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- Galvan-Alvarez, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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Antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2/Keap1 in human skeletal muscle: Influence of age, sex, adiposity and aerobic fitness
- 2023
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Ingår i: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0891-5849 .- 1873-4596. ; 209:Part 2, s. 282-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whether a higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and their regulatory factors in skeletal muscle remains unknown. Although oestrogens could promote a higher antioxidant capacity in females, it remains unknown whether a sex dimorphism exists in humans regarding the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle. Thus, the aim was to determine the protein expression levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, catalase and glutathione reductase (GR) and their regulatory factors Nrf2 and Keap1 in 189 volunteers (120 males and 69 females) to establish whether sex differences exist and how age, VO2max and adiposity influence these. For this purpose, vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained in all participants under resting and unstressed conditions. No significant sex differences in Nrf2, Keap1, SOD1, SOD2, catalase and GR protein expression levels were observed after accounting for VO2max, age and adiposity differences. Multiple regression analysis indicates that the VO2max in mL.kg LLM−1.min−1can be predicted from the levels of SOD2, Total Nrf2 and Keap1 (R = 0.58, P < 0.001), with SOD2 being the main predictor explaining 28 % of variance in VO2max, while Nrf2 and Keap1 explained each around 3 % of the variance. SOD1 protein expression increased with ageing in the whole group after accounting for differences in VO2max and body fat percentage. Overweight and obesity were associated with increased pSer40-Nrf2, pSer40-Nrf2/Total Nrf2 ratio and SOD1 protein expression levels after accounting for differences in age and VO2max. Overall, at the population level, higher aerobic fitness is associated with increased basal expression of muscle antioxidant enzymes, which may explain some of the benefits of regular exercise.
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| 2. |
- Calbet, José A L, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations to oxygen transport and utilisation during sprint exercise in humans : evidence for a functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 593:20, s. 4649-4664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- KEY POINTS SUMMARY: Severe acute hypoxia reduces sprint performance. Muscle VO2 during sprint exercise in normoxia is not limited by O2 delivery, O2 off-loading from haemoglobin or structure-dependent diffusion constraints in the skeletal muscle of young healthy men. A large functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity exists and remains available at exhaustion during exercise in normoxia, which is recruited during exercise in hypoxia. During whole-body incremental exercise to exhaustion in severe hypoxia leg VO2 is primarily dependent on convective O2 delivery and less limited by diffusion constraints than previously thought. The kinetics of O2 off-loading from haemoglobin does not limit VO2 peak in hypoxia. Our results indicate that the limitation to VO2 during short sprints resides in mechanisms regulating mitochondrial respiration.ABSTRACT: To determine the contribution of convective and diffusive limitations to VO2 peak during exercise in humans oxygen transport and haemodynamics were measured in eleven men (22 ± 2 years) during incremental (IE) and 30-s all-out sprints (Wingate test, WgT), in normoxia (Nx, PI O2 :143 mmHg) and hypoxia (Hyp, PI O2 :73 mmHg). Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) was increased to 6-7% before both WgTs to left-shift the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. Leg VO2 was measured by the Fick method, and leg blood flow (BF) with thermodilution and muscle O2 diffusing capacity (DMO2 ) was calculated. In the WgT mean power output, leg BF, leg O2 delivery and leg VO2 were 7, 5, 28 and 23% lower in Hyp than Nx (P < 0.05), however, peak WgT DMO2 was higher in hypoxia (51.5 ± 9.7) than Nx (20.5 ± 3.0 ml min(-1) mmHg(-1) , P < 0.05). Despite a similar PaO2 (33.3 ± 2.4 and 34.1 ± 3.3 mmHg), mean capillary PO2 (16.7 ± 1.2 and 17.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), and peak perfusion during IE and WgT in Hyp, DMO2 and leg VO2 were 12 and 14% higher during WgT than IE in Hyp (both, P < 0.05). DMO2 was apparently insensitive to COHb (COHb: 0.7 vs 7%, in IE Hyp and WgT Hyp). At exhaustion, the Y equilibration index was well above 1.0 in both conditions, reflecting greater convective than diffusive limitation to the O2 transfer both in Nx and Hyp. In conclusion, muscle VO2 during sprint exercise is not limited by O2 delivery, the O2 off-loading from haemoglobin or structure-dependent diffusion constraints in the skeletal muscle. These findings reveal a remarkable functional reserve in muscle O2 diffusing capacity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Martin-Rincon, Macros, et al.
(författare)
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Protein synthesis signaling in skeletal muscle is refractory to whey protein ingestion during a severe energy deficit evoked by prolonged exercise and caloric restriction
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Obesity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0307-0565 .- 1476-5497. ; 43:4, s. 872-882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Exercise and protein ingestion preserve muscle mass during moderate energy deficits. Objective: To determine the molecular mechanisms by which exercise and protein ingestion may spare muscle mass during severe energy deficit (5500 kcal/day).Design: Fifteen overweight, but otherwise healthy men, underwent a pre-test (PRE), caloric restriction (3.2 kcals/kg body weight/day) + exercise (45 min one-arm cranking + 8 h walking) for 4 days (CRE), followed by a control diet (CD) for 3 days, with a caloric content similar to pre-intervention while exercise was reduced to less than 10,000 steps per day. During CRE, participants ingested either whey protein (PRO, n = 8) or sucrose (SU, n = 7) (0.8 g/kg body weight/day). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the trained and untrained deltoid, and vastus lateralis.Results: Following CRE and CD, serum concentrations of leptin, insulin, and testosterone were reduced, whereas cortisol and the catabolic index (cortisol/total testosterone) increased. The Akt/mTor/p70S6K pathway and total eIF2α were unchanged, while total 4E-BP1 and Thr37/464E-BP1 were higher. After CRE, plasma BCAA and EAA were elevated, with a greater response in PRO group, and total GSK3β, pSer9GSK3β, pSer51eIF2α, and pSer51eIF2α/total eIF2α were reduced, with a greater response of pSer9GSK3β in the PRO group. The changes in signaling were associated with the changes in leptin, insulin, amino acids, cortisol, cortisol/total testosterone, and lean mass.Conclusions: During severe energy deficit, pSer9GSK3β levels are reduced and human skeletal muscle becomes refractory to the anabolic effects of whey protein ingestion, regardless of contractile activity. These effects are associated with the changes in lean mass and serum insulin, testosterone, and cortisol concentrations.
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