to guinea-pigs intramuscularly every 3 weeks, for either 7 or 14 months. The histopathology of the prostate was described. Epithelial hyperplasia was found in 14/21 animals receiving testosterone and in 7/12 very old animals, but no such changes were found in the sham or castrated animals. Testosterone stimulation seems to induce epithelial hyperplasia, but not cancer, in the guinea-pig prostate.
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2.
  • Acosta, Stefan, et al. (författare)
  • Neuroendocrine cells and nerves in the prostate of the guinea pig: effects of peripheral denervation and castration
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: The Prostate. - 0270-4137. ; 46:3, s. 191-199
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine (NE) cells and nerves in the prostate gland are thought to play a central role in the regulation of growth, cellular differentiation and homeostasis of secretory activity. The objective of this experimental study was to describe the effects of peripheral denervation and castration on NE cells and nerves in the guinea pig prostate. METHODS: Guinea pigs underwent sham-operation, unilateral and bilateral hypogastric nerve resection, extirpation of the right anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG), autotransplantation of prostatic tissue and castration. Cryostat sections of prostatic tissue were examined with immunohistochemistry by using serotonin (5-HT) and chromogranin A (CgA) and various neuropeptides. RESULTS: The number of 5-HT-IR NE cells was four-fold higher than CgA-IR NE cells. The innervation pattern was uniform throughout the gland with subepithelial nerves in close proximity to NE cells. Autotransplants of prostatic tissue showed total loss of nerves, but the number and morphology of 5-HT-IR NE cells were unaltered. Extirpation of the right AMPG showed significant reduction in prostate weight, decreased density of nerve terminals in the superior part of the ipsilateral prostate, whereas the number and morphological feature of 5-HT-IR NE cells remained unaffected in the entire prostate. Castration induced atrophy of the gland with a significant reduction in weight (unpaired t-test, P < 0.001), but without effect upon 5-HT-IR NE cells. CONCLUSIONS: The guinea pig seems to be a useful animal model for studies on the role of the NE cells in the prostate. NE cells seem to be independent of innervation and androgens. It seems that other factors influence the NE cell population to a greater extent.
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3.
  • Dabek, M, et al. (författare)
  • alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) absorption from pig intestine and plasma pharmacokinetics
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. - : Wiley. - 0931-2439 .- 1439-0396. ; 89:11-12, s. 419-426
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To study the absorption, metabolism and kinetics, the AKG ( in different concentrations) was administered intravenously, intra-portally, orally and directly into the ileum or duodenum of pigs, chronically fitted with portal and jugular catheters and T-shaped cannula at the duodenum and ileum. Additionally, this study was conducted to determine the influence of low pH, Fe2+ or/ and SO42- on AKG gut absorption and conversely FeSO4 and FeSO4/AKG on Fe2+ gut absorption. It is concluded that AKG was significantly better absorbed from the upper small intestine than from the distal sections. Furthermore, low pH, Fe2+ and/or SO42- ions enhanced AKG absorption. The AKG administered to the portal vein was rapidly eliminated from the blood (half-life less than 5 min). The short lifetime for AKG is probably dependent on quick metabolism in the enteorcyetes and liver. However, the prolonged half-life can be related to its low AKG blood concentration. The Fe2+ concentrations in blood increased after FeSO4 and FeSO4/AKG duodenal infusion. The implication of above observations is important for practical application of the AKG in animal and human nutrition as well in medicine.
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4.
  • Arciszewski, Marcin, et al. (författare)
  • Lipopolysaccharide induces cell death in cultured porcine myenteric neurons.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2568 .- 0163-2116. ; 50:9, s. 1661-1668
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Enteric bacteria execute, via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogenic role in intestinal inflammation. The effects of LPS on survival and neurotransmitter expression in cultured porcine myenteric neurons were investigated. Myenteric neurons were isolated and cultured for 6 days in medium, in LPS (100 ng/ml) with or without α-ketoglutarate or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME, in α-ketoglutarate or in the NO donor SNAP. Neuronal survival and expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and NOS were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Addition of LPS significantly decreased neuronal survival; only 40% survived, compared to controls run in parallel. The LPS-induced neurotoxic effect was not counteracted by the simultaneous presence of α-ketoglutarate or L-NAME. Either SNAP or α-ketoglutarate influenced neuronal survival. Culturing, particularly in the presence of LPS, markedly increased the proportion of VIP-immunoreactive neurons; NOS-immunoreactive neurons were unchanged. The reported LPS-induced neurotoxicity indicates loss of enteric neurons as a consequence of intestinal inflammation.
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5.
  • Arévalo Sureda, Ester, et al. (författare)
  • Maturation of the intestinal epithelial barrier in neonatal rats coincides with decreased FcRn expression, replacement of vacuolated enterocytes and changed Blimp-1 expression
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The intestinal barrier is immature in newborn mammals allowing for transfer of bioactive macromolecules, e.g. protecting antibodies, from mother's milk to the blood circulation and in neonatal rodents lasts until weaning. This passage involves the neonatal-Fc-receptor (FcRn) binding IgG in the proximal and highly endocytic vacuolated enterocytes in the distal immature small intestine (SI). Recent studies have suggested an involvement of the transcription factor B-lymphocyte-induced maturation-protein-1 (Blimp-1) in the regulation of SI maturation in mice. Hence, the objective of the present study was to monitor the development of the intestinal barrier function, in relation to Blimp-1 expression during both natural and precociously induced intestinal maturation in rats. Results: During the suckling period IgG plasma levels increased, while after gut closure it temporarily decreased. This corresponded to a high expression of FcRn in the proximal SI epithelium and the presence of vacuolated enterocytes in the distal SI. The immature foetal-type epithelium was replaced after weaning or induced precocious maturation, by an adult-type epithelium with FcRnneg cells in the proximal and by non-vacuolated enterocytes in the distal SI. In parallel to this epithelial shift, Blimp-1 expression decreased in the distal SI. Conclusion: The switch from foetal- to adult-type epithelium, with decreased proximal expression of FcRn and distal replacement of vacuolated enterocytes, was concurrent in the two SI regions and could be used for monitoring SI maturation in the rat. The changes in expression of Blimp-1 in the distal SI epithelium followed the maturation pattern.
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6.
  • Bayliak, Maria M., et al. (författare)
  • Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate increases cold tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster and enhances protein pool and antioxidant defense in sex-specific manner
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Thermal Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4565. ; 60, s. 1-11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is an important intermediate in Krebs cycle which bridges the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates. Its effects as a dietary supplement on cold tolerance were studied in Drosophila melanogaster Canton S. Two-day-old adult flies fed at larval and adult stages with AKG at moderate concentrations (5-10 mM) recovered faster from chill coma (0 °C for 15 min or 3 h) than control ones. The beneficial effect of AKG on chill coma recovery was not found at its higher concentrations, which suggests hormetic like action of this keto acid. Time of 50% observed mortality after 2 h recovery from continuous cold exposure (-1 °C for 3-31 h) (LTi50) was higher for flies reared on 10 mM AKG compared with control ones, showing that the diet with AKG enhanced insect cold tolerance. In parallel with enhancement of cold tolerance, dietary AKG improved fly locomotor activity. Metabolic effects of AKG differed partly in males and females. In males fed on AKG, there were no differences in total protein and free amino acid levels, but the total antioxidant capacity, catalase activity and low molecular mass thiol content were higher than in control animals. In females, dietary AKG promoted higher total antioxidant capacity and higher levels of proteins, total amino acids, proline and low molecular mass thiols. The levels of lipid peroxides were lower in both fly sexes reared on AKG as compared with control ones. We conclude that both enhancement of antioxidant system capacity and synthesis of amino acids can be important for AKG-promoted cold tolerance in D. melanogaster. The involvement of AKG in metabolic pathways of Drosophila males and females is discussed.
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7.
