| 1. |
- Householder, John Ethan, et al.
(författare)
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One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
- 2024
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Ingår i: NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION. - 2397-334X. ; 8, s. 901-911
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function.
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| 2. |
- Luize, Bruno Garcia, et al.
(författare)
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Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
- 2024
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699. ; 51:7, s. 1163-1184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and v & aacute;rzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igap & oacute; and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R-2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R-2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions.
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| 3. |
- Peripato, Vinicius, et al.
(författare)
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More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - 1095-9203. ; 382:6666, s. 103-109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
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| 4. |
- ter Steege, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
- 2023
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Ingår i: COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution. A study mapping the tree species richness in Amazonian forests shows that soil type exerts a strong effect on species richness, probably caused by the areas of these forest types. Cumulative water deficit, tree density and temperature seasonality affect species richness at a regional scale.
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| 5. |
- Blaschikoff, Ludmilla, et al.
(författare)
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A multidisciplinary study of Iberian Chalcolithic dogs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2352-409X .- 2352-4103. ; 42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Domesticated dogs have been present in the Iberian Peninsula long before other domesticated species, back to the late Palaeolithic period. Their origin is still uncertain, but dogs were already well established during the Chalcolithic period (ca. 5000-4000 BP). This study employed a multidisciplinary approach comprising osteometric, radiographic and palaeogenomic analyses to characterize Chalcolithic Iberian Canis remains. Two Chalcolithic archaeological sites - Leceia, Oeiras, in Portugal, and El Caset ' on de la Era, Villalba de los Alcores, Valladolid, in Spain - were the main focus of this study. Osteometric and odontometric data from eleven other sites in Iberia were also included. Osteometric results show signs of phenotypic variability, likely the result of human-driven selective pressure. Dental radiographic and dental wear analyses allowed age at death estimation for four individuals (two juvenile and two adults). Three Chalcolithic Iberian dogs had their mitogenomes resequenced and the mitochondrial DNA analysis allowed to assign each individual to two of the major known haplogroups - A and C. Molecular sex infered by the chromosomeX/chromosome1 coverage ratio allowed to identify one female and two males. This study unveils some aspects of the Iberian Chalcolithic dogs: these dogs already exhibited various morphotypes whose profiles might be associated to the performance of certain tasks, as well as mitogenomes of two distinct lineages that help tracking the evolutionary paths of Iberian dogs.
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| 6. |
- Karlfeldt Fedje, Karin, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Initial studies of the recovery of Cu from MSWI fly ash leachates using solvent extraction
- 2012
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Ingår i: Waste Management and Research. - 1096-3669 .- 0734-242X. ; 30:10, s. 1072-1080
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large volumes of ash from combustion of municipal solid waste are produced and most of it is landfilled. As this type of ash contains significant amounts of metal compounds the landfilling strategy is not optimal when considered from a resource conservation perspective. A better situation would be created if metals were recovered from the ash. In the present study leaching and solvent extraction was applied for release and separation of copper from municipal solid waste combustion fly ashes. The results showed promising results with Cu yields of 50-95%. The yield was heavily dependent on the efficiency of the initial leaching of Cu from the ash.
