| 1. |
- Karlsson, Per Erik, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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En ekonomisk utvärdering av inverkan av marknära ozon på växtligheten i Sverige
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Med finansiering från Naturvårdsverket har forskare från IVL, SMHI, Göteborgs Universitet samt SLU genomfört en analys av de ekonomiska värdena av den negativa inverkan av marknära ozon på växtligheten i Sverige vid olika scenarier för ozonbelastning och i relation till föreslagna målvärden vad gäller preciseringen för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft. Arbetet utgör i stor utsträckning en uppdatering av en tidigare studie från 2006 (Karlsson m. fl., 2006a). Tre olika scenarier för ozonbelastning analyserades: 1. Nuvarande ozonbelastning (2006-2012). 2. Ett scenario där målvärdet för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft inte överskrids vid någon plats i landet. 3. Ett förindustriellt scenario i avsaknad av ozonbelastning, dvs där ozonhalten 80 μg/m3 aldrig överskreds och där AOT40 april-september således var noll över hela Sverige. Uppskattningar har gjorts för tillväxten hos några viktiga trädslag samt för skördeutbytet för vissa viktiga jordbruksgrödor. Utifrån en genomgång av ny vetenskaplig kunskap som framkommit sedan den föregående studien 2006, föreslås en höjning av den negativa ozoneffekten på stamtillväxten hos gran från -2 % till -5 % per 20 000 μg/m3 timmar AOT40 april-september. AOT40 20 000 μg/m3 timmar är en vanligt förekommande nivå på ozonbelastningen vid utsatta platser i södra Sverige. För tall föreslås samma ozoneffekt på stamtillväxten som hos gran. För lövträd föreslås att ozoneffekten på stamtillväxten kvarstår på -8 % per 20 000 μg/m3 timmar AOT40 april-september. Dos-respons-relationerna för vete inom konventionen om gränsöverskridande luftföroreningar (LRTAP) har i viss utsträckning uppdaterats sedan 2006. På grund av dessa uppdateringer har dos-responssambandet för vete förändrats något jämfört med föregående studie. Förändringen är dock av mycket liten betydelse för tolkningen av resultaten. Nuvarande ozonbelastning 2006-2012 beräknades minska skogstillväxten som ett summerat värde för alla landsdelar och trädslag i Sverige med 2.9 Mm3 år-1, i jämförelse med ett förindustriellt scenario i avsaknad av ozonbelastning, vilket motsvarar en procentuell minskning av tillväxten på -3.2 %. Detta värde varierade mellan -1.6 och -4,9 %, beroende på landsdel och trädslag. I ett scenario där målvärdet för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft inte överskrids reducerades den negativa inverkan av ozon till ett medelvärde på -1.2 %, och varierade mellan -0.6 och -2.1 %. Det ekonomiska värdet av den minskade skogstillväxten beroende på nuvarande ozonbelastning beräknades till 733 MSEK år-1, ett värde som är mer än dubbelt så högt jämfört med motsvarande värde som beräknades vid den tidigare studien 2006. Skillnaden beror på att den ozonbelastning som beräknades över Sverige var högre i den nya studien, särskilt i norra Sverige, men framför allt beror det på höjning av den negativa ozoneffekten på stamtillväxten hos gran och tall. I det scenario där målvärdet för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft inte överskrids beräknades det ekonomiska värdet för tillväxtnedsättningen orsakad av ozon till 293 MSEK år-1, det vill säga mer än en halvering jämfört med nuvarande ozonbelastning. De summerade skördeförlusterna beroende på nuvarande ozonbelastning vad gäller alla sädesslag för alla delar av Sverige beräknades separat för olika år och uppgick till som högst 88 kton för 2006 och till 6 kton för 2008. Motsvande värden för potatis uppgick till 52 kton för 2006 och till 14 kton för 2012. De beräknade ekonomiska värdena för dessa summerade skördenedsättningar beräknades till i medeltal 180 MSEK år-1. Mellanårsvariationen var dock stor och för 2006 beräknades ett samlat värde av 420 MSEK år-1. För ett scenario där målvärdet för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft inte överskrids beräknades ett samlat värde av ozonets negativa inverkan på skördeutbytet till i medeltal 74 MSEK år-1. Sammantaget beräknades det ekonomiska värdet för inverkan av nuvarande ozonbelastning på skogstillväxt och skördebortfall inom jordbruket i Sverige till 913 MSEK år-1. Motsvarande värde för ett scenario där målvärdet för ozon och växtlighet inom miljömålet Frisk Luft inte överskrids vid någon plats i landet uppgick till 367 MSEK år-1. I bägge fallen gäller en jämförelse med ett förindustriellt scenario i avsaknad av ozonbelastning, dvs när ozonkoncentrationerna aldrig överskred 80 μg/m3 (40 ppb).
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| 2. |
- Persson, Kill, 1958, et al.
(författare)
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Från dynsvacka till fjällhed - fjällmurklingen greppar brett
- 2020
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Ingår i: Svensk Mykologisk Tidskrift. ; 41:2, s. 30-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sarcoleotia globosa in Halland (S. Sweden) The small ascomycete Sarcoleotia globosa (Geoglossaceae) is presented and its distribution and habitat preferences are discussed. It was described from northern Norway in 1866 and was long known only from boreal and arctic-alpine regions. Subsequent records from Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark have indicated its presence also in lowland areas. The authors here report it from dune slacks in the coastal area of Halland (southern Sweden), where it occurs on sandy soil with a sparse vegetation of Calluna, Empetrum, low mosses and lichens. This habitat is dependent on erosion and a moderate and continuous soil disturbance (eg trampling).
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Pihl Karlsson, Gunilla, et al.
