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| 2. |
- Olofsson, Ulf, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoparticle emissions from the transport sector: health and policy impacts - the nPETS concept
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2022 Conference Proceedings Transport Research Arena, TRA Lisbon 2022. - : Elsevier BV. ; 72, s. 248-255
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road, rail, air, and sea transport generate a major fraction of outdoor ultrafine particles. However, there is no common methodology for comparable sub 100 nm particle emissions measurement. This paper presents the nPETS (grant agreement No 954377) concept to understand and mitigate the effects of emerging non-regulated nanoparticle emissions. This paper presents the concept and selected results. For example, nucleation and condensation mechanisms occur more frequently in the urban background site, leading to new particle formation, while mostly fresh emissions are measured in the traffic site.
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| 3. |
- Taibi, Emanuele, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Linking Technical Grid Integration Studies with Long-Term Techno-Economic Planning Studies for Isolated Power Grids : Methodological Issues Meet Practical Experience in Small Islands
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Workshop on Integration of solar power into power systems. - : Energynautics GmbH. - 9783981654936
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many cases long-term techno-economic planning studies, which aim to optimize the total cost of island/isolated power systems, have not taken into account all the costs associated with stable and reliable operation of grids with high shares of photovoltaics (PV). Ascertaining these integration costs requires dedicated grid studies focused on the identification of measures that support PV integration.The measures recommended in grid studies may have direct cost impacts; or require changes to the operational practices of the power system, which in turn, could also impact overall system costs. As a result, long-term techno-economic planning studies could either: fail to identify the actual least cost scenario due to the exclusion of costs associated with the integration of high shares of PV; or result in an expansion scenario that results in a system that cannot be optimally operated.This issue is particularly relevant for islands and small isolated power systems, where the high cost of power generation from diesel has led to a rapid deployment of PV systems while at the same time, the isolated nature of these systems has meant that significant grid integration measures for PV can be required when compared to large and interconnected power systems.This paper proposes a methodology that allows the linking of grid studies focused on the identification of integration measures allowing high shares of PV with long-term techno-economic planning studies in an iterative process. The proposed methodology allows the cost and operational impact of identified integration measure to be reflected in the long-term optimization of power system costs. The methodology is described in detail and applied to the island of Upolu, Samoa in the South Pacific to demonstrate its effectiveness in accounting for integration measures in the optimization of long-term power system costs.
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| 4. |
- Vallabani, N. V. Srikanth, et al.
(författare)
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Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles : Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 231
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and their use in health risk assessment.
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| 5. |
- Vouitsis, Ilias, et al.
(författare)
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Transport-related airborne nanoparticles : Sources, different aerosol modes, and their toxicity
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 301
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanoparticle emissions from transport are of considerable importance because of their dominance in terms of particle number concentration in most urban atmospheres. Nanoparticles may carry toxic substances, posing a serious threat to pedestrians, passengers and residents. The road sector has been studied intensively in both academia and industry and considerable knowledge has already been gathered. Shipping is also a significant source of nanoparticles both at the global and the European level and may be responsible for cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer at the global level, while ship emissions are known as one of the least regulated sources of pollutants. Aviation nanoparticle emissions have also received increasing attention in recent years because of the rapid growth of air transport volumes and the expected expansion to meet capacity needs for future years. Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from diesel rail transport are not very well known and only a few sources addressing actual emission rates are available. All modes of transport are sources of non-exhaust nanoparticle number emission associated with the tire, brake, and road/rail surface wear and tear. This paper provides a literature review to identify the different aerosol modes (i.e., primary, delayed primary, and secondary) from each transport source (road, shipping, aviation, rail), in both laboratory and field tests and to explore their toxicity relevance. The review focuses on nanoparticles (<100 nm) and investigates both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. We present details on nanoparticles produced by transport sources in the urban environment and parameters that influence nanoparticle emissions. Also, we review the potential relationship between the different aerosol modes and their toxicity effects and point out some issues concerning nanoparticle collection for chemical and toxicity characterization. As regards the toxicity part, it is concluded that transport sources emit large number of nanoparticles which may pose a health risk. They can damage the respiratory tract and lungs, thus playing a crucial role in the physiology of pulmonary pathologies. These nanoparticles can also affect other organs, and the cardiovascular, nervous, and reproductive systems. The combination of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, and activation of apoptosis, are the initiators of the systemic toxicity of nanoparticles, triggered by a unique combination of heavy metals and organic compounds present in combustion products.
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| 6. |
- Yekeh, Farahnaz, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring alternatives to scale FTT-SE to large networks
- 2011
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Ingår i: 6th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems. ; , s. 107-110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, most complex embedded systems follow a distributed approach in which a network interconnects potentially large numbers of nodes. One technology that is being increasingly used is switched Ethernet, but real-time variants of this protocol typically limit scalability. In this paper, we focus on the scalability of the Flexible Time Triggered communication over Switched Ethernet (FTT-SE), which has been proposed to support hard real-time applications in a flexible and predictable manner. Moreover, time-triggered and event-triggered communication methods are supported in this protocol. FTT-SE has already been explored and investigated for small scale networked applications. In this paper we address the protocol scalability and suggest three different solutions with a qualitative assessment. © 2011 IEEE.
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