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| 7. |
- Laohaprapanon, Sawanya
(författare)
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Wastewater generated by the wooden floor industry : Treatability investigation applying individual and coupled technologies
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the last half-century a growing concern has taken place in the world regarding water shortage and public health associated to water pollution. Safe discharges of industrial effluents and water reuse within the industry have been encouraged and several initiatives have promoted the development of wastewater treatment technologies with the main focus on industrial sectors that generate large volumes of wastewater. On the other hand, searching for onsite technological options to treat small volumes of highly polluted wastewaters generated by industrial sectors that have no water in their production processes (i.e. wooden floor and furniture industry) has been neglected. To minimize and prevent environmental effects through innovative approaches, onsite treatment options for wastewater generated by cleaning/washing activities in a wooden floor industry in Sweden have been investigated. It was found that different wastewater streams generated after cleaning/washing of machinery and surfaces at different stages of the wooden floor production can pose negative effects to aquatic organisms. Since they are intermittently and manually generated, these wastewater streams have high variability both in volumes and chemical composition. During treatability studies, equalization/sedimentation process was found to be an important pre-treatment step responsible for reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of about 19%. Sorption/filtration with activated carbon and anaerobic biological treatment were found to be technically feasible for both COD and formaldehyde removal. Wood fly ash (waste material with negligible cost) showed moderate sorption efficiency as compared to commercial activated carbon and leaching of secondary pollutants might prevent the use of this material unless pretreatment is carried out. In the anaerobic treatment process, the treatment efficiency of COD in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was decreased 50% when the C/N ratio dropped below 3. A successful treatment of the cleaning wastewater with soluble COD removal of about 83% and FA removal higher than 99% was achieved by the ABR operated with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 days. Mole ratio of Mg:N:P and pH were key parameters for ammonium precipitation in the wastewater. At Mg:N:P of 1:1:1 or higher and pH of 8.0, the highest ammonium removal (83%) was achieved. Combinations of treatment processes (e.g. sorption and electrocoagulation or biological treatment and chemical precipitation) improved the quality of the final effluent. However, process optimization is still required in order to improve even more the quality of the final effluent and reduce operation and maintenance costs. From the water reuse/recycle perspective, the application of advanced oxidation in combination with the above-mentioned processes seems to be a promising approach.
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| 8. |
- Pires, Ana Elisabete, et al.
(författare)
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The curious case of the Mesolithic Iberian dogs : An archaeogenetic study
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-4403 .- 1095-9238. ; 105, s. 116-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the genetic composition of six Canis remains from western Iberia, directly radiocarbon dated to 7,903-7,570 years (cal BP). They were identified as dogs via their archaeological and depositional context, osteometry, and a high percentage of aquatic diet shared with humans. For comparison, genetic data were obtained from an additional 37 Iberian dog remains from the Neolithic to Late Antiquity, as well as two Palaeolithic and a Chalcolithic Canis identified as wolves. Previous data indicated that dog mtDNA haplogroup A (HgA) is prevalent in extant European dogs ( > 50%), in the Near East and Asia, but rare or absent ( < 10%) in European Canis older than 3,000 years (cal BP). We found a high frequency (83%) of dog HgA in Mesolithic Iberian dog remains. This is the first report of a high frequency of dog HgA in pre-Neolithic Europe. We show that, contrary to the current view, Canis with HgA did not necessarily arrive in Europe from East-Asia. This phylogeographical difference in HgA frequency demonstrates that genetic differentiation was high prior to, or as a consequence of, domestication which may be linked with pre-Neolithic local processes for Iberian wolf domestication. Our results emphasize that knowledge of both ancient wolves' and early dogs' genetic profiles from the European periphery should improve our understanding of the evolution of the European dog.
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| 9. |
- Pires, Mateus Marques, et al.
(författare)
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Agricultural land use affects the heterogeneity of Odonata communities in the Brazilian Pampa
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Insect Conservation. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1366-638X .- 1572-9753. ; 26:3, s. 503-514
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Farming expansion has negative impacts on freshwater biodiversity. However, the efects of agricultural land use are not similar across taxa and depend on local context. For instance, the impacts of agricultural expansion are understudied in the Neotropics (one of the leading regions in cropland expansion). Knowledge of the effects of agricultural land use on aquatic insects from South American subtropical grasslands (Pampa) is even more incipient. We tested whether landscape modification related to increased agricultural land use was associated with taxonomic homogenization in odonate communities in waterbodies in the Brazilian Pampa. Odonates were collected in waterbodies differing in the main land-use class in their surroundings (cropland or grassland). Cropland and grassland sites differed with respect to their abiotic conditions (water chemistry) and species composition of Odonata. Additionally, we found higher variation in the composition of Odonata (and suborders Anisoptera and Zygoptera separately) in grassland than cropland sites. We found an interplay between agricultural and grassland land uses and the variation in the composition of odonate communities in the Brazilian Pampa. Specifically, landscape modification by agriculture modified the abiotic conditions in the waterbodies, which may have favored species able to establish as larvae under harsher environmental conditions. Implications for insect conservation: We suggest that the maintenance of mixed-grassland and cropland land uses in the fields adjacent to waterbodies can limit the negative effects of agricultural encroachment on Odonata communities with respect to biotic homogenization in the Brazilian Pampa. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 10. |
- Pires, Mateus Marques, et al.