(författare)
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Ozonmätnätet i södra Sverige. Marknära ozon i bakgrundsmiljö i södra Sverige med beaktande av variationen i landskapet –
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I enlighet med direktiv 2008/50/EG om luftkvalitet och renare luft i Europa ställs krav på att halter av marknära ozon ska övervakas. Sverige uppfyller i dagsläget inte kraven i EU-direktivet. Mätningar inom ”Ozonmätnätet i södra Sverige” genomförs med syfte att ge en förbättrad regional uppskattning av i vilka områden som det sker ett överskridande av de ozonindex som beskriver inverkan av ozon på växtligheten (AOT40). Förutom regional information om överskridanden av ozonbelastningen bidrar även ”Ozonmätnätet i södra Sverige” till den nationella ozonövervakningen. Ozonövervakningen inom ”Ozonmätnätet i södra Sverige” startades 2009 av IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet, i samarbete med Göteborgs universitet, på uppdrag av Länsstyrelserna i Skåne, Halland, Kronoberg, Kalmar, Gotland, Jönköping, Västra Götaland samt Östergötland län och Luftvårdsförbunden i Blekinge och Västmanlands län. Programmet baseras på en metodik att uppskatta ozonindex utifrån ozonmätningar med diffusionsprovtagare på månadsbasis samt utifrån temperaturmätningar på timbasis. Temperaturmätningarna ger ett mått på skillnader i luftens stabilitet under dygnet vilket i sin tur ger ett mått på variationen i ozonhalter under dygnet. Resultaten från mätningarna resulterar i skattningar av AOT40 med en relativt hög tillförlitlighet. Ett mätår omfattar perioden 1 mars till 30 september. Förekomsten av ozon i landsbygdsmiljön är en regional fråga men beror av utsläpp av ozonbildande ämnen på lokal, nationell och global nivå. Områden i södra Sverige påverkas i huvudsak av att förorenade luftmassor, med ursprung från olika delar av Europa, transporteras in över landet och ger upphov till ozonbildning där förekommande halter även beror på topografi (höglänt eller låglänt) samt avstånd från havet. Tillsammans påverkar dessa regionala förutsättningar ozonförekomsten vilket ligger till grund för att dela upp södra Sverige i fem olika geografiska zoner, baserat främst på geografisk position i nord-sydlig och öst-västlig riktning samt tre lokaltyper (höglänta, kustnära eller låglänta) inom zonerna. Ozonhalterna vid olika närliggande platser kan skilja sig åt relativt mycket.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of wetland liming on vegetation in south-west Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: Hunova I (Ed) Acid Rain 2005, 7th International Conference on Acid Deposition, Conference Abstracts.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Seven wetland areas treated with coarse grain (Ø = 0-3 mm) lime in 1998 and seven reference areas with the same vegetation type were invented for vascular plants and mosses in the summer of 2003. The inventory was made using twenty 0.5 * 0.5 m2 plots, evenly distributed along a transect. The vascular plants and mosses showed a high degree of similarity between treated and reference areas (Sørensen´s index = 0.83 and 0.75 for vascular plants and mosses, respectively). The difference in vegetation composition (weakly significant) between treated and reference according to χ2 test, was most probably not caused by liming. No signs of lime related injuries were observed on the vascular plants. However, Sphagnum mosses showed substantial (14% of all plots) visible injury in all lime treated areas, but no such injuries in any of the reference areas. This kind of injury on Sphagnum mosses was severe and the mosses were largely dead and in a state of decomposition. It is concluded from the present study that Sphagnum mosses are significantly and negatively affected by the kind of lime used. Vascular plants were unaffected, but five years may be an in sufficient duration of time for effects to become established. However, it seems most likely that mosses are much more sensitive to wetland liming than vascular plants.
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| 8. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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A framework for assessing urban greenery's effects and valuing its ecosystem services
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Academic Press. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 205, s. 274-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ongoing urban exploitation is increasing pressure to transform urban green spaces, while there is increasing awareness that greenery provides a range of important benefits to city residents. In efforts to help resolve associated problems we have developed a framework for integrated assessments of ecosystem service (ES) benefits and values provided by urban greenery, based on the ecosystem service cascade model. The aim is to provide a method for assessing the contribution to, and valuing, multiple ES provided by urban greenery that can be readily applied in routine planning processes. The framework is unique as it recognizes that an urban greenery comprises several components and functions that can contribute to multiple ecosystem services in one or more ways via different functional traits (e.g. foliage characteristics) for which readily measured indicators have been identified. The framework consists of five steps including compilation of an inventory of indicator; application of effectivity factors to rate indicators' effectiveness; estimation of effects; estimation of benefits for each ES; estimation of the total ES value of the ecosystem. The framework was applied to assess ecosystem services provided by trees, shrubs, herbs, birds, and bees, in green areas spanning an urban gradient in Gothenburg, Sweden. Estimates of perceived values of ecosystem services were obtained from interviews with the public and workshop activities with civil servants. The framework is systematic and transparent at all stages and appears to have potential utility in the existing spatial planning processes.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Braun, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Epidemiological analysis of ozone and nitrogen impacts on vegetation - Critical evaluation and recommendations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 603-604, s. 785-792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Elsevier B.V.For human health studies, epidemiology has been established as important tool to examine factors that affect the frequency and distribution of disease, injury, and other health-related events in a defined population, serving the purpose of establishing prevention and control programs. On the other hand, gradient studies have a long tradition in the research of air pollution effects on plants. While there is no principal difference between gradient and epidemiological studies, the former address more one-dimensional transects while the latter focus more on populations and include more experience in making quantitative predictions, in dealing with confounding factors and in taking into account the complex interplay of different factors acting at different levels. Epidemiological analyses may disentangle and quantify the contributions of different predictor variables to an overall effect, e.g. plant growth, and may generate hypotheses deserving further study in experiments. Therefore, their use in ecosystem research is encouraged. This article provides a number of recommendations on: (1) spatial and temporal aspects in preparing predictor maps of nitrogen deposition, ozone exposure and meteorological covariates; (2) extent of a dataset required for an analysis; (3) choice of the appropriate regression model and conditions to be satisfied by the data; (4) selection of the relevant explanatory variables; (5) treatment of interactions and confounding factors; and (6) assessment of model validity.
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| 13. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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CO2-induced changes in wheat grain composition: Meta-analysis and response functions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 7:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) stimulates wheat grain yield, but simultaneously reduces protein/nitrogen (N) concentration. Also, other essential nutrients are subject to change. This study is a synthesis of wheat experiments with eCO2, estimating the effects on N, minerals (B, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Zn), and starch. The analysis was performed by (i) deriving response functions to assess the gradual change in element concentration with increasing CO2 concentration, (ii) meta-analysis to test the average magnitude and significance of observed effects, and (iii) relating CO2 effects on minerals to effects on N and grain yield. Responses ranged from zero to strong negative effects of eCO2 on mineral concentration, with the largest reductions for the nutritionally important elements of N, Fe, S, Zn, and Mg. Together with the positive but small and non-significant effect on starch concentration, the large variation in effects suggests that CO2-induced responses cannot be explained only by a simple dilution model. To explain the observed pattern, uptake and transport mechanisms may have to be considered, along with the link of different elements to N uptake. Our study shows that eCO2 has a significant effect on wheat grain stoichiometry, with implications for human nutrition in a world of rising CO2.
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| 14. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of elevated CO2 on wheat yield: Non-linear response and relation to site productivity
- 2019
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Ingår i: Agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 9:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019 by the authors. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO 2 ) is well known to stimulate plant photosynthesis and growth. Elevated carbon dioxide’s effects on crop yields are of particular interest due to concerns for future food security. We compiled experimental data where field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum Linnaeus) was exposed to different CO 2 concentrations. Yield and yield components were analyzed by meta-analysis to estimate average effects, and response functions derived to assess effect size in relation to CO 2 concentration. Grain yield increased by 26% under eCO 2 (average ambient concentration of 372 ppm and elevated 605 ppm), mainly due to the increase in grain number. The response function for grain yield with CO 2 concentration strongly suggests a non-linear response, where yield stimulation levels off at ~600 ppm. This was supported by the meta-analysis, which did not indicate any significant difference in yield stimulation in wheat grown at 456–600 ppm compared to 601–750 ppm. Yield response to eCO 2 was independent of fumigation technique and rooting environment, but clearly related to site productivity, where relative CO 2 yield stimulation was stronger in low productive systems. The non-linear yield response, saturating at a relatively modest elevation of CO 2 , was of large importance for crop modelling and assessments of future food production under rising CO 2
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| 15. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of ozone, drought and heat stress on wheat yield and grain quality
- 2023
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. - 0167-8809. ; 352:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a gaseous phytotoxic plant stressor known to reduce wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop yields at current concentrations. O3 is predicted to increase in many crop-growing regions, together with higher frequencies of heatwaves and droughts. In this study, wheat crops were exposed to two levels of O3 (ambient and ~70 ppb) in combination with ambient or elevated temperature (+8 ◦C) and two watering regimes (well-watered and 50% reduced water supply) during the grain-filling period. With this experimental setup, we assessed the interactive effects between O3, temperature and water supply on wheat yield and grain quality, and measured leaf gas exchange to explore the underlying mechanisms. Overall, O3, warming and drought all decreased grain yield and average grain mass but increased grain concentration of N and other nutrient elements. Increasing daytime O3 from 25 to 73 ppb resulted in a 25% yield reduction in treatments with ambient temperature and well-watered soil. Drought reduced the impact of O3 on light-saturated photosynthesis, grain mass, total aboveground biomass and grain concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Mo. In contrast, concentrations of K and Ca increased to a larger extent when O3 stress was combined with elevated temperature. Grain concentrations of N, Ca and Zn were closely and negatively related to grain yield regardless of O3, heat and drought stress, likely explained by the reduction in grain filling period, with starch accumulation reduced to a larger extent than that of these elements. P, K, Mg, Mn, Mo concentrations were weakly related to grain yield, but were clearly altered by environmental stress. The modifying effect of water availability is crucial to include in assessments of O3 impacts on global food production in relation to climate change, considering effects on wheat yield variables and grain nutrient concentrations.
