| 1. |
- Brolin, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Design of a local energy market with multiple energy carriers
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0142-0615 .- 1879-3517. ; 118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent developments in the electric power sector as well as in district heating and cooling systems has led to an increased interest in local energy systems and markets. In the electricity sector, this is driven by the integration of distributed resources such as solar power, electric vehicles and demand response. For district heating, sustainability and energy efficiency targets drives the development to further exploit small-scale heat sources. A closer integration of these energy carriers can also unlock potential flexibility, to the benefit of local as well as overlaying systems. In this respect, there is a need to further explore the possibilities to design local energy markets to facilitate the integration between electricity and district heating, as well as providing adequate instruments enabling flexibility. This paper therefore presents a market clearing design, based on optimization, for local energy markets incorporating multiple energy carriers and bid structures suitable for representing flexibility. The market clearing model is applied in a case study to illustrate and validate key design elements. One conclusion is that even though various elements can be added to the market clearing function, there is a challenge to interpret the results due to an increased complexity of the resulting optimization problem.
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| 2. |
- Hillberg, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Active Network Management for All : ANM4L a collaborative research project
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Developments of the power system are driven by the need to decrease the environmental footprint, to meet international climate goals, pushing for fossil‐free energy system. The transition towards clean energy will require power systems to adapt on a global scale with significant investments needed in fossil‐free electricity generation and transport. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) play an increasingly important role in the power system and may become the dominant sources of electricity. Significant RES are integrated in distribution grids globally, resulting in an increased need for distribution grids to perform new and complex tasks necessary for continued grid stability. The rapidity of small‐scale investments calls for agile, alternative grid development solutions. This agility is furthermore necessary to meet challenges arising from demand scenarios encompassing intermittent renewables along with electrification of transport and heat sectors. New technologies and markets are emerging to provide flexibility in consumption, generation, and power transfer capacity. Active Network Management (ANM) solutions provides alternative methods for planning and operation of the power system, through monitoring and control of multiple grid assets. This paper presents an overview of the ongoing project ANM4L, where a toolbox will be developed to support operation and planning of distribution grids.The project ANM4L (Active network management for all - anm4l.eu), will develop and demonstrate innovative ANM solutions for increasing integration of distributed generation in electricity distribution systems. ANM solutions will consider management of active and reactive power to avoid overload situations and maintain voltage limits. The goal is to decrease the need of curtailment of renewable energy, theoretically enabling further integration of distributed generation potentially even above the current design limitations of the electricity network. Core research and development activities of the ANM4L project include development of: ANM methods for local energy systems. Economic considerations to provide decision support. A toolbox to support the planning and operation. The toolbox, methods and business models for ANM will be demonstrated in real life distribution grids in both Sweden and Hungary. Furthermore, the project will consider the replicability and scalability necessary for these ANM solutions to be applied across the EU.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hillberg, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility needs in the future power system
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Power system flexibility relates to the ability of the power system to manage changes. Solutions providing advances in flexibility are of utmost importance for the future power system. Development and deployment of innovative technologies, communication and monitoring possibilities, as well as increased interaction and information exchange, are enablers to provide holistic flexibility solutions. Furthermore, development of new methods for market design and analysis, as well as methods and procedures related to system planning and operation, will be required to utilise available flexibility to provide most value to society. However, flexibility is not a unified term and is lacking a commonly accepted definition. Several definitions of flexibility have been suggested, some of which restrict the definition of flexibility to relate to changes in supply and demand while others do not put this limitation. The flexibility term is used as an umbrella covering various needs and aspects in the power system. This situation makes it highly complex to discuss flexibility in the power system and craves for differentiation to enhance clarity. In this report, the solution has been to differentiate the flexibility term on needs, and to categorise flexibility needs in four categories: Flexibility for Power: - Need Description: