| 1. |
- Azari, M. Mahdi, et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of Non-Terrestrial Networks from 5G to 6G : A Survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1553-877X. ; 24:4, s. 2633-2672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) traditionally have certain limited applications. However, the recent technological advancements and manufacturing cost reduction opened up myriad applications of NTNs for 5G and beyond networks, especially when integrated into terrestrial networks (TNs). This article comprehensively surveys the evolution of NTNs highlighting their relevance to 5G networks and essentially, how it will play a pivotal role in the development of 6G ecosystem. We discuss important features of NTNs integration into TNs and the synergies by delving into the new range of services and use cases, various architectures, technological enablers, and higher layer aspects pertinent to NTNs integration. Moreover, we review the corresponding challenges arising from the technical peculiarities and the new approaches being adopted to develop efficient integrated ground-air-space (GAS) networks. Our survey further includes the major progress and outcomes from academic research as well as industrial efforts representing the main industrial trends, field trials, and prototyping towards the 6G networks.
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| 2. |
- Callebaut, Gilles, et al.
(författare)
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Massive MIMO goes Sub-GHz : Implementation and Experimental Exploration for LPWANs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Conference Record of the 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, ACSSC 2020. - 1058-6393. - 9780738131269 ; 2020-November, s. 1101-1105
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low-Power Wide-Area Networks operating in the unlicensed bands are being deployed to connect a rapidly growing number of Internet-of-Things devices. While the unlicensed sub-GHz band offers favorable propagation for long-range connections, measurements show that the energy consumption of the nodes is still mostly dominated by the wireless transmission affecting their autonomy. We investigate the potential benefits of deploying massive MIMO technology to increase system reliability and at the same time support low-energy devices with good coverage at sub-GHz frequencies. The impact of different antenna configurations and propagation conditions is analyzed. Both actual average experienced array gain and channel hardening are examined. The assessment demonstrates the effect of channel hardening as well as the potential benefits of the experienced array gain. These measurements serve as a first assessment of the channel conditions of massive MIMO at sub-GHz frequencies and are, to the best of our knowledge, the first of its kind.
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| 3. |
- Chen, Hui, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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6G Localization and Sensing in the Near Field: Features, Opportunities, and Challenges
- 2024
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Ingår i: IEEE Wireless Communications. - 1536-1284 .- 1558-0687. ; In press
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The far-field channel model has historically been used in wireless communications due to the simplicity of mathematical modeling and convenience for algorithm design. With the need for high data rates, low latency, and ubiquitous connectivity in the sixth generation (6G) of communication systems, new technology enablers such as extremely large antenna arrays (ELAAs), reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), and distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (D-MIMO) systems will be adopted. These enablers not only aim to improve communication services but also have an impact on localization and sensing (L&S), which are expected to be fundamentally built-in functionalities in future wireless systems. Despite appearing in different scenarios and supporting different frequency bands, such enablers share the so-called near-field (NF) features, which will provide extra geometric information conducive to L&S. In this work, we describe the NF features, namely, the spherical wave model, spatial non-stationarity, and beam squint effect. After discussing how L&S see NF differently from communication, the opportunities and open research challenges are provided.
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| 4. |
- Diaz, Isael, et al.
(författare)
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Selective Channelization on an SDR Platform for LTE-A Carrier Aggregation.
- 2012
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Ingår i: 19th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS), 2012. - 9781467312615 ; , s. 316-319
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The total transmission bandwidth and component carrier aggregation proposed by LTE-Advanced, sets a new challenge to the design of terminals. This article presents a way to assure terminals cope with the large bandwidth in an efficient manner. Various filtering methods are explored showing that an SDR architecture, such as ADRES (Architecture for Dynamically Reconfigurable Embedded Systems), is suitable for dynamic adaptation of filtering methods as function of the aggregation scheme and the individual bandwidth assigned to each terminal. This method is able to reduce the processing load by 70% for LTE-A with legacy support and possibly higher reduction when LTE legacy is not supported. Simulations conclude that the performance loss derived from the proposed method is marginal with no negative repercussion on the posterior baseband stages.
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| 5. |
- Ghoraishi, Mir, et al.