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| 16. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Fertilizer efficiency in wheat is reduced by ozone pollution
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 607-608, s. 876-880
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inefficient use of fertilizers by crops increases the risk of nutrient leaching from agro-ecosystems, resulting in economic loss and environmental contamination. We investigated how ground-level ozone affects the efficiency by which wheat used applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer to produce grain protein (NE P , N efficiency with respect to protein yield) and grain yield (NE Y , N efficiency with respect to grain yield) across a large number of open-top chamber field experiments. Our results show significant negative ozone effects on NE P and NE Y , both for a larger data set obtained from data mining (21 experiments, 70 treatments), and a subset of data for which stomatal ozone flux estimates were available (7 experiments, 22 treatments). For one experiment, we report new data on N content of different above-ground plant fractions as well as grain K and P content. Our analysis of the combined dataset demonstrates that the grain yield return for a certain investment in N fertilizer is reduced by ozone. Results from the experiment with more detailed data further show that translocation of accumulated N from straw and leaves to grains is significantly and negatively affected by ozone, and that ozone decreases fertilizer efficiency also for K and P. As a result of lower N fertilization efficiency, ozone causes a risk of increased N losses from agroecosystems, e.g. through nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions, a hitherto neglected negative effect of ozone. This impact of ozone on the N cycle implies that society is facing a dilemma where it either (i) accepts increased N pollution and counteracts ozone-induced yield reductions by increasing fertilization or (ii) counteracts N pollution under elevated ozone by reducing fertilization, accepting further yield loss adding to the direct effect of ozone on yield.
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| 17. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Harvest index and remobilization of 13 elements during wheat grain filling: Experiences from ozone experiments in China and Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Field Crops Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4290. ; 271:15 September 2021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wheat efficiently remobilize and allocate a large fraction of aboveground biomass and nutrients into their grains during maturation. This senescence process has been streamlined through crop breeding, which lead to increasing harvest index (HI) for biomass. With field data from two ozone exposure experiments, we derived HI for 13 elements, both nutrients and non-essential, to determine how efficiently they are allocated into the wheat grain in two different agro-ecological environments (Sweden and China) and under different ozone exposure regimes. Element HI ranged from 10 to 90 %, with highest rates for P, N and Zn (90 %, 80 % and 70 %, respectively), while HI was low for the non-mobile elements Ba, Sr and Ca (<10 %). HI for biomass was about 50 %, and the non-essential and toxic element Cd was in the same range (∼40 %). Overall element HI was very similar in Chinese and Swedish wheat cultivars. This was also the case when comparing the two Chinese genotypes. We conclude that element HI for wheat crops are highly element specific and not strongly dependent on site or cultivar. Ozone exposure significantly reduced HI for both macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, N, P) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn), but also for Cd, while there was no ozone effect on the total aboveground pool for any element except P and Ba. Consequently, the reduction in grain element yield induced by elevated ozone, observed in previous studies, can be explained by lower remobilization rates rather than reduced total uptake. Our results provide new insights of nutrient use efficiency in wheat crops in general and under ozone exposure, which can be implemented in crop modelling and also useful for breeding strategies aiming to improve the nutritional value of food crops.
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| 18. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Ozone effects on wheat grain quality - A summary
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491. ; 197, s. 203-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We synthesized the effects of ozone on wheat quality based on 42 experiments performed in Asia, Europe and North America. Data were analysed using meta-analysis and by deriving response functions between observed effects and daytime ozone concentration. There was a strong negative effect on 1000- grain weight and weaker but significant negative effects on starch concentration and volume weight. For protein and several nutritionally important minerals (K, Mg, Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Cu) concentration was significantly increased, but yields were significantly decreased by ozone. For other minerals (Fe, S, Na) effects were not significant or results inconclusive. The concentration and yield of potentially toxic Cd were negatively affected by ozone. Some baking properties (Zeleny value, Hagberg falling number) were positively influenced by ozone. Effects were similar in different exposure systems and for spring and winter wheat. Ozone effects on quality should be considered in future assessments of food security/ safety.
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| 19. |
- Broberg, Malin, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Ozone induced loss of seed protein accumulation is larger in soybean than in wheat and rice
- 2020
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Ingår i: Agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 10:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the effects of ozone (O3) on seed protein accumulation in soybean, rice, and wheat based on existing literature. We identified 30, 10, and 32 datasets meeting the requirements for soybean, rice, and wheat, respectively. Data for each crop were combined in response regressions for seed protein concentration, seed protein yield, and seed yield. Although seed yield in rice was less sensitive to O3 than in wheat, there was a significant positive effect of O3 on the seed protein concentration of the same magnitude in both crops. Soybean, an N-fixing high-protein crop, responded differently. Even though the effect on seed yield was similar to wheat, there was no indication of any effect of O3 on seed protein concentration in soybean. The negative influence of O3 on seed protein yield was statistically significant for soybean and wheat. The effect was larger for soybean (slope of response function: −0.58% per ppb O3) than for wheat (slope: −0.44% per ppb) and especially compared to rice (slope: −0.08% per ppb). The different response of protein concentration in soybean, likely to be associated with adverse O3 effects on N fixation, has large implications for global protein production because of the much higher absolute protein concentration in soybean.