  • Berthelot, V, et al. (författare)
  • Hepatic metabolism of propionate and methylmalonate in growing lambs
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Livestock Production Science. - 0301-6226. ; 74:1, s. 33-43
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The hepatic extraction ratio or propionate and the net hepatic flux of methylmalonate (MMA) were investigated in six Suffolk lambs (32.7 +/- 1.7 kg BW) implanted with catheters in a mesenteric artery and in the portal, hepatic, and ruminal veins and a cannula in the rumen. The lambs were fed a pelleted barley-based diet (1.1 kg DM per day) and subjected to three intravenous infusion protocols separated by at least 7 days: saline (C; control), butyrate (B; 0.2 mmol/h/kg BW) or lactate (L; 0.96 mmol/h/kg BW). The solutions were infused continuously into the ruminal vein for 13 h. At the same time as the intravenous infusion treatments, propionate (1.78 mmol/h/kg BW) was infused intraruminally for 4 h starting 4 h after the initiation of the experimental protocol. Arterial, portal and hepatic blood samples were obtained during the last 10 h of the infusion protocol. Blood flow was measured by down stream dilution of p-aminohippuric acid. The hepatic extraction ratio of propionate decreased from 85 +/- 3 to 75 +/- 1% after intraruminal infusion of propionate and the net splanchnic appearance of propionate increased threefold with the doubling of the net portal appearance of propionate. Intravenous infusion of lactate or butyrate did not affect the hepatic extraction ratio or net splanchnic flux of propionate. The net portal appearance, net hepatic flux and net splanchnic appearance of MMA were not (P > 0.10) different from zero in all situations. The arterial concentration of MMA increased with increasing absorption rate of propionate but remained below 2 mumol/l throughout the experiment. The results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that the MMA possibly incorporated into methyl-branched chain fatty acids in adipose tissue of intensively-reared lambs is of hepatic origin.
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8.
  • Brueggemann, Dagmar A., et al. (författare)
  • Muscle contraction and force: the importance of an ancillary network, nutrient supply and waste removal
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1422-0067. ; 9:8, s. 1472-1488
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Muscle contraction studies often focus solely on myofibres and the proteins known to be involved in the processes of sarcomere shortening and cross-bridge cycling, but skeletal muscle also comprises a very elaborate ancillary network of capillaries, which not only play a vital role in terms of nutrient delivery and waste product removal, but are also tethered to surrounding fibres by collagen "wires". This paper therefore addresses aspects of the ancillary network of skeletal muscle at both a microscopic and functional level in order to better understand its role holistically as a considerable contributor to force transfer within muscular tissue.
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9.
  • Buddington, KK, et al. (författare)
  • A non-terminal surgical procedure for chronic collection of exocrine pancreatic secretions from unrestrained dogs (Canis familiaris)
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science. - 1060-0558. ; 41:1, s. 31-37
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ability of dogs to adaptively modulate secretion by the exocrine pancreas to match changes in the amounts and sources of macronutrients is poorly understood. We evaluated the use of re-entrant pancreatic catheters as a non-terminal, temporary approach for the chronic collection of exocrine pancreatic secretion using unrestrained dogs fed diets differing in composition. Re-entrant catheters were surgically placed in the accessory pancreatic duct of two adult mongrel dogs. Secretions were collected for 40 days, during which the dogs were fed three diets with different amounts and sources of macronutrients. The volume of secretion was recorded, protein content was measured, and the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, and lipase were assayed. Inter-dog variation was detected for the volume of secretion (ml/h) but not for protein content (mg/ml) or activities (U/ml) of the enzymes. The volume and composition of the secretion differed among diets. The responses were delayed about 4 days, were transient, and did not coincide with the changes in diet composition. We found that the re-entrant catheters were suitable for studying the exocrine pancreatic secretion of dogs. Our findings were inconclusive about the influence of diet but suggested that adult dogs have a limited and nonspecific response of pancreatic secretion.
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10.
  • Buddington, Karyl K., et al. (författare)
  • Selective and Concentrative Enteropancreatic Recirculation of Antibiotics by Pigs
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Antibiotics. - 2079-6382. ; 13:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Antibiotics that are efficacious for infectious pancreatitis are present in pancreatic exocrine secretion (PES) after intravenous administration and above minimal inhibitory concentrations. We measured concentrations of four antibiotics by tandem liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy in plasma and PES after enteral administration to juvenile pigs with jugular catheters and re-entrant pancreatic-duodenal catheters. Nystatin, which is not absorbed by the intestine nor used for infectious pancreatitis (negative control), was not detected in plasma or PES. Concentrations of amoxicillin increased in plasma after administration (p = 0.035), but not in PES (p = 0.51). Metronidazole and enrofloxacin that are used for infectious pancreatitis increased in plasma after enteral administration and even more so in PES, with concentrations in PES averaging 3.1 (±0.5)- and 2.3 (±0.6)-fold higher than in plasma, respectively (p′s < 0.001). The increase in enrofloxacin in PES relative to plasma was lower after intramuscular administration (1.8 ± 0.5; p = 0.001). The present results demonstrate the presence of a selective and concentrative enteropancreatic pathway of secretion for some antibiotics. Unlike the regulated secretion of bile, the constitutive secretion of PES and intestinal reabsorption may provide a continuous exposure of pancreas tissue and the small intestine to recirculated antibiotics and potentially other therapeutic molecules. There is a need to better understand the enteropancreatic recirculation of antibiotics and the associated mechanisms.
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11.
  • Buddington, RK, et al. (författare)
  • Absorption of alpha-ketoglutarate by the gastrointestinal tract of pigs
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. - : Elsevier BV. - 1531-4332. ; 138:2, s. 215-220
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Only a small percentage of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) administered lumenally to pigs appears in the portal circulation. This has been attributed to mucosal metabolism, and possibly by limited absorption. Although transporters for di- and tricarboxylic acids, which includes the sodium-dependent transporter NaDC-1, have been detected in the small intestine, correlations with functional assays are lacking. Therefore, intact tissues from three regions of the small intestine, stomach, and colon of weaned pigs were used to measure rates of AKG absorption. Western analysis was used to detect NaDC-1 in the three regions of small intestine. Rates of AKG absorption were highest in the small intestine, lowest in the colon, and intermediate in the stomach. Immunoreactive NaDC-1 was detected in the small intestine and this coincided with a component of AKG absorption that was inhibited by AKG and succinate. In contrast, absorption of AKG was inhibitable by unlabeled AKG, but not succinate, in the stomach, and by neither in the colon. Feeding studies indicated that the amounts of AKG that might be included in practical diets for pigs would not (1) upregulate rates of AKG absorption or (2) exceed estimated capacities of the small intestine to absorb AKG. The present findings indicate that the efficacy of AKG as an alternative metabolic fuel for enterocytes to spare dietary amino acids is not limited by absorption.
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12.
  • Dabek, Marta, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of the electrical currents generated by the intestinal smooth muscle layers on pancreatic enzyme activity: An in vitro study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Bioelectromagnetics. - : Wiley. - 0197-8462 .- 1521-186X. ; 28:4, s. 275-280
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gut enzymes in the small intestine are exposed to extremely low electrical currents (ELEC) generated by the smooth muscle. In the present study, the in vitro tests were undertaken to evaluate the effect of these electric currents on the activity of the proteolytic pancreatic digestive enzymes. A simulator generating the typical electrical activity of pig gut was used for these studies. The electric current emitted by the simulator was transmitted to the samples, containing enzyme and its substrate, using platinum plate electrodes. All samples were incubated at 37 degrees C for I h. The changes in optical density, corresponding to enzyme activity, in samples stimulated for I h with ELEC was compared with that not exposed to ELEC. The obtained results show that the electrical current with the characteristics of the myoelectrical migrating complex (MMC) has an influence on pancreatic enzyme activity. Increased endopeptidase and reduced exopeptidase activity was noticed in samples treated with ELEC. This observation can be of important as analyzed factors which can alter enzymatic activity of the gut, can thus also affect feed/food digestibility. Bioelectromagnetics 28:275-280, 2007. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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13.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al. (författare)
  • Can 2-oxoglutarate prevent changes in bone evoked by omeprazole?