(författare)
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Towards versatile access networks (Chapter 3)
- 2023
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Ingår i: Towards Sustainable and Trustworthy 6G: Challenges, Enablers, and Architectural Design. - 9781638282396 ; , s. 40-120
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Compared to its previous generations, the 5th generation (5G) cellular network features an additional type of densification, i.e., a large number of active antennas per access point (AP) can be deployed. This technique is known as massive multipleinput multiple-output (mMIMO) [1]. Meanwhile, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) evolution, e.g., in channel state information (CSI) enhancement, and also on the study of a larger number of orthogonal demodulation reference signal (DMRS) ports for MU-MIMO, was one of the Release 18 of 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP Rel-18) work item. This release (3GPP Rel-18) package approval, in the fourth quarter of 2021, marked the start of the 5G Advanced evolution in 3GPP. The other items in 3GPP Rel-18 are to study and add functionality in the areas of network energy savings, coverage, mobility support, multicast broadcast services, and positioning
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| 6. |
- Hersyandika, Rizqi, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement-based blockage and intra-cluster interference analysis in mmWave multi-point connectivity networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: EmergingWireless 2022 - Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Emerging Topics in Wireless, Part of CoNEXT 2022. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450399340 ; , s. 12-17
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Millimeter-wave (mmWave) is one key enabler for high data rates in (beyond-)5G wireless communication networks. The use of directive beams and the shorter transmission range in mmWave communications make it easily obstructed or blocked by humans in dynamic real-world scenarios. Connectivity diversity, a solution to link disruption and blockage, could be achieved by deploying distributed multi-point infrastructure. To this end, a mmWave User Equipment (UE) requires a multi-reception capability. This paper investigates how different multi-point connectivity schemes, established by a set of non-cooperative and cooperative serving Base Stations (BSs), perform in the ideal Line-of-Sight (LoS) and the worst-case blocked scenarios. The results and analysis found that the impact of intra-cluster interference on spectral efficiency is much more significant than the blockage. Without any interference cancellation, regardless of LoS or blocked scenarios, adding extra serving BSs does not necessarily improve the spectral efficiency due to the dominant inter-stream interference within a cluster of services.
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| 7. |
- Khosravi, Sara
(författare)
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Location-aided Beam Alignment and Handover in Millimeter-wave Networks
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ever-increasing data rate demands in mobile networks and the spectrum scarcity at the microwave bands have resulted in the exploration of millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies for the next generation of wireless networks. While mmWave frequencies offer large bandwidth, communication at these frequencies is not straightforward due to the challenging propagation characteristics. One approach to overcome the propagation challenge is the use of directional communication with narrow beams at the base station and the user to prepare a link with sufficient received power. Hence, communications with narrow beams pose a new challenge in link establishment and channel estimation based on fine angular scanning. Current mmWave systems apply analog phase arrays that can scan one angle at a time, resulting in high latency and overhead during link establishment. Moreover, mmWave links are sensitive to blockages that lead to the high probability of beam misalignment and the frequent updating of beam scanning, especially in mobile scenarios. Hence, it is desirable to design a low overhead beam selection by exploiting the unique properties of the mmWave channel. Furthermore, to provide adequate coverage and capacity, the density of the base stations in mmWave networks is usually higher than the conventional sub-6 GHz network. This leads to frequent handovers and establishing and maintaining the mmWave links more challenging. Therefore, fast base station discovery (finding the target base station in the handover process), and efficient handover execution techniques, will be required to use the full promise of mmWave cellular networks.Motivated by the mentioned challenges, this thesis considers the beam alignment and handover problems. Specifically, in the first thread of the thesis, inspired by the unique properties of the spatial channel response of mmWave links, we propose a location-aided beam alignment method based on dividing the user trajectory into regions and storing a set of candidate beams for each region in mobile mmWave networks. Our analysis reveals that our proposed method can achieve a high signal-to-noise ratio, and low overhead while being more robust to the location information accuracy compared with some location-aided baselines in the literature.In the second thread of the thesis, we focus on the handover problem. To this end, we formulate the association problem that maximizes the aggregate data rate along the trajectory while guaranteeing a predefined data rate threshold. We also consider the effect of choosing beam tracking or handover when the serving link quality drops on the user throughput along the trajectory. We apply reinforcement learning to learn whether and when the handover and beam tracking should be performed and choose the target base stations. We evaluate the proposed methods through numerical simulations and show promising results in terms of the achieved rate and throughput compared with the comparable methods in the literature.In the third thread of the thesis, we focus on joint link configuration and resource allocation in a multi-user mobile scenario. We consider two kinds of link configuration: base station selection and beamwidth optimization in the case of handover. We apply reinforcement learning to approximate the solution of the association problem. In general, the main objective of our proposed method is to maximize the aggregate throughput of all the users along trajectories and ensure that their throughput in each location is higher than a threshold. Our numerical results demonstrate that the improved policy obtained from joint link configuration and resource allocation significantly outperforms other baseline policies in both throughput and achieved rate.