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| 20. |
- Buker, P, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of different stomatal conductance algorithms for ozone flux modelling
- 2005
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Ingår i: UNECE – Workshop “Critical Levels of Ozone: Further applying and developing the flux-based concept”, Obergurgl, 15-19 November 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two widely used algorithms for modelling stomatal conductance (gs) were compared in order to evaluate the approach leading to the most realistic predictions of stomatal fluxes to vegetated surfaces: a multiplicative algorithm initially developed by Jarvis (1976) and refined by Emberson et al. (2000) (DO3SE ) and a photosynthesis-based Ball&Berry-type algorithm developed by Nikolov et al. (1995) (LEAFC3). Both models were parameterised for several crop and tree species (wheat, grapevine, Scots pine, beech and birch) and have been applied to various datasets – with the main focus on wheat - representing different European regions (North, Central and South Europe). A sensitivity analysis has been carried out for both models to evaluate the dependence of gs on the meteorological parameters temperature, photosynthetic active radiation and vapour pressure deficit. Furthermore, in order to test whether a general species-specific parameterisation can account for differences in gs due to plants growing under different climatic conditions throughout Europe, the models have been re-parameterised for local meteorological conditions. A direct comparison of both models showed that the net photosynthetic-based model required more detailed meteorological (e.g. ambient CO2-concentration, dew-point temperature) and plant-physiological (e.g. Vcmax and Jmax) input parameters while not delivering a substantially higher R2 when comparing measured and modelled gs. The relative weakness of the multiplicative model lies in its dependence on the maximum stomatal conductance (gmax), whereas the photosynthesis-based model is not taking into account phenology-related changes in gs. Furthermore, the results show that an equally close relationship between gs and net photosynthetic rate throughout the entire growing season is questionable. We conclude that the multiplicative approach is favourable for calculating stomatal fluxes on a wider scale (e.g. within EMEP-deposition model), whereas the photosynthesis-based approach is a potential alternative for modelling fluxes on a local scale.
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| 21. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Air Pollution Dynamics and the Need for Temporally Differentiated Road Pricing
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation of pollution dispersion, traffic flows and vehicular emissions on pollution concentration and illustrate the need for temporally differentiated road pricing through an application to the case of the congestion charge in Stockholm, Sweden. By accounting explicitly for the role of pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, we allow for a more comprehensive view of the economy-ecology interactions at stake, showing that price differentiation is an optimal response to the physical environment. Most congestion charges in place incorporate price bans to mitigate congestion. Our analysis indicates that, to ensure compliance with air quality standards, such price variations should also be a response to limited pollution dispersion.
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| 22. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Air pollution dynamics and the need for temporally differentiated road pricing
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564. ; 75, s. 178-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we investigate the effects of the temporal variation of pollution dispersion, traffic flows and vehicular emissions on pollution concentration and illustrate the need for temporally differentiated road pricing through an application to the case of the congestion charge in Stockholm, Sweden. By accounting explicitly for the role of pollution dispersion on optimal road pricing, we allow for a more comprehensive view of the economy– ecology interactions at stake, showing that price differentiation is an optimal response to the physical environment. Most congestion charges in place incorporate price bands to mitigate congestion. Our analysis indicates that, to ensure compliance with air quality standards, such price variations should also be a response to limited pollution dispersion.
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| 23. |
- D H, Fleisher, et al.
(författare)
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Yield Response of an Ensemble of Potato Crop Models to Elevated CO2 in Continental Europe
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Journal of Agronomy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1161-0301. ; 126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A multi-model inter-comparison study was conducted to evaluate the performance of ten potato crop models to accurately predict potato yield in response to elevated CO2 (Ce) when calibrated with ambient CO2 data (Ca). Experimental data from seven open-top chambers (OTC) and free-air CO2-enrichment (FACE) facilities across continental Europe were used. Model ensemble percent errors averaged over all datasets for simulated yields were 26.5 % for Ca and 27.2 % Ce data. Metrics such as Wilmott’s index of agreement (IA) and root mean square relative error (RMSRE) ranged broadly among individual models and locations, such that four of the ten models outperformed the median or mean of the ensemble for about half of the Ce datasets. These top performing models were representative of three different model structural groups, including radiation use efficiency, transpiration efficiency, or leaf-level based approaches. Relative response to an increase in CO2 was more accurately modeled than absolute yield responses when averaged across all locations, and within 3.3 kg ppm 1 (or 5%) of observed values. Specific targets in the model structure needed for improvement were not identified due to large and inconsistent variation in the accuracy of yield predictions across locations. However, models with the lowest calibration errors tended to be top performers for Ce predictions as well. Such results suggest calibration is at least as important as model structure. Where possible, modelers using potato models to estimate Ce responses should use Ce calibration data to improve confidence in such predictions.
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| 24. |
- Dahl, Åslög, 1955, et al.
(författare)
-
Pollen Luftföroreningar Allergi
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta häfte informerar om pollen och pollenallergi samt de viktigaste resultaten från ett utvecklingsprojekt som genomförts av Göteborgs universitet, Institutionen för biologi och miljövetenskap. Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län har varit samordnare för projektet. Länsstyrelsen i Skåne, Region Skåne, VTI samt Arbets- och miljömedicin, Göteborgs universitet har deltagit. Arbetet ligger inom det nationella och regionala programområdet för Hälsorelaterad miljöövervakning. Projektets syfte har varit att analysera hur allergiframkallande pollen och några luftföroreningar tillsammans påverkar hur många recept som skrivs ut för allergiläkemedel, och hur mycket receptfria allergipreparat som säljs. Resultaten visade att det finns ett samband, och att det går att ta fram ett index som tar hänsyn till både pollenhalter och luftföroreningar. Detta skulle i sin tur kunna vara ett viktigt underlag för förbättrad information till pollenallergiker. Projektet har finansierats av Naturvårdsverket inom ramen för Hälsorelaterad miljöövervakning.
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| 25. |
- Dahl, Åslög, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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Pollen, luftföroreningar och väderlek
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pollenallergiker kan få ett bättre liv om de får information om tillståndet i luften. Det är till och med deras medborgerliga rättighet, enligt EU-direktiv, att få det. Därmed kan de förebygga symptom och planera sina aktiviteter. Avsikten med vår rapport är att bidra till underlaget för sådan en information, och att belysa hur de allergiska symptomen varierar med miljöfaktorer. Informationen bör innehålla en rapport om situationen innevarande dag. Vi ger ett förslag på hur den kan presenteras i form av ett luftkvalitetsindex. Dessutom bör informationen innehålla en prognos för de kommande dagarna. Pollenallergi, inklusive allergisk astma, är ett vanligt problem i vårt samhälle. Var fjärde till femte person är drabbad. Under sommarhalvåret bidrar allergin inte bara till att allergikerna får symptom från ögon och näsa, utan också till en totalt sett sänkt livskvalitet (Kiotseridis et al. 2013a, b). Ett flertal studier visar att luftföroreningar också påverkar luftvägarna. De kan orsaka en inflammation som kan förstärka allergiska besvär och som kan sänka tröskeln för att den skall uppstå. Våra resultat visar att ozon, kvävedioxid och partiklar bidrar till behovet av allergiläkemedel, när halterna överskrider ett visst tröskelvärde. Myndigheter med ansvar för miljö och folkhälsa på statlig, regional och kommunal nivå bör garantera att det finns förutsättningar för att förmedla informationen till allmänhet och sjukvård. Pollenövervakning saknas i flera regioner. I de fall sådan övervakning finns, är expertisen på området och nvändig infrastruktur inte långsiktigt tryggade. Verksamheten har hittills aldrig garanterats mer än ett år i taget. Detta innebär en ständig risk för bristande kontinuitet, att kompetens skall gå förlorad, och att underlaget till informationen är otillräcklig. I rapporten vill vi visa att allergibesvär beror av en kombination av faktorer, och bara kan förstås genom samarbete mellan experter från olika ämnesdiscipliner. Det är myndigheternas ås uppgift att tillhandahålla förutsättningar för att kompetens inom dessa områden kan samordnas. Föreliggande rapport är resultatet av ett regionalt utvecklingsprojekt i regi av länsstyrelserna i Västra Götaland och Skåne, inom ramen för Naturvårdsverkets programområde Hälsorelaterad Miljöpåverkan.