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 29:3, s. 556-561
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, are widely used in the prevention and treatment of gastroesophageal diseases. However, an association between proton-pump inhibitors and the increased risk of bone fractures has been observed, especially in patients treated for extended periods. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate, a precursor of hydroxyproline, the most abundant amino acid in bone collagen, counteracts the bone loss. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of omeprazole on bone and investigate whether dietary 2-oxoglutarate supplementation could prevent the effects of omeprazole. Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Rats received omeprazole in the diet and 2-oxoglutarate in the drinking water. Body and organ weights and serum concentrations of cholecystokinin and gastrin were measured. The femurs, tibias, and calvarias were collected. Histomorphometric analysis of bone and cartilage tissues was conducted. Bone densitometric and peripheral quantitative computed tomographic analyses of the femur and tibia were performed. Results: Omeprazole decreased the femur and tibia weights, the mechanical properties of the femur, the volumetric bone density and content, the trabecular and cortical bone mineral content, the total, trabecular, and cortical bone areas, the mean cortical thickness, and the periosteal circumference of the femur. Omeprazole had a minor effect on the examined bone morphology and exerted negligible effects on the cartilage. 2-Oxoglutarate lowered the gastrin concentration. Conclusions: Omeprazole treatment exerts its effects mostly on bone mineralization and cancellous bone, adversely affecting bone properties. This adverse effect of omeprazole was not markedly abolished by 2-oxoglutaric acid, which acted as an anti-hypergastrinemic agent. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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14.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary 2-oxoglutarate mitigates gastrectomy-evoked structural changes in cartilage of female rats.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Experimental Biology and Medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 1535-3702 .- 1535-3699. ; 241:1, s. 14-24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Gastrectomy (Gx) leads to osteopenia/osteoporosis in humans and animals. However, little is known about the influence of Gx on the cartilage in this regard. Recent studies have demonstrated a protective effect of 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-Ox) on bone and cartilage. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether 2-Ox can mitigate eventual Gx-induced cartilage impairment. Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Gx and randomly divided into two groups: Gx + 2-Ox and Gx. Another 20 rats were sham-operated (ShO) and randomly divided into two groups: ShO + 2-Ox and ShO. The daily dose of 2-Ox administered to the rats in the drinking water was 0.43 g per 100 g rat. After eight weeks, rats were euthanized and femora and tibiae were collected. Histology and histomorphometry analyses of the articular cartilage and the growth plate were done. Gx resulted in a 32% (±44.5 femur, ±35.8 tibia) decrease in overall thickness of articular cartilage in both bones (femur: ShO 279.1 ± 48.5 vs. Gx 190.2 ± 38.4 µm, tibia: ShO 222.9 ± 50.3 µm vs. Gx 151.3 ± 52.6 µm) (in some zones up to 58 ± 28.0%), and in the growth plate up to 20% (±22.4) (femur: ShO 243.0 ± 34.0 vs. Gx 207.0 ± 33.7 µm, tibia: ShO 220.0 ± 24.6 µm vs. Gx 171.1 ± 16.1 µm). Gx altered the spatial distribution of thick and thin collagen fibers, and chondrocyte shape and size. 2-Ox administration prevented the reduction in both cartilages thickness (Gx + 2-Ox: articular cartilage 265.2 ± 53.8 µm, 235.6 ± 42.7 µm, growth plate 236.7 ± 39.2 µm, 191.3 ± 16.5 µm in femur and tibia, respectively), and abolished the spatial changes in collagen distribution and structure induced by Gx. Gx affects cartilage structure and thickness, however, 2-Ox administration mitigates these effects and showed protective and stimulatory properties. Our observations suggest that dietary 2-Ox can be used to offset some of the changes in hyaline cartilage, in particular articular cartilage, following bariatric surgeries.
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15.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary 2-oxoglutarate prevents bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with maximal dexamethasone dose
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Experimental Biology and Medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 1535-3702 .- 1535-3699. ; 242:7, s. 671-682
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used in the variety of dosages for treatment of premature infants with chronic lung disease, respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Yet, adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox), a precursor of glutamine, glutamate, and collagen amino acids, exerts protective effects on bone development. Our aim was to elucidate the effect of dietary administered 2-Ox on bone loss caused by neonatal treatment with clinically relevant maximal therapeutic dexamethasone (Dex) dose. Long bones of neonatal female piglets receiving Dex, Dex+2-Ox, or untreated were examined through measurements of mechanical properties, density, mineralization, geometry, histomorphometry, and histology. Selected hormones, bone turnover, and growth markers were also analyzed. Neonatal administration of clinically relevant maximal dose of Dex alone led to over 30% decrease in bone mass and the ultimate strength (P < 0.001 for all). The length (13 and 7% for femur and humerus, respectively) and other geometrical parameters (13–45%) decreased compared to the control (P < 0.001 for all). Dex impaired bone growth and caused hormonal imbalance. Dietary 2-Ox prevented Dex influence and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. Piglets receiving 2-Ox had heavier, denser, and stronger bones; higher levels of growth hormone and osteocalcin concentration; and preserved microarchitecture of trabecular bone compared to the Dex group. 2-Ox administered postnatally had a potential to maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of Dex, which, in our opinion, may open up a new opportunity in developing combined treatment for children treated with GCs. Impact statement: The present study has showed, for the first time, that dietary 2-oxoglutarate (2-Ox) administered postnatally has a potential to improve/maintain bone structure of animals simultaneously treated with maximal therapeutic doses of dexamethasone (Dex). It may open the new direction in searching and developing combined treatment for children treated with glucocorticoids (GCs) since growing group of children is exposed to synthetic GCs and adverse effects such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and growth retardation are recognized. Currently proposed combined therapies have numerous side effects. Thus, this study proposed a new direction in combined therapies utilizing dietary supplementation with glutamine derivative. Impairment caused by Dex in presented long bones animal model was prevented by dietary supplementation with 2-Ox and vast majority of assessed bone parameters were restored almost to the control level. These results support previous thesis on the regulatory mechanism of nutrient utilization regulated by glutamine derivatives and enrich the nutritional science.
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16.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr J., et al. (författare)
  • Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate reduces gastrectomy-evoked loss of calvaria and trabecular bone in female rats
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 43:5, s. 551-558
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective. Surgical removal of the stomach (gastrectomy, Gx) leads to osteopenia in animals and in humans. In the rat, Gx adversely affects calvaria and trabecular bone. alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is a precursor of hydroxyproline - the most abundant amino acid in bone collagen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary AKG on Gx-induced osteopenia. Material and methods. Twenty female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Gx and divided between two groups: Gx+AKG in the drinking water and Gx+Vehicle (i.e. drinking water without AKG). Another 20 rats were sham-operated and divided between two groups: Sham+AKG and Sham+Vehicle. The daily dose of AKG was 0.43 g per 100 g rat. All the rats were killed 8 weeks later and the calvariae, femora and tibiae were collected. The integrity of the calvariae was analysed planimetrically, following transillumination and photography. The bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in the right femorae and tibiae (bone densitometry), leaving the left femorae and tibiae to be analysed histomorphometrically (measurement of trabecular bone volume and trabecular fractal dimension). Results. Gx caused calvarial bone degradation, reduced trabecular bone (femur and tibia) and impaired trabecular architecture. In addition, Gx lowered the femoral/tibial BMC and BMD (mainly cortical bone). Dietary AKG counteracted the Gx-evoked impairment of calvaria and trabecular bone but failed to affect the BMC and the BMD in either sham-operated or Gx rats. Conclusions. Gx resulted in loss of calvarial, trabecular and cortical bone in the rat. AKG counteracted the effect of Gx on calvaria and trabecular bone but not on cortical bone.
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17.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al. (författare)
  • Potato fiber protects the small intestinal wall against the toxic influence of acrylamide
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 28:4, s. 428-435
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Acrylamide is a neurotoxic, genotoxic substance present in many commonly consumed food products and has been shown to have carcinogenic effects in rodents. The protective effects (if any) of potato fiber preparations, composed of cell wall material from potatoes, against the toxic influence of dietary acrylamide on the small intestinal wall were investigated. Methods: Male mice of the BALB/c strain were used in the study. Acrylamide was administered to the mice in their drinking water (0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day) and one of two types of potato fiber preparations (heated or raw potato fiber preparation) was added to their feed (2% addition to their feed). Histomorphometry of the small intestinal wall, hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide, animal weight, and feed and water consumption analyses were performed. Results: Acrylamide altered the morphology and histology of the small intestinal wall, decreasing proliferation, myenteron and submucosal thicknesses, villus length, fractal dimension, crypt depth, crypt number, and the small intestinal absorptive surface. Conversely, apoptosis, hemoglobin adduct levels, intensity of epithelium staining, enterocyte number, villus epithelial thickness, and crypt width and parameters associated with nerve ganglia were increased. The two potato fiber preparations that were used abolished the negative influences of acrylamide on the small intestinal wall and had no influence on the hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide. Conclusion: The negative impact of acrylamide on the histologic structure, regeneration, and innervation of the small intestinal wall and the absorptive function of the small intestinal mucosa can be abolished by dietary potato fiber preparations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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18.
  • Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al. (författare)
  • The effect of dietary administration of 2-oxoglutaric acid on the cartilage and bone of growing rats
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - 1475-2662. ; 110:4, s. 651-658
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • 2-Oxoglutaric acid (2-Ox), a precursor to hydroxyproline - the most abundant amino acid in bone collagen, exerts protective effects on bone development during different stages of organism development; however, little is known about the action of 2-Ox on cartilage. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of dietary 2-Ox supplementation on the growth plate, articular cartilage and bone of growing rats. A total of twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Half of the rats received 2-oxoglutarate at a dose of 0.75 g/kg body weight per d in their drinking-water. Body and organ weights were measured. Histomorphometric analyses of the cartilage and bone tissue of the femora and tibiae were conducted, as well as bone densitometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Rats receiving 2-Ox had an increased body mass (P<0.001) and absolute liver weight (P=0.031). Femoral length (P=0.045) and bone mineral density (P=0.014), overall thickness of growth plate (femur P=0.036 and tibia P=0.026) and the thickness of femoral articular cartilage (P<0.001) were also increased. 2-Ox administration had no effect on the mechanical properties or on any of the measured pQCT parameters for both bones analysed. There were also no significant differences in histomorphometric parameters of tibial articular cartilage and autofluorescence of femoral and tibial growth plate cartilage. Dietary supplementation with 2-Ox to growing rats exerts its effects mainly on cartilage tissue, having only a slight influence on bone. The effect of 2-Ox administration was selective, depending on the particular bone and type of cartilage analysed.
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19.
  • Donaldson, J, et al. (författare)
  • The effectiveness of enzymatic replacement therapy measured by turbidimetry and the lipaemic index in exocrine pancreatic insufficient young, growing pigs, fed a high-fat diet.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Advances in Medical Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1896-1126 .- 1898-4002. ; 54:1, s. 7-13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: Conventionally, the management of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) involves the consumption of a specific diet as well as the replacement of pancreatic enzymes, the effectiveness of which is usually measured by a classical method of blood analyses of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG). Dietary supplementation with a pancreatic enzyme preparation (PEP), in conjunction with a high-fat diet, on growth performance, digestibility and absorption (analysed using turbidimetry) of dietary fat in pigs with EPI was investigated.Materials/Methods: EPI was developed by surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct of six male pigs, 6 weeks of age. The pigs were fed a high fat diet (twice daily). A PEP containing 1800 mg entero-coated pancreatin was included in the high fat meals. Blood, urine and faecal samples were collected. The urine and faeces were analysed for dry matter, crude protein and fat content. The lipaemic index and plasma lipid profiles were assessed.Results: EPI completely stopped growth of the pigs. Treatment with PEP significantly increased (P<0.05) growth and body mass as well as the digestibility of dry matter and crude protein. PEP significantly improved the co-efficient of fat absorption, the lipaemic index (measured by turbidimetry methods) and caused significant changes in plasma nonesterified fatty acids and triglyceride concentrations.Conclusions: The short term enzymatic replacement therapy together with a high fat meal has immediate beneficial effects on diet digestibility and on the growth retardation observed in EPI pigs. The turbidimetry method used to measure lipaemic index is a reliable, quick and efficient technique in measuring plasma lipid profiles and thus a good tool for assessing fat absorption.
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20.
  • Edwards, M. V., et al. (författare)
  • Spray-dried porcine plasma and yeast derived protein meal influence the adaption to weaning of primiparous and multiparous sow progeny in different ways
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Animal Production Science. - 1836-5787. ; 53:1, s. 75-86
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pigs from 154 litters (n = 1132, 19 +/- 3 days of age, 4.9 +/- 1.1 kg of bodyweight) were used in a 3 x 2 factorial design to evaluate two raw materials with nutraceutical properties being used in feeds, spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) and a yeast protein meal, and their effects on growth performance, immune parameters and gastrointestinal adaption of piglets to weaning. Factors included dietary treatments being (1) 5% SDPP (PLA), (2) 3.5% yeast protein meal (NUP) and (3) medicated control (TMC) and parity (primiparous versus multiparous). The treatment groups were imposed from Day 19 through to weaning at Day 27. Selected pigs (n = 720, 28 +/- 3 days of age, 7.4 +/- 1.0 kg of bodyweight) were weaned and remained on their respective diets from Day 28 to Day 34. From Day 35 to Day 48 all group-housed pigs were offered a commercial weaner 1 diet, and from Day 49 to Day 68 pigs were offered a commercial weaner 2 diet. Growth performance, survival, and serum immunoglobulinGwere monitored throughout the nursery phase (Day 28 to Day 68). Adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract in the acute post-weaning phase (Day 28 to Day 34) was assessed in 36 individually housed male weaners, with the effects of feed on structural, digestive, microbial and immune parameters along the gastrointestinal tract determined atDay 34. Pre-weaning feed disappearance was greater (P< 0.01) in multiparous litters independent of diet. In the commercial nursery, total removals (mortality and morbidity) were highest (P<0.01) in primiparous sow progeny, with pigs offered NUP having greater (P <= 0.05) total removals. Pigs offered PLA had superior average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio from Day 28 to Day 34 (P<0.05). Pigs offered NUP tended to (P=0.07) have superior average daily gain from Day 35 to Day 49. Pigs offered NUP had higher (P<0.05) serum immunoglobulinGconcentrations at Day 68 compared with pigs offered TMC, with the effect most pronounced in primiparous sow progeny. Individually housed weaners offered PLA consumed more (P<0.05) feed on Day 30 to Day 31, had shorter relative intestine length (P<0.05), greater villous height in the medial jejunum (P<0.10) and lower immuno-pathology scores along the intestine. Pigs offered PLA also tended (P<0.10) to have increased pancreatic-specific lipase and amylase activity compared with pigs offered NUP. Pigs offered NUP had a higher ratio of E. coli : coliforms in the colon (P<0.01) and more counts of beta-haemolytic bacteria in the medial jejunum (P<0.05) and colon (P<0.10). Diets containing either SDPP or NUP offered pigs benefits beyond nutrition relative to the medicated control diet. The benefits of SDPPwere highly effective but transient, while the yeast derived protein had a successive or accumulative effect which was more pronounced in primiparous sow progeny. Received 3 May 2012, accepted 17 October 2012, published online 29 November 2012
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21.
  • Evilevitch, Lena, et al. (författare)
  • CCK-B receptor antagonist YF476 inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion at a duodenal level in pigs
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 39:9, s. 886-890
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: To evaluate the mechanisms by which cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates the exocrine pancreas, the role and location of CCK receptors in the pig were investigated using the CCK-B receptor antagonist YF476 and different administration routes of CCK. Methods: In 11 anaesthetized pigs, catheters were surgically implanted in the pancreatic duct for juice collection, and in the gastric arteries and jugular vein, so that infusions of CCK-33 could be directed to the duodenal/gastric, duodenal/ pancreatic or general circulations, respectively. Experiments were performed under control conditions, and after pretreatment by gavage feeding with YF476, using either a single, low dose of 0.3 mumol kg(-1), which would block the CCK-B receptors, or a 1000 times higher dose (300 mumol kg(-1)), which would also block the CCK-A receptors. Results: The increase in the pancreatic output of protein and the enzymes trypsin and amylase observed after the infusion of CCK-33 at 13 pmol kg(-1) to the duodenum/stomach or duodenum/pancreas was inhibited by pretreatment with YF476 at both dosages. In contrast, the increase in protein and enzyme output after the infusion of a supraphysiological dose of CCK-33 (130 pmol kg(-1)) to the general circulation was not affected by pretreatment with low dosage YF476, whereas high dosage YF476 completely inhibited the stimulated secretion. Conclusions: These data indicate that CCK-33 given locally to the duodenum in doses raising CCK to physiological plasma levels stimulates the pancreatic enzyme secretion via duodenal CCK-B receptors. Supra-physiological doses of CCK-33 to the general circulation appeared to affect the pancreatic enzyme secretion via CCK-A receptors located elsewhere than in the pancreatic and duodenal tissue.
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22.