(författare)
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Intraspecific Morphological Variation in the Dragonfly Erythrodiplax Media (Odonata: Libellulidae) Among South American Grassland Physiognomies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Neotropical Entomology. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1519-566X .- 1678-8052. ; 50:5, s. 736-747
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assessed the intraspecific morphological variation in Erythrodiplax media Borror 1942 (Odonata, Libellulidae) among grassland physiognomies (“Coastal,”“Highland,” and “Steppic”) in the South Brazilian Campos. We measured six morpholog-ical traits (total body length, thorax height, length, and width of the fore- and hindwings) from 90 specimens (60 males and 45 females). We tested the effect of the grassland type on the set of traits using one-way MANOVA and principal component analysis (PCA) (separately for each sex). Grassland physiognomy affected the morphology of males and females. In both sexes, the PCA mostly opposed the specimens of the Coastal from the Highland and Steppic grasslands. The first PCA axis separated specimens according to body lengths, thorax heights, and wing width, while the second PCA axis opposed specimens according to wing length and thorax height from specimens with broader wings and longer body lengths. Males from the Coastal had longer body lengths and shorter thorax heights than Highland and Steppic grasslands, while males from the Steppic had longer fore- and hindwings than specimens from the Coastal and Highland grasslands. Females from the Coastal had significantly shorter forewings than specimens from the Steppic grasslands and shorter hindwings than Highland grasslands. Our results are likely explained by the differences in climate and habitat complexity among grassland types and indicate that the processes driving odonate performance vary among grassland biotopes. This study potentially indicates that dragonflies are sensitive to changes in the vegetation structure in South American subtropical grasslands. © 2021, Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.
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| 11. |
- Pires, Mateus Marques, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting the effects of future climate change on the distribution of an endemic damselfly (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) in subtropical South American grasslands
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Insect Conservation. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 1366-638X .- 1572-9753. ; 22:2, s. 303-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate change is predicted to affect the distribution of freshwater taxa, and stronger impacts are expected on endemic species. However, the effects of future climates on freshwater insects from the Neotropical region have been generally overlooked. In this study, the distribution of a damselfly (Cyanallagma bonariense, Odonata, Coenagrionidae) endemic to the subtropical South American grasslands (Pampa) was modelled in relation to future scenarios of high greenhouse gas emissions (RCP 8.5) for 2050 and 2070. For this purpose, ecological niche models were developed based on assumptions of limited dispersal and niche conservatism, and the projected distribution of C. bonariense was contrasted with the location of current protected areas (PAs) in the Pampa. A broad potential distribution of C. bonariense was indicated throughout the Pampa, and projections predicted a predominance of range contractions rather than range shifts in climatically suitable areas for C. bonariense in 2050 and 2070. Projections of suitable areas overlapped in central Argentina and southernmost Uruguay in these periods. Our results indicated a potential resilience of C. bonariense to future climate change, which is likely related to the low restrictions in habitat use of C. bonariense. In every projection, however, most PAs were expected to lose effectiveness, as by 2070 most PAs fall outside the range of the predicted distribution of C. bonariense. Thus, the creation or enlargement of PAs in these areas is recommended and these results represent an important information for the conservation of endemic freshwater insects under global warming scenarios in an overlooked Neotropical landscape. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
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