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| 26. |
- Danielsson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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An ozone response relationship for four Phleum pratense genotypes based on modelling of the phytotoxic ozone dose (POD)
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Experimental Botany. - : Elsevier BV. - 0098-8472. ; 90, s. 70-77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the last decade extensive research has focused on the development of dose–response relationships based on stomatal plant ozone uptake (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD). So far most work has concentrated on crops and forest trees. This study provides a flux-based dose–response function for timothy (Phleum pratense), a widespread grassland species, which can be used in risk assessment for ground-level ozone. In 1996 and 2001 timothy was exposed in open-top chambers to ozone concentrations ranging from around 10 nmol mol−1 in the charcoal filtered treatments up to 60 nmol mol−1 in the fumigated treatments (08:00–20:00) in. In 1996 there was a negative effect of ozone on biomass production in the non-filtered treatment while in 2001 no such ozone effect in the non-filtered treatment could be seen. Measurements of stomatal conductance on four timothy genotypes in 2001 were used to calibrate a Jarvis-type multiplicative stomatal conductance model. The maximum conductance varied between the genotypes, from 477 to 589 mmol O3 m−2 s−1 (projected leaf area). The model includes functions describing the reduction of stomatal conductance of senescing leaves and the direct effects on stomatal conductance by light, temperature and water vapour pressure deficit. A function describing ozone induced senescence of the leaves was included since exposure to ozone is known to cause premature senescence. The function for ozone was applied when it suggested ozone to be more limiting to stomatal conductance than phenology. To avoid overestimation of stomatal conductance in days with high VPD, a function reflecting the effect on leaf water potential on stomatal conductance was included. Comparison between modelled and measured conductance for the four timothy genotypes resulted in an r2 value at 0.57 and a very small average deviation of observed from modelled values. The calibrated stomatal conductance model was used to estimate the accumulated POD, i.e. the accumulated stomatal flux of ozone, of the plants in the 1996 and 2001 experiments. The strongest relationship between ozone relative effects on biomass was obtained when POD was accumulated from 105 degree days after emergence to 1000 degree days after emergence, and integrated using an uptake rate threshold of 7 nmol m−2 s−1 (POD7). The response relationship between biomass and POD7 resulted in an r2 value of 0.71 over all four genotypes. This r2 value was somewhat higher than for the corresponding relationship based on the accumulated ozone exposure over 40 nmol mol−1 (AOT40; r2 = 0.66). With an uptake rate threshold at 7 nmol m−2 s−1, ozone concentrations above ∼20 nmol mol−1, contribute to reduce the biomass production of timothy if meteorological conditions promote maximum stomatal conductance.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Ekman, A, et al.
(författare)
-
Swedish Clean Air and Climate Research Programme – SCAC Final report second phase
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The SCAC-2 program was initiated to provide an extended scientific knowledge base in national and international discussions and negotiations on the development of new air pollution policies and measures. Specifically, the program was focused on four main areas where additional knowledge was needed to support further actions: air pollution and climate interactions and hemispheric transport; air pollution and human health with focus on particles from transport and domestic wood burning; ecosystem effects (and air pollution – climate interactions) of ozone and nitrogen, the latter with emphasis on national nitrogen budgets and biodiversity. Finally, integrated assessment modelling and identification of the most efficient abatement strategies was included.
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| 29. |
- Emanuelsson, Eva U., et al.
(författare)
-
Parameterization of Thermal Properties of Aging Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Photo-Oxidation of Selected Terpene Mixtures
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:11, s. 6168-6176
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic VOCs influences the Earth's radiative balance. We have examined the photo-oxidation and aging of boreal terpene mixtures in the SAPHIR simulation chamber. Changes in thermal properties and chemical composition, deduced from mass spectrometric measurements, were providing information on the aging of biogenic SOA produced under ambient solar conditions. Effects of precursor mixture, concentration, and photochemical oxidation levels (OH exposure) were evaluated. OH exposure was found to be the major driver in the long term photochemical transformations, i.e., reaction times of several hours up to days, of SOA and its thermal properties, whereas the initial concentrations and terpenoid mixtures had only minor influence. The volatility distributions were parametrized using a sigmoidal function to determine T-VFR0.5 (the temperature yielding a 50% particle volume fraction remaining) and the steepness of the volatility distribution. T-VFR0.5 increased by 0.3 +/- 0.1% (ca. 1 K), while the steepness increased by 0.9 +/- 0.3% per hour of 1 x 10(6) cm(-3) OH exposure. Thus, aging reduces volatility and increases homogeneity of the vapor pressure distribution, presumably because highly volatile fractions become increasingly susceptible to gas phase oxidation, while less volatile fractions are less reactive with gas phase OH.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Emberson, Lisa D., et al.
(författare)
-
Ozone effects on crops and consideration in crop models
- 2018
-
Ingår i: European Journal of Agronomy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1161-0301. ; 100:Special Issue: SI, s. 19-34
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018 The Authors We review current knowledge of the processes by which ozone will cause injury and damage to crop plants. We do this both through an understanding of the limitations to ozone uptake (i.e. ozone being transferred from some height in the atmosphere to the leaf boundary layer and subsequent uptake via the stomata) as well as through the internal plant processes that will result in the absorbed ozone dose causing damage and/or injury. We consider these processes across a range of scales by which ozone impacts plants, from cellular metabolism influencing leaf level physiology up to whole canopy and root system processes and feedbacks. We explore how these impacts affect leaf level photosynthesis and senescence (and associated carbon assimilation) as well as whole canopy resource acquisition (e.g. water and nutrients) and ultimately crop growth and yield. We consider these processes from the viewpoint of developing crop growth models capable of incorporating key ozone impact processes within modelling structures that assess crop growth under a variety of different abiotic stresses. These models would provide a dynamic assessment of the impact of ozone within the context of other key variables considered important in determining crop growth and yield. We consider the ability to achieve such modelling through an assessment of the different types of crop model currently available (e.g. empirical, radiation use efficiency, and photosynthesis based crop growth models). Finally, we show how international activities such as the AgMIP (Agricultural Modelling and Improvement Intercomparison Project) could see crop growth modellers collaborate to assess the capabilities of different crop models to simulate the effects of ozone and other stresses. The development of robust crop growth models capable of including ozone effects would substantially improve future national, regional and global risk assessments that aim to assess the role that ozone might play under future climatic conditions in limiting food supply.
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| 32. |
- Feng, Zhaozhong, et al.
(författare)
-
A stomatal ozone flux–response relationship to assess ozone-induced yield loss of winter wheat in subtropical China
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491. ; 164, s. 16-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stomatal ozone flux and flux–response relationships were derived for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under fully open-air ozone fumigation. A stomatal conductance (gsto) model developed for wheat in Europe was re-parameterized. Compared to European model parameterizations, the main changes were that the VPD and radiation response functions were made less and more restrictive, respectively, and that the temperature function was omitted. The re-parameterized gsto model performed well with an r2 value of 0.76. The slope and intercept of the regression between observed and predicted gsto were not significantly different from 1 to 0, respectively. An ozone uptake threshold of 12 nmol m−2 s−1 was judged most reasonable for the wheat flux–response relationship in subtropical China. Judging from both flux- and concentration-based relationships, the cultivars investigated seem to be more sensitive to ozone than European cultivars. The new flux–response relationship can be applied to ozone risk assessment in subtropical regions.