  • Evilevitch, Lena, et al. (författare)
  • CCK regulates pancreatic enzyme secretion via short duodenal-pancreatic reflexes in pigs
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1502-7708 .- 0036-5521. ; 38:2, s. 201-206
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Different routes of administration of CCK-33 and blockage of CCK-A and muscarinic (m(3)) receptors are used in this study to evaluate the mechanisms by which cholecystokinin can stimulate the exocrine pancreas. Methods: The experiment was performed on eight anaesthetized pigs during control conditions and after administration of the CCK-A and m(3) receptor antagonists, Tarazepide and 4-DAMP, respectively. Catheters were surgically implanted in the pancreatic duct for juice collection and in the gastric and right gastro-epipoic arteries and in the jugular vein, so that infusions of CCK-33 could be made exclusively to the duodenum/stomach, duodenum/pancreas or general circulation, respectively. Results: Infusion of a low dose of CCK-33 (13 pmol kg(-1)) to the general circulation did not affect pancreatic protein or trypsin output. When the same dose was given directly to the duodenum/stomach or the duodenum/pancreas, pancreatic output increased during both control conditions and after Tarazepide and/or 4-DAMP treatment, though the increase in trypsin Output was lower after Tarazepide and/or 4-DAMP blockade. A high dose of CCK-33 (130 pmol kg(-1)) given peripherally stimulated the pancreatic secretion, but this response was totally abolished in Tarazepide and 4-Damp treated animals. Conclusions: Pancreatic enzyme secretion due to CCK-33 stimulation depends on the presence of short duodenal-pancreatic peptidergic reflexes evoked mainly via low sensitive, probably CCK-B, receptors located in the duodenum/stomach. Pancreatic secretion evoked by peripheral CCK-33 in pharmacological doses was independent Of m(3) receptors blockade but depended on CCK-A receptors located elsewhere than in the duodenum/pancreas.
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23.
  • Evilevitch, L., et al. (författare)
  • Three-Day Enteral Exposure to a Red Kidney Bean Lectin Preparation Enhances the Pancreatic Response to CCK Stimulation in Suckling Pigs.
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Biology of the Neonate. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9727. ; 87:1, s. 20-25
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: A reason for the digestive problems that often occur around early weaning in piglets could be that the pancreas is not yet fully developed and the enzymes required for degradation of the solid food are not secreted in enough amounts. Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of inducing pancreas maturation with enhanced enzyme secretion. Methods: 10-day-old suckling pigs were gavage fed with a red kidney bean lectin preparation for 3 days, and the pancreatic response to intravenous infusion of CCK-33 was measured in the anaesthetized animals fitted with pancreatic duct catheters. Results: The pancreatic fluid secretion, protein output, and the trypsin and amylase outputs were significantly increased in response to CCK stimulation after the lectin treatment, as compared to those of the control littermates (p le 0.05). In addition, the plasma insulin basal levels and those observed during CCK-33 stimulation were lower in the lectin-treated piglets. Conclusion: The results suggested that the lectin treatment led to an increase in the capacity for pancreatic enzyme secretion in the suckling piglets. An enhanced pancreatic function might help to ameliorate the problems that may appear in modern pig production which are associated with weaning.
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24.
  • Fedkiv, Olexandr, et al. (författare)
  • Growth is dependent on the exocrine pancreas function in young weaners but not in growing-finishing pigs
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. - 0867-5910. ; 60:Suppl. 3, s. 55-59
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A correlation between the exocrine pancreatic function and growth has been previously demonstrated in growing pigs but the data are inconsistent. This was investigated by studying the growth performance of pigs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) at different ages and maintained under similar conditions. Twelve 7 week old (10.5 +/- 1.3 kg) weaners, and twelve 16 week old (43 +/- 5 kg) growing-finishing pigs were used in the experiments, and 6 pigs from each group were operated and pancreatic duct-ligated. Starting at 3-5 weeks after the operation, when EPI had developed, weekly recordings of feed consumption and growth were done before, during and after feed supplementation with porcine pancreatin (Creon (R) 10000). In weaner pigs, EPI caused growth arrest while it did not affect the growth of older pigs, as compared to respective un-operated groups of pigs. The daily feed consumption (DFC) was lower in the weaner EPI-pigs while it was similar in the growing-finishing EPI-pigs, as compared to un-operated pigs. Feed supplementation with Creon (R) improved the DFC and growth in both the EPI and un-operated pigs. In conclusion, the results showed the importance of the exocrine pancreatic function for growth in weaner pigs, while in older animals it played a minor role in growth. Feed supplementation with pancreatin increased the appetite and ensured an improved feed conversion.
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25.
  • Filip, Rafal, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary Supplementation With Phytohemagglutinin In Combination With Alpha-Ketoglutarate Limits The Excretion Of Nitrogen Via Urinary Tract
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. - 1898-2263. ; 15:2, s. 309-315
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of both phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) alone, and in combination with alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG), on nitrogen elimination via the urinary tract as opposed to the gastrointestinal tract of rats. In experiment I, rats were assigned to one of two experimental groups, (1) Control and (2) PHA, whilst in experiment 2, rats were assigned to one of three experimental groups, (1) Control, (2) AKG, and (3) AKG+PHA. AKG was administered via drinking water, while PHA was administered via a stomach tube. The stock solution of crude PHA in 0.9% NaCl, was (20% w/v) in water: 50 mg PHA/ml, 20 ml/kg body wt. Rats were 7 weeks old at the start of the experiments. Significantly lower daily weight gains in the AKG+PHA and PHA groups (p<0.05) were observed compared to the Control and AKG groups. Increased duodenal crypt depth (138%; p<0.05) was noticeable in the AKG+PHA group of Controls; however, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the tunica mucosa. In the AKG+PHA group, the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the granula of neuronal cells of the submucosal parasympathetic ganglia was noticeable, although no expression was found in goblet cells. Finally, significant reduction in N excretion in urine was observed in the AKG+PHA, compared with the Control groups (p<0.05). It is concluded that a combined PHA and AKG treatment stimulated the small bowel growth via enhanced epithelial turnover, reduced the N excreted in urine and increased the N in faeces.
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26.
  • Filip, Rafal, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of feed supplementation with phytohaemagglutinin in combination with alpha-ketoglutarate on growth and nitrogen elimination pathways in rats with acute renal failure induced by nephrectomy
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Archives of Medical Science. - 1734-1922. ; 4:2, s. 122-128
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) in growing rats stimulate a change in the proportion of N excretion via urine and faeces, in favour of faecal excretion. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of oral supplementation of PHA and AKG on pathways of nitrogen excretion and serum levels of urea in uraemic conditions induced by nephrectomy. Material and methods: Experiment 1 - 12 rats were assigned to one of two groups, control and PHA. Experiment 2 - PHA was administered to 36 male rats which were assigned to 4 groups: 1) uraemic control, 2) uraemic + AKG, 3) Shamoperated, 4) Sham-operated + AKG. AKG was administered via drinking water, while PHA was administered via a stomach tube. Results: Lower daily weight gain (P<0.05), increase in small intestine and total GI tract weight (P<0.05) as well as significant reduction in N excretion in urine in the PHA group were observed (P<0.05). Significantly higher daily weight loss in the uraemic rats, compared to that of the sham-operated rats, was observed (P<0.05). A significant increase in N excretion in faeces was observed in the AKG group, compared to control within the sham-operated rats (P<0.05) and when compared to the uraemic rats (P<0.05). in both sham-operated and uraemic rats, AKG treatment led to a significant reduction in the urea levels (P<0.05). Conclusions: The change in the proportion of N excretion via urine and faeces caused by PHA due to increasing the rate of protein production in the intestinal wall, apparently favouring faecal excretion, can be enhanced by the oral administration of AKG.
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27.
  • Filip, Rafal S., et al. (författare)
  • Alpha-ketoglutarate decreases serum levels of C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: Six-month study
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 0300-9831 .- 1664-2821. ; 77:2, s. 89-97
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Several studies have shown that alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) increases serum levels of proline and has beneficial effects on skeletal development. We studied the effect of alpha-ketoglutaric (AKG) acid calcium salt (6 g AKG and 1,68 Ca/day) or calcium alone (1.68 Ca/day) on serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC), as well as lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, 6-month study conducted on 76 postmenopausal women with osteopenia. The maximum decrease of the mean CTX level in the AKG-Ca group was observed after 24 weeks (37.0%, p = 0.006). The differences in CTX between study groups were statistically significant after 12 weeks and 24 weeks. The OC serum level was not affected by treatments. The BMD of the AKG-Ca group increased 1.6% from baseline; however, the difference between treatment groups was estimated as 0.9% (non-significant). This study suggests the potential usefulness of AKG-Ca in osteopenic postmenopausal women. AKG-Ca induced beneficial changes in serum CTX, which was consistent with preserving the bone mass in the lumbar spine; however, the long-term effect needs to be further investigated.