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| 8. |
- Sallouha, Hazem, et al.
(författare)
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On the Ground and in the Sky: A Tutorial on Radio Localization in Ground-Air-Space Networks
- 2024
-
Ingår i: IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. - 1553-877X. ; In Press
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inherent limitations in scaling up ground infrastructure for future wireless networks, combined with decreasing operational costs of aerial and space networks, are driving considerable research interest in multisegment ground-air-space (GAS) networks. In GAS networks, where ground and aerial users share network resources, ubiquitous and accurate user localization becomes indispensable, not only as an end-user service but also as an enabler for location-aware communications. This breaks the convention of having localization as a byproduct in networks primarily designed for communications. To address these imperative localization needs, the design and utilization of ground, aerial, and space anchors require thorough investigation. In this tutorial, we provide an in-depth systemic analysis of the radio localization problem in GAS networks, considering ground and aerial users as targets to be localized. Starting from a survey of the most relevant works, we then define the key characteristics of anchors and targets in GAS networks. Subsequently, we detail localization fundamentals in GAS networks, considering 3D positions, orientations, and velocities. Afterward, we thoroughly analyze radio localization systems in GAS networks, detailing the system model, design aspects, and considerations for each of the three GAS anchors. Preliminary results are presented to provide a quantifiable perspective on key design aspects in GAS-based localization scenarios. We then identify the vital roles 6G enablers are expected to play in radio localization in GAS networks.
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| 9. |
- Özdogan, Özgecan, 1992-
(författare)
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Analysis of Cellular and Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Rician Fading
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The data traffic in cellular networks has grown at an exponential pace for decades. This trend will most probably continue in the future, driven by new innovative applications. One of the key enablers of future cellular networks is the massive MIMO technology. A massive MIMO base station is equipped with a massive number (e.g., a hundred) of individually steerable antennas, which can be effectively used to serve tens of user equipments simultaneously on the same time-frequency resource. It can provide a notable enhancement of both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency in comparison with conventional MIMO.In the literature, the achievable spectral efficiencies of massive MIMO systems with a practical number of antennas have been rigorously characterized and optimized when the channels are subject to either spatially uncorrelated or correlated Rayleigh fading. Typically, in massive MIMO research, i.i.d. Rayleigh fading or less frequently free-space line-of-sight (LoS) channel models are assumed since they simplify the analysis. Massive MIMO technology is able to support both rich scattering and LoS scenarios. However, practical channels can consist of a combination of an LoS path and a correlated small-scale fading component caused by a finite number of scattering clusters that can be modeled by spatially correlated Rician fading. In the first part of this thesis, we consider a multi-cell scenario with spatially correlated Rician fading channels and derive closed-form achievable spectral efficiency expressions for different signal processing techniques.Alternatively, a massive number of antennas can be spread over a large geographical area and this concept is called cell-free massive MIMO. In the canonical form of cell-free massive MIMO, the access points cooperate via a fronthaul network to spatially multiplex the users on the same time-frequency resource using network MIMO methods that only require locally obtained channel state information. Cellfree massive MIMO is a densely deployed system. Hence, the probability of having an LoS path between some access points and the users is quite high. In the second part of this thesis, we consider a practical scenario where the channels between the access points and the users are modeled with Rician fading.
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