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| 33. |
- Feng, Zhaozhong, et al.
(författare)
-
A unifying explanation for variation in ozone sensitivity among woody plants
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24:1, s. 78-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tropospheric ozone is considered the most detrimental air pollutant for vegetation at the global scale, with negative consequences for both provisioning and climate regulating ecosystem services. In spite of recent developments in ozone exposure metrics, from a concentration-based to a more physiologically relevant stomatal flux-based index, large-scale ozone risk assessment is still complicated by a large and unexplained variation in ozone sensitivity among tree species. Here, we explored whether the variation in ozone sensitivity among woody species can be linked to interspecific variation in leaf morphology. We found that ozone tolerance at the leaf level was closely linked to leaf dry mass per unit leaf area (LMA) and that whole-tree biomass reductions were more strongly related to stomatal flux per unit leaf mass (r 2 =0.56) than to stomatal flux per unit leaf area (r 2 =0.42). Furthermore, the interspecific variation in slopes of ozone flux–response relationships was considerably lower when expressed on a leaf mass basis (coefficient of variation, CV=36%) than when expressed on a leaf area basis (CV=66%), and relationships for broadleaf and needle-leaf species converged when using the mass-based index. These results show that much of the variation in ozone sensitivity among woody plants can be explained by interspecific variation in LMA and that large-scale ozone impact assessment could be greatly improved by considering this well-known and easily measured leaf trait.
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| 34. |
- Feng, Zhaozhong, et al.
(författare)
-
Constraints to nitrogen acquisition of terrestrial plants under elevated CO2
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 21:8, s. 3152-3168
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A key part of the uncertainty in terrestrial feedbacks on climate change is related to how and to what extent nitrogen (N) availability constrains the stimulation of terrestrial productivity by elevated CO2 (eCO2), and whether or not this constraint will become stronger over time. We explored the ecosystem-scale relationship between responses of plant productivity and N acquisition to eCO2 in Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments in grassland, cropland and forest ecosystems and found that: (i) In all three ecosystem types, this relationship was positive, linear, and strong (r2 = 0.68), but exhibited a negative intercept such that plant N acquisition was decreased by 10% when eCO2 caused neutral or modest changes in productivity. Since the ecosystems were markedly N limited, plants with minimal productivity responses to eCO2 likely acquired less N than ambient CO2-grown counterparts because access was decreased, and not because demand was lower. (ii) Plant N concentration was lower under eCO2, and this decrease was independent of the presence or magnitude of eCO2-induced productivity enhancement, refuting the long-held hypothesis that this effect results from growth dilution. (iii) Effects of eCO2 on productivity and N acquisition did not diminish over time, while the typical eCO2-induced decrease in plant N concentration did. Our results suggest that, at the decennial time scale covered by FACE studies, N limitation of eCO2-induced terrestrial productivity enhancement is associated with negative effects of eCO2 on plant N acquisition rather than with growth dilution of plant N or processes leading to progressive N limitation.
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| 35. |
- Feng, Z., et al.
(författare)
-
Differential effects of ozone on photosynthesis of winter wheat among cultivars depend on antioxidative enzymes rather than stomatal conductance
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697. ; 572, s. 404-411
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five modern cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Yangmai16 (Y16), Yangmai 15 (Y15), Yangfumai 2 (Y2), Yannong 19 (Y19) and Jiaxing 002 (J2) were investigated to determine the impacts of elevated ozone concentration (E-O3) on photosynthesis-related parameters and the antioxidant system under fully open-air field conditions in China. The plants were exposed to E-O3 at 1.5 times the ambient ozone concentration (A-O3) from the initiation of tillering to final harvest. Pigments, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidants contents, antioxidative enzyme activity and lipid oxidation were measured in three replicated plots throughout flag leaf development. Results showed that significant O3 effects on most variables were only found during the mid-grain filling stage. Across five cultivars, E-O3 significantly accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by increased lipid oxidation as well as faster declines in pigment amounts and photosynthetic rates. The lower photosynthetic rates were mainly due to non-stomatal factors, e.g. lower maximum carboxylation capacity and electron transport rates. There were strong interactions between O3 and cultivar in photosynthetic pigments, light-saturated photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence with O3-sensitive (Y19, Y2 and Y15) and O3-tolerant (J2, Y16) cultivars being clearly differentiated in their responses to E-O3. E-O3 significantly influenced the antioxidative enzymes but not antioxidant contents. Significant interactions between O3 and cultivar were found in antioxidative enzymes, such as SOD and CAT, but not in stomatal conductance (gs). Therefore, it can be concluded that antioxidative enzymes rather than gs or antioxidants are responsible for the differential responses to E-O3 among cultivars. These findings provide important information for the development of accurate modeling O3 effects on crops, especially with respect to the developmental stage when O3 damage to photosynthesis becomes manifest. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Grundström, Maria, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Influence of atmospheric circulation patterns on urban air quality during the winter
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Pollution Research. - 1309-1042. ; 6:2, s. 278-285
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Relationships between urban nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and atmospheric circulation at two spatial scales were studied for Southern Sweden. Lamb Weather Types (LWT) describe the circulation (scale: thousands of kilometers) including non–directional (cyclonic and anticyclonic) and directional types depending on the wind direction. LWTs with low wind speeds (anticyclonic, NW and N) were associated with strongly elevated [NO2], between 46–52% of the daily averages of NO2 exceeded the 60 μg m–3 air quality standard (AQS) when occurring during these LWTs. The lowest fractions of exceedances of NO2 AQS were generally observed for LWTs E, S, SW and W. A larger scale circulation (several thousands of kilometers) was represented by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) affecting meteorology over middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. While a negative NAO index (NAOI) favors stagnant high pressure weather over Northern Europe, a positive NAOI is often associated with windy conditions. High [NO2] was found to be frequent under negative NAOI. Additionally, larger fractions of exceedances of NO2 AQS were observed for the majority of LWTs occurring at negative NAOI. It’s concluded that both LWTs and NAOI had partly independent effects on the urban air quality in a North European city. These circulation indices can be useful tools for air pollution risk assessment and forecasting.
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| 38. |
- Grundström, Maria, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Limited effect of urban tree vegetation on NO2 and O3 concentrations near a traffic route
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 189, s. 73-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations of NO2 and O3 were measured inside and outside a dense broad-leaved forest canopy adjacent to a busy traffic route in the City of Gothenburg, Sweden, with duplicate passive diffusion samplers during six one-week periods starting well before leaf senescence and ending when leaves were largely senescent. Concentrations of NO2 were lower inside the forest canopy during all periods (representing a significant effect, p = 0.016), on average by 7% or 2.7 μg m−3. O3 showed a more variable response with an average non-significant effect of 2% lower in the forest stand. There was no systematic trend of the difference in concentrations inside and outside the forest stand of the pollutants with the progression of autumn leaf senescence. Our study indicates that the effect of urban vegetation on air pollution concentrations is small, although it seems to exist for NO2 in a traffic polluted environment.