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28.
  • Filip, R, et al. (författare)
  • The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteraly administered alpha-ketoglutarate in rats.
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. - : Wiley. - 0931-2439 .- 1439-0396. ; 92:2, s. 182-189
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of enteral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) was studied in four experiments. Six male Sprague Dawley rats were used to investigate the excretion of AKG in urine and faeces. Thirty rats, randomly assigned to five groups, were used to investigate the distribution of AKG in body tissues. They were gavaged with AKG enriched with 3 muCi/kg BW of (14)C uniformly marked AKG. Fourteen male Sprague Dawley rats were used to study the absorption of AKG (duodenum vs. ileum). Intestinal recovery of NaAKG vs. CaAKG was investigated in 36 rats. There was no significant excretion of non-metabolized AKG in the urine and faeces. There was no significant difference in the systemic levels of AKG when comparing the proximal to distal small intestine infusion. Up to 50%, 30% and 20% of gastrically delivered AKG was recovered in the stomach, 0.5, 1 and 2 h after gavage; the jejunal recovery achieved a maximum of 3%, 30 min after gavage, and was not detectable 2 h later. There was a relatively high distribution of (14)C-AKG in the tissues (e.g. liver, brain, bones, skin, muscles), 3 h after gavage, up to 70% of the administered dose. In conclusion, the high rate of retention of the carbon from AKG allows the postulation that there is a non-energetic mode of metabolism of intragastrically administered AKG. After conversion to final metabolites, AKG penetrates into all tissues and organs of rats, including the bone tissue. Intestinal absorption of AKG does not depend on the type of AKG salt administered.
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29.
  • Freedman, Steven D., et al. (författare)
  • Validation of an omega-3 substrate challenge absorption test as an indicator of global fat lipolysis
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 18:5 MAY
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction The coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) quantifies fat that remains in stool after digestion and is not a direct measure of lipolysis. CFA has been used to assess treatment of pancreatic insufficiency but does not correlate with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy dose. We explored use of an omega-3 substrate absorption challenge test as a sensitive test of lipolysis and absorption. Methods We studied a novel microbially-derived lipase (SNSP003) employing an established surgical model commonly used to study the uptake of macronutrients, the exocrine pancreatic insufficient pig. Pigs were fed a high-fat diet and given a standardized omega-3 substrate challenge to test the effect of lipolysis on its absorption. Blood was drawn at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours following the substrate challenge and was analyzed for omega-3 and total fat levels (c14:c24). SNSP003 was also compard to porcine pancrelipase. Results The absorption of omega-3 fats was significantly increased following administration of 40, 80 and 120 mg SNSP003 lipase by 51% (p = 0.02), 89%, (p = 0.001) and 64% (p = 0.01), respectively, compared to that observed when no lipase was administered to the pigs, with Tmax at 4 hours. The two highest SNSP003 doses were compared to porcine pancrelipase and no significant differences were observed. Both doses increased plasma total fatty acids (141% for the 80 mg dose (p = 0.001) and 133% for the 120 mg dose (p = 0.006), compared to no lipase) and no significant differences were observed between the SNSP003 lipase doses and porcine pancrelipase. Conclusion The omega-3 substrate absorption challenge test differentiates among different doses of a novel microbially-derived lipase and correlates with global fat lipolysis and absorption in exocrine pancreatic insufficient pigs. No significant differences were observed between the two highest novel lipase doses and porcine pancrelipase. Studies in humans should be designed to support the evidence presented here that suggests the omega-3 substrate absorption challenge test has advantages over the coefficient of fat absorption test to study lipase activity.
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30.
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31.
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32.
  • Goncharova, Katerina, et al. (författare)
  • A piglet with surgically induced exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as an animal model of newborns to study fat digestion.
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - 1475-2662. ; 112:12, s. 2060-2067
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The maldigestion and malabsorption of fat in infants fed milk formula results due to the minimal production of pancreatic lipase. Thus, to investigate lipid digestion and absorption and mimic the situation in newborns, a young porcine exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) model was adapted and validated in the present study. A total of thirteen EPI pigs, aged 8 weeks old, were randomised into three groups and fed either a milk-based formula or a milk-based formula supplemented with either bacterial or fungal lipase. Digestion and absorption of fat was directly correlated with the addition of lipases as demonstrated by a 30 % increase in the coefficient of fat absorption. In comparison to the control group, a 40 and 25 % reduction in total fat content and 26 and 45 % reduction in n-3 and n-6 fatty acid (FA) content in the stool was observed for lipases 1 and 2, respectively. Improved fat absorption was reflected in the blood levels of lipid parameters. During the experiment, only a very slight gain in body weight was observed in EPI piglets, which can be explained by the absence of pancreatic protease and amylase in the gastrointestinal tract. This is similar to newborn babies that have reduced physiological function of exocrine pancreas. In conclusion, we postulate that the EPI pig model fed with infant formula mimics the growth and lipid digestion and absorption in human neonates and can be used to elucidate further importance of fat and FA in the development and growth of newborns, as well as for testing novel formula compositions.
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33.
  • Goncharova, Katerina, et al. (författare)
  • Diet-induced changes in brain structure and behavior in old gerbils.
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Nutrition & diabetes. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2044-4052. ; 5, s. 163-163
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aging is associated with many physiological alterations such as changes in metabolism, food intake and brain dysfunction. Possible ways to correct age-related brain dysfunction using dietary treatments still remains undeveloped. The aim of our research was to investigate whether long-term dietary treatment with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OX), which is involved in many regulatory pathways, together with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin (PLEM), which ensure appropriate digestion and absorption of nutrients, affects age-related changes in the brain morphology and cognitive function in old Mongolian gerbils.
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34.
  • Goncharova, Katerina, et al. (författare)
  • Diet supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin restores the hippocampal neuronal plasticity and behaviour in young pigs with experimental exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Functional Foods. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-4646. ; 14, s. 270-277
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is postulated that exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) can evoke neurological disorders. In the present study pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin (PLEM) were examined as a functional food component, with the goal of improving cognitive function and brain structure in a pig model of EPI. EPI in the present study induced alterations in the behaviour of the pigs as well as degenerative changes within the morphological structure of the hippocampus. EPI leads to a reduced number of pyramidal neurons and decreased levels of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Here, we provide evidence that the use of PLEM as a functional food, in the form of dietary supplementation with PLEM for 10 days, restored pig behaviour and the histo-morphology of the hippocampus in EPI pigs. Thus, we suggest that the use of PLEM as a functional food ingredient should be considered in the prevention and/or postponement of the development of EPI-related encephalopathy. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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35.
  • Goncharova, Kateryna, et al. (författare)
  • Enhanced absorption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids following consumption of functional milk formula, pre-digested with immobilized lipase ex vivo, in an exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pig model
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Functional Foods. - : Elsevier BV. - 1756-4646. ; 34, s. 422-430
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • An exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pig model was used in the study. The effects of milk formula pre-digestion with immobilized microbial lipase, on the absorption and tissue accretion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) were assessed. Thirteen male EPI pigs, 10 weeks of age, were used in the study. Six healthy pigs, 6 weeks of age, were used as controls. The pigs were fed either a regular or a pre-digested milk formula. The formula pre-digestion resulted in the decreased faecal total fat and LCPUFA excretion (by 43% and 38% respectively), increased plasma and tissue LCPUFA content (up to 38%). In conclusion, we postulate that feeding a pre-digested milk formula, is an efficient method to develop a functional milk formula, the consumption of which will ensure an increase in total fat absorption (in particular LCPUFA) in human infants as was indicated in the present study in the EPI pig model.
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36.
  • Goncharova, Kateryna, et al. (författare)
  • Importance of neonatal immunoglobulin transfer for hippocampal development and behaviour in the newborn pig
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:6
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Neurological disorders are among the main clinical problems affecting preterm children and often result in the development of communication and learning disabilities later in life. Several factors are of importance for brain development, however the role of immunoglobulins (passive immunity transfer) has not yet been investigated. Piglets are born agammaglobulinemic, as a result of the lack of transfer of maternal immunoglobulins in utero, thus, they serve as an ideal model to mimic the condition of immunoglobulin deficiency in preterm infants. Thirty six, unsuckled newborn piglets were fed an infant formula or colostrum and supplemented orally or intravenously with either species-specific or foreign immunoglobulin and then compared to both newborn and sow-reared piglets. Two days after the piglets were born behavioural tests (novel recognition and olfactory discrimination of conspecifics scent) were performed, after which the piglets were sacrificed and blood, cerebrospinal fluid and hippocampi samples were collected for analyses. Both parameters of neuronal plasticity (neuronal maturation and synapse-associated proteins) and behavioural test parameters appeared to be improved by the appearance of species-specific porcine immunoglulin in the circulation and cerebrospinal fluid of the piglets. In conclusion, we postulate possible positive clinical effects following intravenous infusion of human immunoglobulin in terms of neuronal plasticity and cognitive function in preterm infants born with low blood immunoglobulin levels.