Short term equilibrium between power supply and power demand, a system wide requirement for maintaining the frequency stability. - Main Rationale: Increased amount of intermittent, weather dependent, power supply in the generation mix. - Activation Timescale: Fractions of a second up to an hour. Flexibility for Energy: - Need Description: Medium to long term equilibrium between energy supply and energy demand, a system wide requirement for demand scenarios over time. - Main Rationale: Decreased amount of fuel storage-based energy supply in the generation mix. - Activation Timescale: Hours to several years. Flexibility for Transfer Capacity: - Need Description: Short to medium term ability to transfer power between supply and demand, where local or regional limitations may cause bottlenecks resulting in congestion costs. - Main Rationale: Increased utilisation levels, with increased peak demands and increased peak supply. - Activation Timescale: Minutes to several hours. Flexibility for Voltage: - Need Description: Short term ability to keep the bus voltages within predefined limits, a local and regional requirement. - Main Rationale: Increased amount of distributed power generation in the distribution systems, resulting in bi-directional power flows and increased variance of operating scenarios. - Activation Timescale: Seconds to tens of minutes.Here, flexibility needs are considered from over-all system perspectives (stability, frequency and energy supply) and from more local perspectives (transfer capacities, voltage and power quality). With flexibility support considered for both operation and planning of the power system, it is required in a timescale from fractions of a second (e.g. stability and frequency support) to minutes and hours (e.g. thermal loadings and generation dispatch) to months and years (e.g. planning for seasonal adequacy and planning of new investments).
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| 5. |
- Hillberg, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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Flexibility to support the future power systems
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Power system flexibility relates to the ability of the power system to manage changes. Solutions providing advances in flexibility are of utmost importance for the future power system. Development and deployment of innovative technologies, communication and monitoring possibilities, as well as increased interaction and information exchange, are enablers to provide holistic flexibility solutions. Furthermore, development of new methods for market design and analysis, as well as methods and procedures related to system planning and operation, will be required to utilise available flexibility to provide most value to society. However, flexibility is not a unified term and is lacking a commonly accepted definition. The flexibility term is used as an umbrella covering various needs and aspects in the power system. This situation makes it highly complex to discuss flexibility in the power system and craves for differentiation to enhance clarity. In this report, the solution has been to differentiate the flexibility term on needs, and to categorise flexibility needs in four categories: Flexibility for Power, Flexibility for Energy, Flexibility for Transfer Capacity, and Flexibility for Voltage. Here, flexibility needs are considered from over-all system perspectives (stability, frequency and energy supply) and from more local perspectives (transfer capacities, voltage and power quality). With flexibility support considered for both operation and planning of the power system, it is required in a timescale from fractions of a second (e.g. stability and frequency support) to minutes and hours (e.g. thermal loadings and generation dispatch) to months and years (e.g. planning for seasonal adequacy and planning of new investments). The categorisation presented in this report supports an increased understanding of the flexibility needs, to be able to identify and select the most suitable flexibility solutions.
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| 6. |
- Jannasch, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Opportunities and barriers for implementation of Power-to-X (P2X) technologies in the West Sweden Chemicals and Materials Cluster's process industries
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The interest for industrial electrification is currently increasing rapidly as it has been identified as one important strategy for achieving climate neutrality. This is for example illustrated by the initialization of several larger industrial cross-sectorial projects (e.g. HYBRIT, CemZero, co-operation Preem-Vattenfall) and supporting R&D-programs in Sweden and Europe during the past few years. Recently, the chemical industry in the Swedish region Västra Götaland has also shown an increasing interest for P2X, and the initiative Klimatledande processindustri (KPI) (in eng. Climate smart industry), coordinated by the West Sweden Chemicals and Materials Cluster, has identified P2X as a prioritized R&D area. The purpose of this project was to identify opportunities and barriers for the introduction of P2X technologies in the process industries of the West Sweden Chemicals and Materials Cluster, with emphasis on the chemical and refinery industry in Västra Götaland and Södra´s pulp mill in Värö, Halland. The mapping was carried out for current conditions and markets (electricity, heat) as well as future scenarios, and the results provide a basis for a regional road map for industrial electrification in the region. Another aim of the project was to identify priority areas for continued development and innovation within the framework of the KPI initiative. The analysis and the conclusions of the project are