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| 39. |
- Grundström, Maria, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
The relationship between birch pollen, air pollution and weather types and their effect on antihistamine purchase in two Swedish cities
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Aerobiologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0393-5965 .- 1573-3025. ; 33:4, s. 457-471
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 The Author(s)Exposure to elevated air pollution levels can aggravate pollen allergy symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between airborne birch (Betula) pollen, urban air pollutants NO2, O3 and PM10 and their effects on antihistamine demand in Gothenburg and Malmö, Sweden, 2006–2012. Further, the influence of large-scale weather pattern on pollen-/pollution-related risk, using Lamb weather types (LWTs), was analysed. Daily LWTs were obtained by comparing the atmospheric pressure over a 16-point grid system over southern Sweden (scale ~3000 km). They include two non-directional types, cyclonic (C) and anticyclonic (A) and eight directional types depending on the wind direction (N, NE, E…). Birch pollen levels were exceptionally high under LWTs E and SE in both cities. Furthermore, LWTs with dry and moderately calm meteorological character (A, NE, E, SE) were associated with strongly elevated air pollution (NO2 and PM10) in Gothenburg. For most weather situations in both cities, simultaneously high birch pollen together with high air pollution had larger over-the-counter (OTC) sales of antihistamines than situations with high birch pollen alone. LWTs NE, E, SE and S had the highest OTC sales in both cities. In Gothenburg, the city with a higher load of both birch pollen and air pollution, the higher OTC sales were especially obvious and indicate an increased effect on allergic symptoms from air pollution. Furthermore, Gothenburg LWTs A, NE, E and SE were associated with high pollen and air pollution levels and thus classified as high-risk weather types. In Malmö, corresponding high-risk LWTs were NE, E, SE and S. Furthermore, occurrence of high pollen and air pollutants as well as OTC sales correlated strongly with vapour pressure deficit and temperature in Gothenburg (much less so in Malmö). This provides evidence that the combination of meteorological properties associated with LWTs can explain high levels of birch pollen and air pollution. Our study shows that LWTs represent a useful tool for integrated daily air quality forecasting/warning.
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| 40. |
- Grundström, Maria, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Urban NO2 and NO pollution in relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation NAO
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 45:4, s. 883-888
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a measure of the strength of the zonal wind across the North Atlantic Ocean, strongly influences weather conditions in NW Europe, e.g. temperature, precipitation and wind, especially during winter. It was hypothesised that elevated concentrations of nitrogen oxides in Gothenburg would be enhanced during negative NAO index (NAOI) conditions, representing more anticyclonic weather situations and thus leading to limited air mixing in the urban atmosphere, than situations with NAOI > 0. Hourly wintertime (DecembereFebruary) concentrations (1997e2006) of NO2, NO, air pressure, temperature and wind direction from an urban rooftop (30mabove street level) in the centre of the City of Gothenburg were analysed in relation to NAOI. Air pressure, the average concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx ¼ NO2 þ NO), as well as the fraction of hourly NO2 and NO concentrations exceeding 90 mg m_3 and the fraction of daily NO concentrations exceeding 60 mg m_3, were significantly and negatively related to NAOI. Air temperature was positively correlated with NAOI. Southerly and westerly winds were more common in months with positive NAOI, while easterly and northerly winds were overrepresented in months with negative NAOI. High pollution concentrations dominantly occurred in situations with northerly and easterly wind directions. High NO2 and NO concentrations were associated with negative NAOI, especially in the morning when the traffic rush coincided with restricted air mixing. Over the tenyear period there were trends for more negative NAOI and increased time fractions with hourly NO2 concentrations exceeding 90 mgm_3. The conclusion of this study is that a climate shift towards higher or lower NAOI has the potential to significantly influence urban air pollution in North-West Europe, and thus the possibility to reach air quality standards, even if emissions remain constant.
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| 41. |
- Grundström, Maria, 1979, et al.
(författare)
-
Variation and co-variation of PM10, particle number concentration, NOx and NO2 in the urban air - Relationships with wind speed, vertical temperature gradient and weather type
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1352-2310. ; 120, s. 317-327
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP; diameter < 0.1 μm) represent a growing global health concern in urban environments and has a strong link to traffic related emissions. UFP is usually the dominating fraction of atmospheric particle number concentrations (PNC) despite being a minor part of total particle mass. The aim of this study was to empirically investigate the relationship between PNC and other air pollutants (NOX, NO2 and PM10) in the urban environment and their dependence on meteorology and weather type, using the Lamb Weather Type (LWT) classification scheme. The study was carried out in Gothenburg, Sweden, at an urban background site during April 2007-May 2008. It was found that daily average [PNC] correlated very well with [NOx] (R2 = 0.73) during inversion days, to a lesser extent with [NO2] (R2 = 0.58) and poorly with [PM10] (R2 = 0.07). Both PNC and NOx had similar response patterns to wind speed and to the strength of temperature inversions. PNC displayed two regimes, one strongly correlated to NOx and a second poorly correlated to NOx which was characterised by high wind speed. For concentration averages based on LWTs, the PNC-[NOx] relationship remained strong (R2 = 0.70) where the windy LWT W deviated noticeably. Exclusion of observations with wind speed >5 ms-1 or ΔT < 0 °C from LWTs produced more uniform and stronger relationships (R2 = 0.90; R2 = 0.93). Low wind speeds and positive vertical temperature gradients were most common during LWTs A, NW, N and NE. These weather types were also associated with the highest daily means of NOx (~30 ppb) and PNC (~10 000 # cm-3). A conclusion from this study is that NOx (but not PM10) is a good proxy for PNC especially during calm and stable conditions and that LWTs A, NW, N and NE are high risk weather types for elevated NOx and PNC. © 2015.
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| 42. |
- Grünhage, Ludger, et al.
(författare)
-
Updated stomatal flux and flux-effect models for wheat for quantifying effects of ozone on grain yield, grain mass and protein yield
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491. ; 165, s. 147-157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Field measurements and open-top chamber experiments using nine current European winter wheat cultivars provided a data set that was used to revise and improve the parameterisation of a stomatal conductance model for wheat, including a revised value for maximum stomatal conductance and new functions for phenology and soil moisture. For the calculation of stomatal conductance for ozone a diffusivity ratio between O-3 and H2O in air of 0.663 was applied, based on a critical review of the literature. By applying the improved parameterisation for stomatal conductance, new flux-effect relationships for grain yield, grain mass and protein yield were developed for use in ozone risk assessments including effects on food security. An example of application of the flux model at the local scale in Germany shows that negative effects of ozone on wheat grain yield were likely each year and on protein yield in most years since the mid 1980s. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 43. |
- Hallquist, Mattias, 1969, et al.