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37.
  • Goncharova, Katerina, et al. (författare)
  • Model development of hydroxyproline induced hyperoxaluria in young growing pigs
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. - : University of Rzeszow. - 2544-1361. ; 15:1, s. 6-11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim of the study. In this study, we sought to create a model of reversible hyperoxaluria in pigs by feeding with hydroxyproline (HP). Materials and methods. The experiment included 12 pigs divided into 2 groups (n = 6). The pigs were fed twice a day. At the beginning of the experiment, in the adaptation period, all pigs were given standard feed. In the next 7 days, an increasing amount of hydroxyproline (1–3% HP), was added to the feed. In next 14 days, 4% HP was administered in each pig meal. After 14 days of 4% HP diet, the pigs were randomly divided into 2 groups. For 6 pigs, 4% HP treatment had been continued for the next 14 days while the second group of pigs for the next 14 days received a standard HP free diet. 24h urine samples, blood and fecal samples were collected on particular days. Results. The addition of HP to the diet increased urinary oxalate excretion. A characteristic increase was noted after 12 days of treatment with 4% HP. During the removal period, oxalate excretion decreased in the group without HP in diet, while in the group which continued with a 4% HP diet, oxalate excretion significantly increased. Gross examination of kidneys showed that in the group which had 4% HP diet for 4 weeks, kidneys were fibrotic with enlarged cavities, and had small visible urinary stones. In second group, kidneys were relatively normal looking with no visible stones. Conclusion. Hyperoxaluria is reversible, if HP is removed 14 days after the start of 4% HP diet. Prolonged exposure up to 4 weeks causes pathologic changes in kidneys including crystals, sand and small stone formation.
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38.
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39.
  • Harrison, A. P., et al. (författare)
  • Biological effects of 2-oxoglutarate with particular emphasis on the regulation of protein, mineral and lipid absorption/metabolism, muscle performance, kidney function, bone formation and cancerogenesis, all viewed from a healthy ageing perspective state of the art - review article
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY. - 0867-5910. ; 59, s. 91-106
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The fact that men and women are living longer than they have ever done before is something in which we can all rejoice. However, the process of ageing is associated with changes in skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal, neural hormonal and metabolic processes that seriously affect an individual's performance and quality of life. Indeed, Such changes can be contributory to a loss of independence in the elderly. This state-of-the art address highlights the main changes found to occur with ageing whilst simultaneously reporting findings of in vivo and in vitro studies designed to elucidate the potential of the Krebs cycle intermediate - alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) in protecting elderly body systems from failing and degradation, The topics of paramount importance include impaired bone structure and strength, amino acid and mineral absorption, muscle performance, as well as highlighting the role of Krebs cycle intermediates in the debilitating changes that occur with end-stage renal failure and the regulation of the lipid metabolism. Finally, focus will be given to the role of 2-oxoglutarate as a potent protective factor in connection with the development of malignant cells in the body.
  •  
40.
  • Iwaniak, Paulina, et al. (författare)
  • Dietary Alpha-Ketoglutarate Partially Abolishes Adverse Changes in the Small Intestine after Gastric Bypass Surgery in a Rat Model
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 14:10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is one of the key metabolites that play a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery is a life-saving procedure, but it carries many gastrointestinal side effects. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of dietary AKG on the structure, integrity, and absorption surface of the small intestine after bariatric surgery. Male 7-week-old Sprague Dowley rats underwent gastric bypass surgery, after which they received AKG, 0.2 g/kg body weight/day, administered in drinking water for 6 weeks. Changes in small intestinal morphol-ogy, including histomorphometric parameters of enteric plexuses, immunolocalization of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal mucosa, and selected hormones, were evaluated. Proliferation, mucosal and submucosal thickness, number of intestinal villi and Paneth cells, and depth of crypts were increased; however, crypt activity, the absorption surface, the expression of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal epithelium were decreased after gastric bypass surgery. Alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation partially improved intestinal structural parameters and epithelial integrity in rats undergoing this surgical procedure. Dietary AKG can abolish adverse functional changes in the intestinal mucosa, enteric nervous system, hormonal response, and maintenance of the intestinal barrier that occurred after gastric bypass surgery.
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41.
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42.
  • Jakob, S, et al. (författare)
  • Fats infused intraduodenally affect the postprandial secretion of the exocrine pancreas and the plasma concentration of cholecystokinin but not of peptide YY in growing pigs
  • 2000
  • Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - 1541-6100. ; 130:10, s. 2450-2455
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In pigs, the spontaneous secretion of the exocrine pancreas and the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) after intraduodenal infusion of fully saturated synthetic fats differing in chain length was studied. Growing pigs (n = 6) were prepared with pancreatic duct catheters, duodenal T-cannulas and catheters placed in the jugular vein. The pigs were fed 2 g/100 g body twice daily. Beginning with the morning feeding, a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT: glycerol tricaprylate), a long-chain triglyceride (LCT: glycerol tristearate) or saline was infused at a rate of 0.1 g/100 g body. Pancreatic juice was collected, beginning 1 h preprandially until 3 h postprandially. Blood samples were obtained 15 min preprandially and 15, 45, 90 and 150 min postprandially. The infusion of MCT evoked a change in the trend of the curve for the volume of secretion of pancreatic juice, lipase and colipase concentrations and outputs. The trend of the curve did not change over time for CCK and PYY. Differences between the trends of the curves for the saline and MCT treatment were observed for volume of secretion, protein output, lipase content and output, trypsin and colipase output. Differences in the trends of the curves between MCT and LCT were obtained for the outputs of protein, lipase and colipase. Plasma CCK levels were lower as a result of the MCT treatment compared with the saline and LCT treatments. The results suggest an immediate, distinguished response of the porcine exocrine pancreas to fats differing in chain length.
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43.
  • Junghans, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Intraduodenal infusion of alpha-ketoglutarate decreases whole body energy expenditure in growing pigs
  • 2006
  • Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1532-1983 .- 0261-5614. ; 25:3, s. 489-496
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background & aims: alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) has been suggested to play a particular role as an oxidative fuel for the gut, and thus may have a sparing function for fuels such as glutamate and aspartate. Using the pig model we aimed to quantify how the route of administration (intravenous, i.v.; intragastric, i.g.; intraduodenal, i.d.) affects AKG utilization, whole body energy expenditure (EE) and nutrient oxidation. Methods: Pigs (15 kg) were supplied with a complete nutrient solution (NS) via catheters. To explore the metabolic effects of AKG, 1.0 g AKG kgBW(-1) d(-1) was infused simultaneously with the NS using either the i.d., i.v. or i.g. route. [1-C-13]AKG (15 mg kgBW(-1)) was infused i.d., i.v. or i.g., respectively, for 3 h. AKG utilization (AKG UTIL) was estimated as AKG UTIL = 100-C-13 recovery (% of C-13 dose). C-13 recovery was calculated from the C-13 enrichment in breath CO2 and the whole-body CO2 production. Results: AKG infusion and NS via the i.d. route resulted in a reduced AKG UTIL (40.1 +/- 6.7) as compared to the i.v. route (62.9 +/- 2.4, P < 0.001) and i.g. route (62.3 +/- 1.6, P < 0.001). The total EE was lower with the i.d. route of AKG and NS (745 +/- 68 kJ kgBW(-0.62) d(-1)) as compared to the i.v. route (965 +/- 54 kJ kgBW(-0.62) d(-1), P < 0.005) and i.g. route (918 +/- 43 kJ kgBW(-0.62) d(-1), P < 0.005). Carbohydrate oxidation was increased with the i.d. route (38.2g +/- 3.4 kg BW-0.62 d(-1)) as compared to the i.v. route (27.8 +/- 2.9g kg BW-0.62 d(-1), P < 0.08) and i.g. route (23.9 +/- 8.5g kg BW-0.62 d(-1), P < 0.05). Fat oxidation was decreased (2.1 +/- 1.9 g kgBW(-0.62) d(-1); P < 0.001) with the i.d. route as compared to the i.v. route (11.5 coproduct 1.4g kgBW(-0.62) d(-1), P < 0.001) and i.g. route (11.9 +/- 3.1 g kgBW(-0.62) d(-1), P < 0.001). Conclusions: The i.d. infusion of AKG in combination with the NS affected the whole body EE and nutrient oxidation, in comparison to that obtained with the i.v. and i.g. routes. It was concluded that the i.d. administration of AKG markedly controlled the nutrient partitioning in the oxidation processes. Finally, in contrary to the observations with glutamine or glutamate, a considerable percentage of the AKG infusion was retained in the body irrespective of the route of administration. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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44.