based on information collected from open literature and interviews with the participating industries and organizations. The results of the project indicate clearly that the driving forces for industrial transformation and P2X within the West Sweden Chemicals and Materials Cluster are currently variable and different depending on the industrial sector. The refineries' interest in P2X and other transformative measures, e.g. biomass and CCUS, is primarily driven by the Swedish emissions reduction obligation, while the chemical industry expresses the shift to the circular economy as the main driver for P2X. Södra, as a forest industry and net producer of electricity, can contribute significantly to this transformation by supplying electricity and excess biomass at the same time as they have their own goal “Fossil-free transport in 2030”, in which increased electrification is one of the solutions. Neither the European Emissions Trading (EU-ETS) for CO2 nor the possibility of being an active player in an increasingly flexible electricity market provide significant incentives for electrification in West Sweden process industries. There are many P2X technologies for producing different products, with widely different technology readiness levels (TRL) and suitability depending on the industrial sector. Within the cluster's oil refinery industry, there are concrete plans within the next few years for establishing P2H2 at demonstration scale. In the longer term, it is conceivable that the refinery industry will implement large-scale P2H2 concepts to satisfy a significant fraction of the hydrogen gas needs of their refinery operations (Preem), or even implement electro-fuel production, e.g. electro-methanol (Preem, St1). In addition, the SME company Liquid Wind is targeting for up to five regionally located electro-methanol plants. Borealis mainly expresses interest in various forms of P2heat, while Perstorp in the long run sees interesting opportunities in P2acids. A number of barriers have been identified for the implementation of the different P2X technologies, such as low TRL levels, high costs, uncertainties linked to integration aspects and impact on existing processes and systems, access to carbon dioxide, water and electricity at one site if electro-fuel production, etc. Other barriers raised by the industries are the lack of long-term policy and funding. However, the most significant barrier that was pointed out for large scale P2X implementation concerns uncertainty regarding the availability of fossil-free or renewable electricity capacity at competitive prices in combination with long lead times for permitting processes and expansion of the electricity grid (up to 10-12 years). The sum of the expressed power needs associated with a moderate electrification pathway (i.e. investments that are either likely to occur or that are at the planning stage) presented by the interviewed industries corresponds to a doubling of current power demand levels. A more speculative extensive electrification scenario beyond 2030 (i.e. assuming that all electrification concepts discussed during the interviews are implemented by 2045), the total power need becomes just over 10 times larger than today´s and would most likely require extensive grid reinforcements. But even with the moderate electrification plans, grid reinforcements could be needed, especially if they coincide with electrification of other sectors. This highlights the need for open and active communication between industries and power grid operators about future plans and possibilities. Finally, a number of suggestions for further work in the field have been identified, including for example development and demonstration of different advanced P2X-technologies, inventories and implementations of heat pumps, the role of P2X in relation to other pathways (based on biomass, CCS, CCU) and how to design and integrate the P2X-technologies at the overall sites, where P2X is usually only one part of the solution.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Pihl, Hjalmar, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of Forecasting Errors in Centralized and Decentralized Electricity Markets
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 9781728169194
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A decentralization of electricity markets, with an introduction of smaller local marketplaces, is sometimes suggested as a suitable development when a growing share electricity generation comes from distributed sources. This paper presents a stylized model for comparing market outcomes between a decentralized and a centralized market structure, focusing on the effect that forecasting errors have on market outcomes. Using Monte Carlo simulations, it is shown that forecasting errors propagate into somewhat larger scheduling errors under a decentralized market structure.
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| 10. |
- Pihl, Hjalmar, et al.
(författare)
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Rolling horizon market clearing and incentives to bid consistently
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM. - 9781538614884
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some real-time electricity markets use a rolling horizon approach to clear supply and demand. Using a model of a rolling horizon market, this paper analyzes the incentives of market participants to place bids for future time-periods that are consistent with what they intend to bid for the same time-period in later market clearings. We show that a market participant with market power has financial incentives to bid inconsistently, and that some inconsistencies persist even if the outcomes from all time-periods are financially settled in every market clearing.
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