(författare)
-
Photochemical smog in China: scientific challenges and implications for air-quality policies
- 2016
-
Ingår i: National Science Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2095-5138 .- 2053-714X. ; 3:4, s. 401-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In large areas of China severe air pollution events pose a significant threat to human health, ecosystems and climate. Current reduction of primary emissions will also affect secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM), but the magnitude of the effects is uncertain. Major scientific challenges are related to the formation of O3 and secondary particulate matter including Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOA). Large uncertainties also remain regarding the interactions of soot, SOA and O3 under the influence of different SO2, NOX and VOC concentrations. To improve the understanding of these secondary atmospheric interactions in China, scientific areas of central importance for photochemically induced air pollutants have been identified. In addition to the scientific challenges, results from research need to be synthesized across several disciplines and communicated to stakeholders affected by air pollution and to policy makers responsible for developing abatement strategies. Development of these science-policy interactions can benefit from experience gained under the UN ECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
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| 44. |
- Harmens, H., et al.
(författare)
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Wheat yield responses to stomatal uptake of ozone: Peak vs rising background ozone conditions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 173, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent decades have seen a changing temporal profile of ground-level ozone (O-3) in Europe. While peaks in O-3 concentrations during summer months have been declining in amplitude, the background concentration has gradually increased as a result of the hemispheric transport of O-3 precursors from other world regions. Ground level O-3 is known to adversely affect O-3-sensitive vegetation, including reducing the yield of O-3-sensitive crops such as common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The reduction in wheat yield has been shown to be linearly related to the phytotoxic O-3 dose above a flux threshold of Y (PODY) accumulated over a specific period. In the current study, we tested whether the flux-effect relationships for wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight were affected by the temporal profile of O-3 exposure. A modern wheat cultivar (Skyfall) was exposed to eight different realistic O-3 profiles repeated weekly: four profiles with increasing background O-3 concentrations (ca. 30-60 ppb) including small peaks and four profiles with increasing O-3 peak concentrations (ca. 35-110 ppb). Both wheat yield and 1,000-grain weight declined linearly with increasing PODY. The slope of the flux-effect relationships was not affected significantly by the profile of O-3 exposure. Hence, flux-effect relationships developed for wheat based on exposure to enhanced peak O-3 concentrations are also valid for the changing European O-3 profile with higher background and lower peak concentrations. The current study also shows that the modern wheat cultivar Skyfall is more sensitive to O-3 than European wheat varieties tested for O-3 sensitivity in the 1980s and 1990s.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Hultengren, S., et al.
(författare)
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Recovery of the epiphytic lichen flora following air quality improvement in south-west Sweden
- 2004
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979. ; 154:1-4, s. 203-211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of the epiphytic lichen vegetation on tree trunks inside and nearby twelve towns and industrial areas in south-west Sweden was investigated 1986/ 88 and 1997 using a photographic technique. The lichen vegetation studied in terms of area cover as well as the air pollution sensitivity and preference for nitrogen of the individual lichens. During both surveys the lichen flora was strongly impoverished in urban areas compared to suburban areas and especially to the countryside ( reference) areas nearby. The air pollution situation has improved in the area both before and during the study period. This holds especially for SO2, to a lesser extent also for NO2. Following the improvement of the air quality, an increased lichen area cover on the tree trunks was observed. Also the cumulative pollution sensitivity of the lichens present was higher in 1997 compared to 1986/ 88 in suburban and countryside areas. For the nitrogen impact, the increase from 1986/ 88 to 1997 was smaller than for pollution sensitivity, but still statistically significant. The trends are interpreted as signs of a normalisation of the lichen flora. It is concluded that the observed pattern of lichen recovery reflects the fact that the reduction of the air pollution level in the central parts of the towns is still not large enough to permit a large-scale recovery of the lichen flora, while in the suburban areas and the countryside next to the towns, the air quality has now improved to an extent, which permits the reinvasion of a number of lichens.
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| 48. |
- Johansson, Julia M., et al.
(författare)
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The European heat wave of 2018 and its promotion of the ozone climate penalty in southwest Sweden
- 2020
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Ingår i: Boreal Environment Research. - 1239-6095 .- 1797-2469. ; 25, s. 39-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ozone concentration ([O-3]), temperature (T) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during the 2018 heat wave (HW) was compared with conditions from 2013-2017. The study included one coastal and two inland sites in southwest Sweden. The positive relationship between [O-3] and T was stronger in 2018. The average daytime T from April-September was higher by 2.0-2.4 degrees C in 2018. The VPD was strongly and positively affected by the 2018 HW. The daytime mean [O-3] was enhanced by 7-12% in 2018. The relationship between hourly daytime [O-3] and T, as well as that between the daily maximum [O-3] and daily maximum T, was steeper in 2018. The stronger promotion of [O-3] by T in 2018 was possibly partly a result of dry conditions causing stomatal closure of vegetation and thus a weaker O-3 sink. If HWs like that in 2018 become more common, they can be expected to promote higher [O-3] and risk larger health and ecosystem effects.
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| 49. |
- Karlsson, G. P., et al.
(författare)
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Test of the short-term critical levels for acute ozone injury on plants - improvements by ozone uptake modelling and the use of an effect threshold
- 2004
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310. ; 38:15, s. 2237-2245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current short-term critical levels for acute ozone injury on plants were evaluated based on 32 datasets from eastern Austria, Belgium and southern Sweden with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L., cv. Geraldton). Potential improvements using an exposure index related to ozone uptake (AF(st), Accumulated Stomatal Flux), a modified accumulated exposure over the threshold (mAOT) exposure index and the introduction of an effect threshold in the short-term critical level were investigated. The existing short-term critical levels did not accurately describe the effects in terms of observed visible injury. Using a mAOT based on solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) improved the explanation of observed visible injury. However, using a simple stomatal conductance model, driven by solar radiation, air temperature, VPD and ozone uptake, the correlation between modelled and observed effects were considerably improved. The best performance was obtained when an ozone uptake rate threshold of 10 nmol m(-2) s(-1) (AF(st)10, per unit total leaf area) was used. The results suggested the use of an effect threshold of 10% leaf injury in order to minimise the risk of erroneously recorded visible injury due to observation technique or other injuries hard to distinguish from ozone injury. A new, AF(st) based exposure index was suggested, an ozone exposure of AF(st)10=75 mumol m(-2) during an exposure period of eight days was estimated to prevent more than 10% visible injury of the leaves. This study strongly suggests that a simple model for ozone uptake much better explains observed effects, compared to the currently used exposure index AOT40. However, if a lower degree of complexity, data requirements and also a lower extent of explanation of observed effects are to be considered a new short-term critical level, based on a mAOT may be suggested: a mAOT30 of 160 ppb h during an exposure period of 8 days is estimated to protect the leaves from visible injury on more than 10% of the leaves. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 50. |
- Karlsson, Per Erik, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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A cumulative ozone uptake-response relationship for the growth of Norway spruce saplings
- 2004
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491. ; 128:3, s. 405-417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norway spruce saplings [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] were exposed during four growing seasons to different ozone treatments in open-top chambers: charcoal filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) and non-filtered air with extra ozone (NF+, 1.4xambient concentrations). The CF and NF + ozone treatments were combined with phosphorous deficiency and drought stress treatments. The total biomass of the trees was harvested at different intervals during the experimental period. The ozone uptake to current-year needles of the Norway spruce saplings was estimated using a multiplicative stomatal conductance simulation model. There was a highly significant correlation between the reduction of total biomass and the estimated cumulative ozone uptake, which did not vary when different thresholds were applied for the rate of ozone uptake. The reduction of the total biomass was estimated to 1 per 10 mmol m(-2) cumulated ozone uptake, on a projected needle area basis. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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