  • Kovalenko, T. N., et al. (författare)
  • The neuroprotective effect of 2-oxoglutarate in the experimental ischemia of hippocampus
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. - 0867-5910. ; 62:2, s. 239-246
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) on the hippocampus in the transient vessel occlusion ischemia model in the Mongolian gerbil. The morphological and biochemical studies were performed at 7 days after occlusion of carotid arteries. The acute reduction of NeuN-positive neurons in the CA1 pyramidal layer of the hippocampus was accompanied by increased staining intensity for GFAP-positive astrocytes, indicative of glial reaction. The neuron death in the CA1 area coincided with a strong 2.4 fold decrease in the membrane forms of neuronal cell adhesion molecules and elevated levels of astrocyte-specific proteins (soluble GFAP to 2,6 times; filament GFAP to 1,5 times; calcium-binding protein S-100b to 1,6 times). Treatment with 2-oxoglutarate (2.28 g/l drinking water) for between 7 and 21 days attenuated the neuronal death and reactive astrogliosis in this model of experimental ischemia by 20-50%. Our results suggest that 2-OG may prevent the disturbances of neural cells that usually take place during ischemic pathology.
  •  
45.
  • Kowalik, S, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of alpha-ketoglutarate on bone mineral density of the femur in piglets
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy. - 0042-4870. ; 49:3, s. 343-348
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to determine the influence of daily oral administration of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on bone mineral density of the femur and concentration of 17-beta-oestradiol in blood plasma during 70 d of postnatal life in piglets. All the animals were kept under standard rearing conditions. AKG was administered orally from the 1(st) d of life, while the control piglets were treated in the same way and time with physiological saline. The experimental and control groups were assigned to 6 age subgroups: 3, 14, 21, 35, 56 and 70 d of life. The animals from both groups were euthanised, then bone samples were collected and frozen at -25 degrees C until further analyses. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA method) bone mineral density of the femora was estimated. Additionally, 17-beta-oestradiol concentration in blood plasma was assayed using RIA-test. The obtained results indicate positive influence of enteral AKG administration on bone mineral density of the femur in piglets. Moreover, AKG increased the level of 17-beta-oestradiol in blood plasma in post-weaned piglets.
  •  
46.
  • Kowalik, Sylwester, et al. (författare)
  • Relation Between Growth And Bone Collagen Content In Young Pigs; Effects Of Dietary Alpha-Ketoglutarate Supplementation
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy. - 0042-4870. ; 55:2, s. 287-292
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) sodium salt on growth rate in relation to bone collagen formation during the first 70 d of postnatal life in piglets. The results show that dietary AKG supplementation increased body weight of the experimental piglets in comparison to the controls, especially between 21(st) and 56(th) d of life (P <= 0.01). Moreover, the area of collagen trabeculae slightly increased in experimental age sub-groups and reached the highest differences between 14(th) (P <= 0.01) and 70(th) d of piglets life (P <= 0.001). In contrast, the highest values for the number of collagen trabeculae were observed in piglets at 3(rd) d of age, regardless of treatment group. The positive effect of AKG supplementation on the number of collagen trabeculae was found between 3(rd) and 35(th) d of life, with statistical confirmation at days 14, 35, and 56 (P <= 0.01). The data-lines of the bone strain showed similar course during the whole experimental period, except 56(th) d of life, when the experimental piglets reached statistically significant, higher values in comparison to the controls (P <= 0.05). Similarly, the blood plasma osteocalcin reached the highest concentration in experimental sub-groups from 21(st) d of life in comparison to the controls, with statistical significance at the age of 56 (P <= 0.05). These data indicate that dietary AKG supplementation effectively stimulated collagen synthesis in young growing piglets, both before and after weaning.
  •  
47.
  • Kristensen, NB, et al. (författare)
  • Absorption and metabolism of alpha-ketoglutarate in growing pigs
  • 2002
  • Ingår i: Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. - 0931-2439. ; 86:7-8, s. 239-245
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The portal appearance of enteral alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) and the effect of enteral or parenteral AKG on portal net appearance of glucose, short-chain fatty acids, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, proline and insulin were investigated in three growing pigs. During the experimental samplings the pigs were fed hourly with a standard feed mix with 5% glucose (control), 5% AKG (enteral) or no feed additive but continuously infused with AKG into the mesenteric vein in an amount equivalent to 5% of feed intake (parenteral). The arterial plasma concentration of AKG increased (p < 0.05) following both enteral (from 16+/-2 to 22+/-3 mumol/l) and parenteral (from 16+/-2 to 425+/-27 mumol/l) administration of AKG. With the enteral treatment 4+/-1% of the AKG could be accounted for in the portal vein, however, with the parenteral treatment 86+/-5% could be accounted for in the portal vein. The arterial plasma concentration of proline increased (p < 0.05) with the enteral treatment (365 +/- 3 to 443 +/- 39 mumol/l), but was not affected by the parenteral treatment (p > 0.10). The plasma concentration glutamine decreased (p < 0.05) with the parenteral treatment only. The portal net appearance of proline showed a numerical increase with the enteral treatment but no other affects on arterial concentrations or portal net appearance were found. A small accompanying study showed that only small amounts of enteral AKG was present in the small intestine. It was therefore concluded that enteral AKG has a low availability to peripheral tissues either because it is absorbed and metabolized in the stomach and duodenum or because it is metabolized by microbes in the stomach. The study showed that AKG is metabolized differently following enteral and parenteral application in growing pigs.
  •  
48.
  • Kruszewska, Danuta, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of the antibacterial activity of pig pancreatic juice on human multiresistant bacteria.
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Pancreas. - 0885-3177. ; 28:2, s. 191-199
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: The role of the exocrine pancreas in regulating gut microflora colonization is unclear. The main objective in the current study was to assess the effect of pancreatic fluid on the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Methods: The antibacterial activity of pure pig pancreatic juice collected from catheterized, healthy, conscious, and anesthetized pigs was investigated with multiresistant microbial isolates and nonpathogenic strains. Studies were performed on pathogenic bacterial and fungi as well as lactic acid bacteria and reference strains. Results: Pancreatic juice was effective (P < 0.01) against multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens, whereas lactic acid bacteria were insensitive. The antibacterial action was independent of pancreatic juice proteolytic activity. The in vitro antibacterial properties of pancreatic juice last for several hours. Data suggest that broth composition may modulate the intensity of pancreatic juice antibacterial activity. Conclusions: Pancreatic juice antibacterial activity may be an important factor in limiting the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. We postulate that observed antibacterial activity of the pancreatic juice could play an important role as one of the factors of innate immunity.
  •  
49.
  • Kruszewska, Danuta, et al. (författare)
  • Enteral crude red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectin--phytohemagglutinin--induces maturational changes in the enterocyte membrane proteins of suckling rats.
  • 2003
  • Ingår i: Biology of the Neonate. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9727. ; 84:2, s. 152-158
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aimed to investigate the effect of enterally administered crude red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectin, PHA, on the expression of brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) proteins, in particular Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs), in the small intestine of suckling rats. Gavage of PHA to 14-day-old rats for 3 days resulted in altered protein/glycoprotein patterns as analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblots demonstrated the appearance of two 71- and 27-kD protein bands indicative for NHE3 - one of the NHE isoforms - and PHA, respectively. PHA treatment also resulted in an augmented uptake of 22Na+ by the BBMV indicating an increase in NHE activity. Overall, the data suggests that enteral PHA exposure may induce maturational changes in enterocyte membrane proteins in young rats. In view of these findings, an investigation into the addition of PHA to infant formulas and weaning diets is warranted.
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50.
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